CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Agriculture Assignment

Read and download free pdf of CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Agriculture Assignment. Get printable school Assignments for Class 10 Geography. Class 10 students should practise questions and answers given here for Contemporary India Chapter 4 Agriculture Geography in Class 10 which will help them to strengthen their understanding of all important topics. Students should also download free pdf of Printable Worksheets for Class 10 Geography prepared as per the latest books and syllabus issued by NCERT, CBSE, KVS and do problems daily to score better marks in tests and examinations

Assignment for Class 10 Geography Contemporary India Chapter 4 Agriculture

Class 10 Geography students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for Contemporary India Chapter 4 Agriculture in Class 10. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 10 Geography will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Contemporary India Chapter 4 Agriculture Class 10 Geography Assignment

Key Concepts of the lesson -

Primitive Subsistence Farming, Intensive Subsistence Farming Classification of crops /Types of crops
Cropping seasons: Rabi, Kharif and Zaid
Geographical condition & production area of wheat, rice, paddy, tea, sugarcane, jute, rubber, cotton etc. important fibre crops Impacts of globalization on Indian agriculture
Contribution of agriculture to the national Economy, employment and output Identification and also for locating and labeling in outline map of India
(a) Major areas of rice and wheat.
(b) Major producer states of sugarcane, tea, coffee, rubber, cotton jute, millets and maize.

Note : Items for locating and labeling may also be asked for identification.

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science Agriculture

Question : ___________ state is the largest producer of jowar. 
(a) Karnataka
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Gujarat
Answer : B
Explanation: Maharashtra state is the largest producer of jowar.  
 
Question : Which is the largest rubber producing state in India? 
(a) Meghalaya
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
Answer : D
Explanation: Rubber is an important industrial raw material. It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. In 2010-11 India ranked fourth among the world’s natural rubber producers. 
 
Question : Agriculture is an age-old __________activity in our country. 
(a) recreation
(b) time pass
(c) economic
(d) professional
Answer : C
Explanation: Agriculture is an age-old economic activity in our country. 

Question. What part of Total population of India is engaged in agriculture activities:
(a) 2/3
(b) 1/3
(c) 2/5
(d) 1/4
Answer: A

Question. Which one of following is not Agro-based industry:
(a) Cement Industry
(b) Jute Industry
(c) Cotton textile Industry
(d) Sugar Industry
Answer: A

Question. It’s type of Agriculture where farmers clear a patch of and produce rereads and other food crops to sustain that family that is:
(a) Commercial farming
(b) Extensive farming
(c) Modern farming
(d) Slash and burn farming
Answer: D

Question. Agriculture where a single crop is grown on large area:
(a) Shifting Agriculture
(b) Plantation agriculture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Extensive Agriculture
Answer: B

Question. Which one of the following is ‘Kharif’ crop:
(a) Wheat
(b) Mustered
(c) Maize
(d) None of these
Answer: C

Question. Maximum consumption of natural rubber is made of –
(a) Auto tyres & tubes
(b) Footwear
(c) Beats and hoses
(d) Dipped goods
Answer: A

Question. India is the larger producer as well as the consumer of the world?
(a) Wheat
(b) Maize
(c) Pulses
(d) Millets
Answer: C

Very Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Agriculture 

Question : In which system of agriculture, a single crop is grown on a large area? 
Answer : Plantation agriculture.
 
Question : Which type of farming is intensive subsistence farming? 
Answer : Labour intensive farming.
 
Question : Which country is the first largest producer of rice?
Answer : China,
 
Question : Which crop is used both as food and fodder?
Answer : Maize.
 
Question : Which state is the largest producer of ragi?
Answer : Karnataka.
 
Question : In which region was the cultivation of coffee introduced in India initially? 
Answer :  Baba Budan hills were the region where cultivation of coffee was initially introduced.
It is in the hills of Chikmagalur (Coorg, Southern India) in 1670. 
 
Question : Which type of farming is intensive subsistence farming? 
Answer :  Labour-intensive farming is intensive subsistence farming. It is a kind of agriculture where a lot of capital and labour are used to increase the yield that can be obtained per area. 

Question : What are the climatic requirements for wheat?
Answer. Wheat requires cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cms of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.

Question : Which are the major wheat producing states of India?
Answer. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

Question : Which important millets are grown in India?
Answer. Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.

Question : In which regions of India is rubber grown?
Answer. Rubber is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Garo hills of Meghalaya.

Question : Which are the major fibre crops of India?
Answer. Cotton, Jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.

Question : On what factors does primitive subsistence farming depend?
Answer. Monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

Question : What is ‘plantation farming’?
Answer. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. Along with production, processing is also done in the nearby areas. So, the plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

Question : What do you know about the millet, jowar?
Answer. Jowar is the third most important food crop. It is a rain-fed crop, mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.

Question : In which states is jowar grown?
Answer. Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Question : What are the climatic conditions for the growth of cotton plant?
Answer. It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.

Question : Which are the major cotton producing states of India?
Answer. The major cotton producing states are—Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Question :What do you know about the ragi crop?
Answer. Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micronutrients and roughage. It is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.

Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Agriculture  

Question : Explain the factor upon which the different farming practices depends. 
Answer :  The factors upon which the different farming practices depend are:
i. Physical factors: It includes relief, climate and location.
ii. Human Factors: Human factors include the cultural background of people, availability of irrigation and agricultural practices.
iii. Land : The availibilty of land decides which farming suits most commercial or subsistense.
iv. Productivity : The productivity of the land decides which farming can be better like fertile land is preffered for commercial farming.
v. Demand : The demand of the crop decides the farming pattern as crop with more demand needs more cultivation.
vi. Quality of yield : Quality of yeild determines the type of farming as high yield would be always prefferedfor cultivation.

Question : Define plantation agriculture. Explain any four characteristics of plantation agriculture.
Answer :  Plantation is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area. The following are the four characteristics of plantation.
• Plantations have very large areas.
• Capital-intensive inputs are used.
• Migrant labourers are used.
• All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
• The development of plantations is the result of a well-developed network of transport and communication, connecting plantations to markets

Question : Explain rice cultivation in India under the following heads.
(a) Temperature (b) Rainfall
(c) Agricultural season (d) Major producing areas
Answer :  • Temperature: Rice requires a high temperature of above 25°C.
• Rainfall: It requires high humidity with an annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, irrigation is essential.
• Agricultural season: It is a kharif crop, which is grown with the onset of monsoon and is harvested in September-October.
• Major producing areas: Rice is cultivated in the plains of north and northeastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of low rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

Question : How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern in many regions of India. Explain with examples.
Answer : Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions, with farmers shifting to waterintensive and commercial crops.
• Due to the success oi the Green Revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan, these states have started growing rabi crops like wheat, barley, peas and gram.
• Paddy has become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. They are Aus, Aman and Boro.
• The development of canal irrigation and tubewells has made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.
• The use of modem inputs like HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds, fertilizers and irrigation has contributed to high production of maize.

Question : Describe the conditions required for the cultivation of tea. Name two major tea-producing states of India.
Answer :  Tea is an important beverage crop. The following are the conditions required for its cultivation.
• The tea plant grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions, which have deep, fertile and welldrained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
• Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
• Tea bushes require frequent showers throughout the year to ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. It needs abundant, cheap and skilled labour
• Two major tea-producing states are Assam and West Bengal.

Question : Explain rubber cultivation in India under the following heads.
(a) Importance
(b) Geographical conditions
(c) Any two rubber-producing states
Answer :  • Importance: Rubber is an important industrial raw material.
• Geographical conditions: It is an equitable crop, which is grown in tropical and subtropical areas. It requires moist and humid climate with temperature above 25°C and rainfall above 200 cm.
• Two rubber-producing states: It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Garo hills of Meghalaya

Question : Write any three changes in Indian agriculture after the Green Revolution.
Answer. (i) HYV seeds are used for better output of some major crops like wheat and rice.
(ii) For irrigation, canals are laid to provide water to all water scarce states.
(iii) Use of fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides has enhanced the production of various crops.

Question : What do you know about rubber plantation in India?
Answer. (i) Rubber is an equational crop but is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
(ii) It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C.
(iii) It is grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
India ranks fifth among the world’s largest natural rubber producers.

Question : What climatic conditions are required for growing cotton?
Answer. (i) Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau.
(ii) It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation.
(iii) It also requires 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
It’s a Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

Question : Which steps were taken by the Indian government for a comprehensive land development programme?
Answer. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclones, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.

Question. Distinguish between rabi and kharif season?
Answer: Difference between rabi and kharif season. 

Rabi Kharif
a) Rabi crops are sown in winter
from October to December and
harvested in summer from April to
June
a) Kharif crops are grown with the onset of
monsoon in the different parts of the country and
these are harvested in September-October.
b) Some of the important rabi crops
are wheat, barley, peas, gram, and
mustard.
b) Important crops grown during this season are
paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur(arhar)moong,
urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.
c) States from north and northwestern
parts such as Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal
and Uttar Pradesh are important
for the production of wheat and
other rabi crops.
c) Some of the most important rice-growing regions
are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
Maharashtra, particularly the(Kankan coast)
along with Uttar Pradesh Bihar. Recently, paddy
has also become an important crop of Punjab and
Haryana.


Question. What is Horticulture? Name the fruits grown in India?
Answer: “Horticulture:-It is an art of cultivating fruits and vegetables. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India is the producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.”
India is known for
- Mangoes - Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
- Oranges - Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya),
- Bananas- Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu,
-Lichi and guava- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,
-Pineapples - Meghalaya,
-Grapes - Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
-Apples, pears, apricots, and walnuts - Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand all over the world.
India produces about 13 per cent of the world vegetables. It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.

Question. Distinguish between Subsistence and Commercial agriculture.
Answer: 

Subsistence agriculture Commercial agriculture
(a) Subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of
primitive tools like hoe, Dao and
digging sticks, and family/ community
labour.
a) The main characteristics of this type of
farming is the use of higher doses of
modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety
(HYV) seeds, chemicals fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides in order to
obtain higher productivity.
(b) Farmers and their family produce
cereals for themselves and for the local
market.
b) Crops are grown on a large scale with a
view to export them to other countries.
(c) It is practiced in thickly populated
areas.
 
c) It is practiced in sparsely populated areas.
Wheat, cotton, sugarcane etc. are mainly raised.
(d) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised.  


Question. What are the four important fiber crops of India? Describe any one of them.
Answer: four important fiber crops of India are:
Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural silk.
Cotton:-
(a) India is known as the original home of the cotton plant.
(b) India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world. (c)Cotton grows well in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
(d) It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210-frost-free days and bright sun-shine for its growth.
(e) It is Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
(f) Major Cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
OR
Jute:-
(a) Jute is known as the golden of fiber.
(b) It grows well on well-drained fertile soil in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.
(c) High temperature is required during the time of growth.
(d) Major jute producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya.
(e) It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts.

 
Question : i. Features ‘A’ is marked in the given political map of India. Identify this feature with the help of the following information and write their correct name on the line marked on the map.
a. A leading golden fibre crop-producing state
ii. On the same map of India locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols:
a. A leading sugarcane producing state
b. A coffee growing state on the eastern state 
Map-9
 
Answer :  
 
Map-10

 

Question :  What are three cropping seasons of India? Explain any one in brief.
Answer : India has three cropping seasons:-

        (1) Rabi

        (2) Kharif and 

        (3) Zaid

(1) Rabi crops: - Shown in winter from October to December.

        - Harvest in summer from April to June.

        - Main crop-wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard

(2) Kharif crop:

     - Grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country.

     - Harnest in September-October.

     - Maize jawar , bajra ,cotton, Soya been

(3) Zaid crops:

     -sown between rabbi and kharif seasons.

Crops: watermelon, Muskmelon, cucumber, fodder etc.

 

Question :  Discuss three main impacts of globalization on Indian agriculture.
Answer : 1.Indian agriculture products are not able to compete with the developed countries.

        2.Bad condition of marginal and small farmers

        3.Caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals. 

Question : What are the growing conditions required for the main staple food crop of India? Mention the main growing regions.
Answer : (i) Growing conditions required for rice :
(a) High temperature (above 25°C). It is a Kharif crop.
(b) High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
(ii) Main growing regions : Northern plains, north eastern India, Coastal areas, deltaic plains and river valleys.

Question : Explain any four features of primitive subsistence agriculture in India.
Answer : Features of primitive subsistence agriculture in India are :
(i) It is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools.
(ii) Tools which are used are basically traditional tools such as hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(iii) This type of agriculture totally depends upon monsoon.
(iv) When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift to another plot of land.

Question : Give an account of rice cultivation in India, under the following heads:
(a) Climatic condition
(b) Soil requirement
(c) Two major rice producing states
Answer : (a) Climatic condition : It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
(b) Soil requirement : Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. The preferred soil type is clayey or clayey -loam.
(c) Two major rice producing states : West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh

Question : Which crop is known as the 'golden fibre'? Explain any two geographical conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention its any four uses.
Answer : (i) Jute is called the golden fibre.
(ii) Geographical conditions :
(a) Grows well in drained fertile soil of the flood plains where the soil is renewed every year.
(b) High temperature is required during the time of growth.
Uses : Can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. 

Question : Describe any three technological and institutional reforms made in the field of agriculture in India.
Answer : (i) Land reforms : Collectivisation, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari.
(ii) Agricultural reforms : Green revolution and white revolution.
(iii) Land development programmes : Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone etc., establishment of Grameen banks.
(iv) Issuing of Kisan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.
(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV. 

 

Long Questions for Class 10 Social Science Agriculture 

Question : “The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s”. Support this statement with examples.
or
Compare intensive subsistence farming with that of commercial farming practiced in India.
Answer : a. In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms.
b. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease establishment of Grameen banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.
c. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), personal accident insurance scheme are some other schemes introduced by the government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
d. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
e. The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
Table
 
 
Question : Which crop is known as the ‘golden fibre’? Explain any two geographical conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention its any four uses.
Answer : a. Jute is called the golden fibre.
b. Geographical conditions:
c. Grows well in drained fertile soil of the flood plains where the soil is renewed every year.
d. High temperature is required during the time of growth.
Uses: Can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yam, carpets and other artefacts.

Question : Explain any five features of comprehensive land development programme initiated during 1980s and 1990s.
                                                                         OR
Describe any five technological and institutional reforms initiated to improve the standard of agriculture in India.
                                                                         OR
Describe any four institutional reforms introduced by the government of India in the interest of the farmers.
Answer : Comprehensive land development programme included both institutional and technical reforms. Following reforms were introduced:
(a) Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
(b) Establishment of Grameen Banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.
(c) Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy availability of inputs.
(d) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) was introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
(e) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
(f) The government also announced minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

Question : What are the challenges faced by the farmers today?
Answer : (a) Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and reduction in public investment in agricultural sector especially in irrigation, power infrastructure and other inputs.
(b) Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to higher cost of production.
(c) Reduction in import duties on agriculture products.
(d) Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture, resulting in lack of alternative employment opportunities.
(e) Erratic nature of monsoons also affects agriculture production on a large scale.

Question : Suggest any five measures to enhance the agricultural production in India
Answer : Agricultural is an important economic activity in our country. I would like to suggest the following measures to enhance the agricultural production in India.
• Each district and block can be made self-sufficient in agricultural production if the government provides proper agricultural infrastructure, irrigation facilities, electricity, etc.
• Loans can be provided at lower interest rates to cultivator.
• The use of latest techniques can be encouraged.
• Instead of concentrating only on rice or wheat, the food crop with a better growth potential in that particular area must be encouraged.
• Attracting foreign investment in agriculture and also free trade in grains will not only increase agricultural production, but will also create massive employment and reduce poverty in rural areas.
• Farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.

Question : What is intensive subsistence farming? Write three features of intensive subsistence farming.
Answer : Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in areas of high density of population, where pressure of population is high on agricultural land.
The following are the three features of this type of farming.
• It is labour-intensive farming.
• High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher , production.
• Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land.
• Farmers take maximum output from the limited land.
• Farmers do not have any alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.

Question : Why is the growth rate in agriculture decelerating? How did the Government of India make efforts to modernise agriculture? Explain.
Answer : The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating due to the following reasons.
• Reduction in public investment in agriculture especially for irrigation, power, rural roads, etc.
• Subsidy on fertilisers has decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
• Reduction in import of agricultural goods
• Lack of employment in agriculture
• Erratic nature of monsoon rainfall
To modernise agriculture the Government of India has taken concerted efforts like the following.
• Setting up of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
• Setting up of agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres.
• Horticulture development
• Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast
• Improvement of rural infrastructure

Question : Explain any five steps taken by the central and state governments to improve Indian agriculture after independence.
Answer : Various initiatives taken by the central and state governments to ensure the increase in agricultural production after independence are as follows.
• Collectivism, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
• Land reforms were the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
• The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian agriculture.
• Minimum Support Price Policy, provisions for crop insaurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are some of the reforms brought by the government.
• Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development and weather forecast etc. were given priority for improving Indian agriculture.
The term used for grouping of small land holdings with bigger ones is consolidation of land holdings.

Question : Write four geographical requirements each for the growth of tea and sugar cane.
Answer : For geographical conditions required for the growth of tea.
The following are the geographical conditions required for the production of sugar cane.
• It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
• It needs hot and humid climate with temperature of 21°C to 27°C.
• It requires annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
• It can grow on a variety of soil.

Question : Explain any five features of Indian agriculture.
Answer : The following are the five features of Indian agriculture.
• Indian agriculture is mainly of intensive subsistence type.
• It is mainly practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.
• It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining high yields.
• Farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternate source of livelihood, which leads to enormous pressure on agricultural land.
• The right of inheritance has led to division of land among successive generations and rendered the size of land holding uneconomical.

Question : Explain any five characteristics of commercial farming in India.
Answer : The following are the five characteristics of commercial farming in India.
• The main characteristic of commercial farming is the use of high doses of modern inputs, like HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides, in order to obtain higher productivity.
• The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another, for example rice is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana but in Odisha it is a subsistence crop.
• Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area.
• Plantations cover large areas using capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant labourers.
• In India tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane and banana are important plantation crops.

Question : Name the two most important staple food crops in India. Mention the geographical conditions required for their growth.
Answer : The two most important staple food crops in India are rice and wheat.
he geographical conditions required for the growth of rice are as follows.
• It requires high temperature—above 25°C.
• It requires high humidity for its growth.
• It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm.
The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat arenas follows.
• It is a rabi crop and needs cool growing season.
• It requires bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
• It also requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall, well distributed over the growing season.

Question : How is Rice farming different from Wheat farming in respect of the following?
(a) Sowing and harvesting time.
(b) Rainfall / irrigation requirements.
(c) Areal distribution.
(d) Yield per hectare.
Answer : Rice
1. It is sown with the onset of the monsoon i.e. June-July. Rainfall should be 100 cm or irrigation is necessary.
2. Harvesting is done in the month of October-November
3. It is grown in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
4. Yield per hectare is high.
Wheat
1. It is sown with the withdrawal of the monsoon i.e. November. Rainfall should be 50-75 cm or irrigation is necessary
2. Harvesting is done in the month of March-April.
3. It is grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh.
4. Yield per hectare is low.

Question : Mention the geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton along with any four cotton-producing states.
Answer : Cotton is a kharif crop. India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plants.
The geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton are as follows.
• Cotton grows in the drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau.
• Cotton needs high temperature, light rainfall, 210 forest-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It requires 6 to 8 months to grow.
• Major cotton-producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka

Question : Describe the various technological and institutional reforms, which led to Green and White revolutions in India?
Answer : Green Revolution.
(i) Technical inputs resulted in the green revolution in sixties and seventies of the twentieth century.
(ii) High yielding and early maturing variety of seeds have been used.
(iii) Instead of bio-fertilizers, chemical fertilizers are used.
(iv) Flooding of fields are replaced by drip irrigation and the use of sprinklers.
White Revolution.
(i) The Dairy Development led to the white revolution or “Operation Flood”.
(ii) The dairy co-operation in the rural areas helped in rural development.
(iii) The National Milk Grid achieved Operation Flood.
(iv) Cross breed from foreign and native cattle have been developed.

Question : Describe any four institutional reforms introduced by the government of India in the interest of the farmers.
Answer : The institutional reforms introduced by the government of India in the interest of formers are as follows.
• Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings and abolition of zamindari system.
• Provision for crop insurance against droughts, floods, cyclone, fire and diseases.
• Establishment of grameen banks and cooperative societies to give loans to the farmers at low rate of interest.
• Announcement of minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
• Introduction of schemes like Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for the benefit of the farmers. (any four)

Question : Mention any two geographical conditions required for the growth of maize crop in India. Describe any three factors which have contributed to increase in maize production.
Answer :  Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize crop in India:
a. It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C.
b. It grows well in alluvial soil.
Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of maize.
 
Question : Why has the agriculture sector in India got a major setback in spite of increase in the GDP growth rate?
Answer : a. More and more land is used for construction of  factories, warehouses and shelters which reduced the land under cultivation.
b. Soil gets degraded by the use of pesticides, fertilizers, over irrigation, etc., which leads to water logging and salinity.
c. Today Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition.
d. Our government is reducing the public investment in agriculture, subsidy on fertilizers have decreased.
e. Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.

Question : Explain any three features of Indian agriculture.
Answer.  Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities.
- Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that is consumed.
- It also produces raw material for various industries.
- Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc., are also exported to earn foreign exchange.

Question : Which crop is known as a ‘golden fibre’? Explain any two geographical conditions essential for the cultivations of this crop. Mention its four uses.
Answer. Jute is known as ‘golden fibre’. It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya are the major jute producing states of India. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing material, particularly nylon.

Question : “Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy.” Explain this statement.
Answer.  Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy.
- Agricultural share in providing employment and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent (2001).
- Government is providing facilities like irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation subsidy on fertilisers.
Reduction of import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.

Question : Suggest any five measures to enhance the agricultural production in India. 
or
Explain any five institutional and technical reforms brought by the government to improve the condition of Indian Agriculture. 
or
Describe any five steps taken by the government of India to increase the productivity of agriculture in India.
Answer : 1. Land reforms: Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari.
2. Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.
3. Land development programmes: Provision for  crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, etc, establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.
4. Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc.
5. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.
6. Government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) and remunerative and procurement prices to check exploitation.
7. The government provides HYV seeds and fertilisers.
8. Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers.
9. Soil testing facilities, cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers.
 
Question : “Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each other”. Support the statement with five suitable examples. 
or
Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each other. Explain.
Answer : 
Table-
 
 
Question : Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea. Mention the two major tea producing states of South India. 
or
Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write any two important states where it is grown.
or
In which agricultural production, India is the leading producer as well as exporter in world? Describe the geographical requirements for its growth and development.
or
What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Write two states of India where tea grows.
Answer : a. Tea: Grows well in tropical and sub¬tropical climates.
b. Soil type: Deep and fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matters.
c. Climate: Warm and moist, frost-free climate throughout the year.
d. Rainfall: Frequent showers throughout the year.
e. Two states: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya and Tripura.

Question : Give main characteristics of intensive subsistence farming.
Answer.  This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
- It is labour-intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
- This type of farming is practised in the states of U.P., Haryana, Bihar, etc.
- Though the ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land among successive generations has rendered landholding size uneconomical, the farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood.

Question : What type of farming is called plantation farming? Which factors are needed to promote them in India?
Answer. (i) Plantation is a type of commercial farming.
(ii) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
(iii) The plantation also includes the processing of that crop in the nearby industries.
(iv) Plantations cover large tracts of land using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
(v) All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
(vi) In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are important plantation crops.
(vii) Since the production is mainly for market, a well developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets play an important role in the development of plantations.

 
Question : Which are the two major cotton producing states of North India ? Describe four geographical conditions required for the growth of cotton.
or
Describe the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of cotton.
Answer :  Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are the two major cotton producing states of North India.
Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of cotton:
a. It grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
b. It requires high temperature.
c. It requires light rainfall or irrigation.
d. It requires 21 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
 
Question : Explain any four features of primitive subsistence agriculture in India.
Answer :  Features of primitive subsistence agriculture in India are:
a. It is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools.
b. Tools which are used are basically traditional tools such as hoe, dao and digging stick.
c. This type of agriculture totally depends upon monsoon.
d. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift to another plot of land.
 
Question : Compare the geographical conditions required for the production of cotton and jute. 
Answer : 
Table-1
 
 
 
Question : Why has Indian agriculture started a decline in the trend of food production? How can we overcome this problem?
Answer :  Indian agriculture started a decline in the trend of food production because:
a. More and more land is used for construction of factories, warehouses and shelters have reduced the land under cultivation.
b. Soil gets degraded by the use of pesticides, fertilizers, over-irrigation, etc. which leads to water logging and salinity.
Remedial Measures:
a. Use of agricultural techniques which are environmentally sustainable.
b. Use of biotechnology in modifying different crops and increase the yield per hectare. It reduces dependence on insecticides and also require less water. 
 
Question : Name the crop which is used both as food and fodder? What are the geographical conditions required for its growth. Name the major areas of its production. 
Answer :  i. Maize is the crop to be used as food and fodder. It is Kharif crop.
ii. Its grain provides food and is used for obtaining starch and glucose. Its stalk is fed to cattle.
iii. Maize is mainly a rainfed kharif crop which is sown just before the onset of monsoon and is harvested after retreat of the monsoon.
iv. Fertile well-drained alluvial or red loams free from coarse materials and rich in nitrogen are the best soils for its successful growth. Well drained plains are best suited for its cultivation
v. Climate: 140 frost free days
vi. Soil Type: It grows well in old alluvial soil.
vii. Temperature: It requires temperature between 21oC to 27oC .
viii. Rainfall: annual rainfall between 60 to 120 cm
ix. Areas of Cultivation: Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,In some states like Bihar maize is grown in Rabi season also. Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of maize.
x. More than half the maize of India is produced in four states of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. 
Contemporary India II Chapter 01 Resources and Development
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development Assignment
Contemporary India II Chapter 02 Forest and Wildlife Resources
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Forest and Wild Life Resources Assignment
Contemporary India II Chapter 03 Water Resources
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Water Resources Assignment
Contemporary India II Chapter 07 Lifelines of National Economy
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Life Lines of National Economy Assignment

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