CBSE Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development Assignment

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’. This implies that what is a resource in USA for example, may not be a resource in India because of a gap in technological competence. Shale is a resource for extracting hydrocarbons in USA but not yet in India.

TYPES OF RESOURCES
Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:
- On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
- On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable.
- On the basis of ownership: It can be Individual,Community, National and International
- On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

Resources of different kinds are vital for human survival and also for maintaining the quality of life. Earlier the resources were taken as free gifts of nature and were used indiscriminately. This has led to the following major problems:

- Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
- Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and have nots (or rich and poor). Thus a large section of the society becomes deprived.
- Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. These issues make equitable distribution of resources and sustainable development very important.
- Sustainable Development : Development which takes place without damaging the environment and compromising with needs of future generation, is called sustainable development.
- Keeping the view of justified use of resources and sustainable development, the first International Earth Summit was organized in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro in which more than 100 state heads agreed with Agenda 21 for the sustainable development and proper use of resources.
- Agenda 21 : It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

Resource Planning

- Resource planning is judicious use of resources. It becomes more important in a country like India, where resources are not evenly distributed. For example states like Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals but deficient in other resources. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development. Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.

- These types of disparities can be eliminated to a great extent by proper planning of the resources at the national, state, regional and local levels.

RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA

Resources can contribute in proper development only with a good planning keeping the technology, skills and institution in mind. Resource Planning in India is one of the most important goals right from its first Five Years Plan. Important aspects of resource planning are :

–– Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
–– Evolving a planned structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
–– Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

- From the history of colonization, we learn that rich resources of the colonies were the main attractions for the foreign invaders. Because of their higher level of technological development they exploited the resources of the colonies and established their supremacy.

- This tells us that resources contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes. Therefore, in India, development, in general, and resource development in particular does not only involve the availability of resources, but also the technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people.

Conservation of Resources

- Overuse of resources creates many socioeconomic problems. Many thinkers have been advocating the judicious use and conservation of resources. Gandhiji said “There is enough for everybody’s need but not for any body’s greed.” He thought that exploitative nature of modern technology is the root cause for depletion of resources at global level.

He believed in the production by masses and not in the mass production of factories. At the international level, the Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968. Subsequently, in 1974, Gandhian philosophy was once again presented by Schumacher in his book Small is Beautiful. The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987. This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book - Our Common Future. Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

LAND RESOURCES

- Land is one of the most important natural resources. Land supports our life system.
Thus, careful planning of use of land resource is necessary. India comprises of many types of land. These are mountains, plateau, plains and islands.
- Mountains: About 30% of land area in India is in the form of mountain. Mountain supports the perennial flow of rivers, which carry fertile soils, facilitate irrigation and provide drinking

- Plain : About 43% of land area in India is in the form of plains. Plains provide facilities for agriculture, building of industries and houses, etc.
- Plateau : About 27% of land in India is in the form of plateau which provides many types of minerals, fossil fuels and forest.

LAND UTILIZATION

1. Forests - Includes land that is under forest cover.

2. Land not available for cultivation: There are two types of land which are not used for agriculture purpose. These are:
–– Barren and waste land
–– Lands used for buildings, roads, factories, etc. i.e for non-agriculture purpose.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
–– Permanent pastures and grazing land,
–– Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area)
–– Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
–– Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year)
–– Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area: Area which is sown at least once in a year is called net sown area.
6. Gross cropped area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA

- Pattern of use of land depends upon physical and human factors. Land use depends on topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.

- India has total 3.28 million square kilometer of land. But data on only 93% of the total land is available. This is because land used data has not been collected for the north eastern states except Assam and the land occupied by Pakistan and China has not been surveyed because of many unavoidable reasons.

- The land under permanent pasture is decreasing, this will create the problem for grazing. The total net sown area (NSA) is not more than 54% including land other than fallow land. Land other than fallow land is either of poor quality or too costly to cultivate. These lands are cultivated only once or twice in two or three consecutive years.

- The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from state to state. While in states like Punjab and Haryana it is close to 80% it is only 10% in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Island. ff According to National Forest Policy (1952), the area under forest should be 33% of total geographical area, which is essential to maintain ecological balance. But the forest area in India is far less than that.

ff A part of the land is termed as wasteland, when it is no longer useful for agricultural practices. Wasteland includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land put to other nonagricultural uses. It includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, results in land degradation. This, in turn, has serious repercussions on society and the environment.

LAND DEGRADATION AND CONSERVATION MEASURES

- There are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. About, 28% of it is forest degraded area, 56% is water eroded area and the rest have become saline or alkaline . Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying have also contributed to land degradation.
- In Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation.

- In Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
- In Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation it has led to increase in salinity or alkalinity of the soil.

- Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust. It retards the process of percolation of water into the soil. Industrial effluents have also become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.

Measures to Conserve the Land Resources

- Degradation of land can be prevented by taking following measures:
–– Afforestation
–– Proper management of grazing
–– Stabilization of sand dunes by plantation of thorny bushes
–– Proper management of waste lands
–– By proper irrigation
–– Control over mining activities
–– Proper management of land after completion of mining work
–– Discharge of industrial waste and effluents only after proper treatment
–– Plantation of trees along the road sides
–– By preventing deforestation

SOIL AS A RESOURCE

- Soil is one of the most important natural resources. Soil supports the growth of plants. Soil is the natural home of many living organism, such as ants, rats, snakes, and many insects. The soil is a living system.

- It takes millions of years for just few cm of soil to form. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil.

- Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials. On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, color, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils of India can be classified in different types.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

Alluvial Soil

- This soil type is most important and widely spread. The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.

- These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.

- According to age these are classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. Khadar soil has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar. Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile.

- Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. ff Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

Black soil

- These are black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Ideal for growing cotton these are also known as black cotton soil.
- Climatic condition along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. This soil is typical of northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
- The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
These soils are generally poor in phosphorus.
- They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

Red and Yellow soil

- Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
- Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
- These soils develop a reddish color due to diffusion of iron.
- It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form

Laterite soil

- Laterite word is derived from the Latin word ‘later’ meaning brick. This soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
- The soil is leached due to heavy rain and its humus content is low because most of the microorganisms, particularly the decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature.
- Laterite soils can be used for cultivation if adequate manure and fertilizer is used.
- These soils are mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
- With appropriate soil conservation techniques in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil has become very useful for growing tea and coffee.
- Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.

Arid Soil

- Arid soils can be red to brown in color. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
- In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
- Due to the dry climate and high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
- The lower horizons of the soil have more Kankar because of the increasing calcium content. The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
- After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.

Forest soil

- Forest soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.
- Texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are formed. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
- In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content.
- The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

SOIL EROSION AND SOIL CONSERVATION

- Denudation of the soil cover and its washing away is called soil erosion. The processes of soil formation and erosion, go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two.
- This balance is disturbed due to activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc., while natural elements like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
- Running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.

- Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away quickly. This is known as sheet erosion.
- Wind blows away loose soil off flat or sloping land; it is known as wind erosion.
- Soil erosion is also caused due to bad methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion. Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.

This is called contour ploughing.

- Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming. Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
- Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India.

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development

Question : Coal, iron ore, petroleum, diesel etc. are the examples of
a) Biotic resources b) Abiotic resources c) Renewable resources d) Non Renewable resources
Answer : D

Question : Which one of the following term is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively ?
a) Khadas & Tarai b) Tarai & Bangar c) Bangar & Khadar d) Tarai & Dvars
Answer :  C

Question : Which one of the following soil is the best for cotton cultivation ?
 a) Red soil b) Black soil c) Laterite soil d) Alluvial soil
Answer :  B

Question : How much percentage of forest area in the country according to the National Forest Policy.
 a) 33% b) 37% c) 27% d) 31%
Answer :  A

Question : Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation ?
a) Arid Soil b) Forest Soil c) Black Soil d) Red Soil
Answer : A

Question : Which one of the following resources can be acquired by the Nation ?
a) Potential resources b) International resources c) National resources d) Public resources
Answer :  C

Question : Which one of the following is responsible for sheet erosion ?
a) Underground water b) Wind c) Glacier d) Water
Answer :  D

Question : Which one of the following method is used to break up the force of wind?
a) Shelter belt b) Strip Cropping c) Contour ploughing d) Terrace farming
Answer : A

Question : Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Madhya Pradesh ?
a) Mining b) Overgrazing c) Deforestation d) Over Irrigation
Answer :  C

Question : Which one of the following statements refers to the sustainable development ?
a) Overall development of various resources b) Development should take place without damaging the environment.
c) Economic development of people. d) Development that meets the desires of the members of all communities.
Answer :  B

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:
At the international level, the Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968. Subsequently, in 1974, Gandhian philosophy was once again presented by Schumacher in his book Small is Beautiful. The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987. This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book entitled Our Common Future. Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

Question. Who wrote the book ‘Small is Beautiful’?
(a) M K Gandhi
(b) Schumacher
(c) G. Brundtland
(d) J L Nehru
Answer : B

Question. What did Club of Rome advocate ?
(a) Resources utilisation
(b) Resources development
(c) Resources conservation
(d) Resource exploitation
Answer : C

Question. What is the theme of the book “Our Common Future”?
(a)Resources exploitation
(b)Resources development
(c)Resources planning
(d)Sustainable development
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following statements about Brundtand Commission Report is correct?
(a) It was published in 1987.
(b) It made seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at global level.
(c) This report introduced the concept of Sustainable development.
(d) All of these.
Answer : D

Question. In which country was the first Earth Summit held?
(a) India
(b) USA
(c) Brazil
(d) Argentina
Answer : C

Very Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development

2) Buildings Dams on hilly areas

3) Afforestation

 

Question : When and why was the Rio-de-Janero Earth summit held ?

Answer : 1992 Rio-de-Janero (Brazil)

Earth summit

To achieve sustainable development in order to combat environment damage, poverty and disease, it laid emphasis on global cooperation mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

 

Question : Write two characteristics each of Khadar and Bangar ?

Answer : Khadar (New Alluvium)

1) New Alluvium a new soil

2) Very fertile soil less Kankar nodules

 

Bangar (Old Alluvium)

1) Old Alluvium or Old soil

2) Not to fertile, often contains Kankar nodules

 

Question : What type of soil is found in river deltas of the eastern coast ? Give three main features of this type of soil.

Answer : Alluvial Soil

1) Most important soil

2) Such a soil is the result of deposits of river.

3) Very fertile soil.

 

Question : What do you, mean by land use pattern ? Name the factors that determine the use of land.

Answer : Utilization of land for various purposes such as cultivation grazing of animals mining construction of roads etc.

Factors

1) Topography

2) Climate

3) Human Factor

4) Accessibility 

Question : Name the soil type which is widely found in Western Rajasthan. Explain two important characteristics of this soil type which makes it unsuitable for cultivation.
Answer :  The soil type in western Rajasthan is arid soil, following are its characteristics :
(i) it consists very high kankar nodules due to increasing calcium content downwards .
(ii) it is brown - yellow in its colour.
(iii) it is difficult to cultivate anything on this type of soil , but cultivation can be encouraged after proper irrigation as in western Rajasthan. 

Question : Mention any three features of arid soils.
Answer :  (i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) Due to dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
(iv) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content.  

Question : What is Agenda 21? List its two principles.
Answer : Agenda 21 was adopted at first International earth Summit held in 1992 at Rio de Janerio Brazil The two principles are as follows : 
(a) To combat environment damage, poverty disease through global cooperation on (common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities)
(b) Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21. 

Question : 'Indiscriminate use of resources had led to numerous problems'. Justify this statement. Land Resources; Land Utilization; Land Use Pattern in India; Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
Answer : Resources are vital for human survival and it was believed that resources are free gift of nature. The indiscriminate use of resources led to the following problems.
(i) To satisfy the greed of few individuals, depletion of resources has continued.
(ii) Due to the accumulation of resources in few hand, the society gets divided into two segments, i.e., rich and poor.
(iii) Indiscriminate use of resources has led to ecological crises, e.g., ozone layers depletion, land degradation, global warming and environmental pollution. 

Question : Which is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How can it be checked? Explain.
Answer :  (i) Main Cause : Large scale overgrazing has caused severe land degradation. Measures to check include:
(a) Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
(b) Planting of shelter belts of plants.
(c) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(d) Control on overgrazing. 

Question : Distinguish between the renewable and nonrenewable resources.
Answer :  Renewable Resources : Resources that can be replenished after a short period of time are called Renewable Resources. For example – agricultural crops, wind energy, water, forest, wildlife, etc. Non-renewable Resources : Resources which takes million years of time to replenish are called non-renewable resources. For example – fossil fuels. We must remember that some resources like metals are recyclable.  

Question : Define the following terms:
(i) Current fallow land
(ii) Other than current fallow
(iii) Culturable waste land
Answer :  (i) Current fallow land : Left uncultivated for one or less than one agricultural year.
(ii) Other than current fallow : Left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years.
(iii) Culturable waste lands : Left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years. 

Question : What are the three stages of resource planning in India?
Answer : 
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
(ii) Evolving a planned structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Match the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 

Question : How can you contribute to minimize the pollution? Explain.
Answer :  We can contribute to minimize pollution by :
(i) Planting more plants and trees.
(ii) Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar and wind energy.
(iii) Using public transport instead of personal car motor bike etc.
(iv) Saving water and electricity.

Question : 'Indiscriminate use of resources had led to numerous problems'. Justify this statement.
Answer :  Resources are vital for human survival and it was believed that resources are free gift of nature. The indiscriminate use of resources led to the following problems.
(i) To satisfy the greed of few individuals, depletion of resources has continued.
(ii) Due to the accumulation of resources in few hand, the society gets divided into two segments, i.e., rich and poor.
(iii) Indiscriminate use of resources has led to ecological crises, e.g., ozone layers depletion, land degradation, global warming and environmental pollution. 

Question : Explain the interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. 

Answer : The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. Resources are the functions of human activities.

 

 

Question : On the political outline map of India given below, identify the soil types in
(i), (ii),(iii). 

Answer : i. Black soil covering Gujarat region

ii. Arid soil covering Rajasthan

iii. Forest and Mountainous soil covering Arunachal Pradesh

 

Question : What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Answer : 1) Terracing on hilly area
2) Building dams on hilly areas
3) Afforestation

Question : When and why was the Rio-de-Janeiro Earth summit held?
Answer : 1992, Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil) Earth Summit to achieve sustainable development in order to combat environment damage, poverty and disease, it laid emphasis on global cooperation mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

Question : Write two characteristics each of Khadar and Bangar ?
Answer : Khadar (New Alluvium)
1) New Alluvium, a new soil
2) Very fertile soil, less Kankar nodules.
Bangar (Old Alluvium)
1) Old Alluvium or Old soil
2) Not so fertile, often contains Kankar nodules

Question : What type of soil is found in river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer : Alluvial Soil.
Its main features are:-
1) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat etc.
2) Such a soil is the result of deposits of river.
3) Very fertile soil.

Question : What do you mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land.
Answer : Utilization of land for various purposes, such as cultivation, grazing of animals, mining, construction of roads etc.
Factors:- 1) Topography 2) Climate 3) Human Factor 4) Accessibility

Long Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development

Question : Describe alluvial soil under the following heads 

i. Formation

ii. Distribution

iii. Classification

iv. Nutrients

Answer :  Alluvial soil can be described as follows:

i. Formation: Alluvial soil is made-up of silt, sand, and clay. It is deposited by three important Himalayan river systems the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. It is bigger and coarser in the upper reaches of the river and becomes finer as the river flows down.

ii. Distribution/Area: This soil is prevalent in the river valleys of the Northern Plains (Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra), strips in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as well as in the Eastern coastal plains in the deltas of rivers of the Peninsular plateau (Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri).

iii. Classification: According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as (Bangar) old alluvial and Khadar (new alluvial). The Bhangar is the older alluvium along the river beds forming terraces higher than the flood plain (about 30 metres above the flood level). It is of a more clayey composition and is generally dark colored.

The Khadar is composed of newer alluvium and forms the flood plains along the river banks.

iv. Nutrients/Minerals: This soil is rich in nutrients like calcium, sodium, potassium, silicon, phosphorus (typically phosphates), nitrogen (as nitrates or ammonium salts) which is suitable for growing paddy, wheat, sugarcane, and other cereal and pulse crops.

 

Question : Provide a suitable classification of resources on the basis of ownership. Mention main features of any three types of such resources. 

Answer :  i. Classification of resources on the basis of ownership:

a. Individual resources

b. Community-owned resources

c. National resources

d. International resources

i. Individual resources: Resources which are privately owned against the payment of revenue by individuals, e.g., ponds, pasture lands, etc. These are also referred to as a private resource. These are indicators of a capitalist country and its influence.

ii. Community-owned resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of a community, e.g., picnic spots. These assets can be people, places or structures, and community services.

iii. National resources: All the resources (minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land) which are present in the political boundaries and oceanic area of a nation up to 12 nautical miles in the ocean from the coast, termed as terrestrial water and resources therein belong to the nation.

 

Question : Classify resources on the basis of ownership into four categories. Mention the main feature of each.

Answer :

(1) Individual resources: Owned privately by individual. Example houses pasture etc.

 

(2) Community Owned resources : accessible to all the members of the Community. Example : Play ground park etc.

 

(3) National resources : within the political boundaries of the country.

Example : Minerals, forests etc.

 

(4) International resources : The oceanic resources beyond 200 Km. of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to international institutions.

 

Question : What is resource planning ? Write any three utility of resources.

Answer : Resource Planning : Resource Planning is a technique of skill of proper utilization of resources.

1.They are beneficial to human being

2. Different types of things are made by them.

3. Resources are limited. Do not waste the great gifts of the nature.

 

Question : Distinguish between the Renewable and Non- Renewable Resources.

Answer : Renewable Resources

1) These Resources are those which once mined and used can be regenerated.

2) These Resources which may be obtained continuously.

Example : Land, water plants etc. Non Renewable Resources.

1) These Resources are those which once mined and used cannot be regenerated.

2) All mineral Resources are limited.

Example : Coal, Mineral-oil etc.

 

Question : Describe briefly the distribution of soils found in India.

Answer :

(1) Alluvial Soil

(2) Black Soil

(3) Red and Yellow Soil

(4) Laterite Soil

(5) Mountain Soil

(6) Desert Soil (Explain it)

 

Question : What is regur soil ? Write its two features. Mention any two regions where regur soil is found.

Answer : Regur soil – Black Soil

Features

1) made up extremely fine

2) have good capacity to hold moisture.

3) develop deep cracks during hot weather.

4) rich in calcium carbonate, potash and lime

 

Regions

1) Maharashtra – Malva Plateau

2) Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh Plateau 

 

Question : "In India, some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resource". Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with any three examples.
Answer :  Yes, there are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
(i) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
(ii) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.
(iii) Rajasthan is endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
(iv) Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but lacks in water resources and infrastructure. 

Question : What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give four main features of this type of soil.
Answer :  Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plain it is the most widely spread soil of India
Main features of alluvial soil :
(i) It is formed by the deposition of materials brought down by the himalayan rivers.
(ii) It is highly fertile.
(iii) It consists of various proportion of sand, silt and clay.
(iv) It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime but deficient in organic matter.