CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialization Assignment Set B

Answer : B

Question : The person who got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money in times of need was known as:
(a) Stapler
(b) Fuller
(c) Gomastha
(d) Jobber
Answer : D

Question : Why did Manchester export to India decline after the First World War?
(a) People were busy fighting the war.
(b) Factories closed down due to security problem.
(c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfill the need of army.
(d) Export trade was restricted by the government.
Answer : C

Question : Why were workers in England hostile to machines and new technology?
(a) They did not know how to use these.
(b) They feared that they would lose their jobs and livelihood.
(c) The workers were too poor to buy new machines.
(d) They were scared of machines.
Answer : B

Question : Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the weavers?
(a) The weavers hated foreigners.
(b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price.
(c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the village.
(d) None of the above.
Answer : C

Question : From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs make a fortune?
(a) Textile trade
(b) China trade
(c) Trade in tea
(d) Industries
Answer : B

Question : ___________ created the cotton mill.
(a) Orville Wright
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Watt
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : James Watt patented the new engine in _______.
(a) 1765
(b) 1581
(c) 1681
(d) 1781
Answer : A

Question : __________ products came to symbolise refinement and class.
(a) Machine Made
(b) Handmade
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : Hoogly in _______ had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.
(a) Maharashtra
( b) Gujarat
(c) Orissa
(d) Bengal
Answer : D

Question : _______ on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and the Red Sea Ports.
(a) Okha
(b) Porbandar
(c) Surat
(d) Kandla
Answer : C

Question : When did the earliest factories come up in England?
(a) In 1720s
(b) In 1730s
(c) In 1740s
(d) In 1750s
Answer : B

Question : Assertion: The first symbol of the new era was cotton.
Reason: In Victorian Britain, the industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment
Answer : B

Question : Assertion: The cotton weavers of India flourished with the Manchester imports.
Reason: With the American Civil War, the cotton supplies from US to Britain decreased.
Answer : D

Question : Match the following items given in column A with those in column B.
Column A                                            Column B
(a) First cotton mill in Bombay            1. India
(b) Masulipatam                                2. Connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports;
(c) Gujarat coast                               3. Coromandel coast
(d) Finer variety of coarser cotton       4. 1854
Answer : (a) 4, (b) 3, (c) 2, (d) 1

Question : Complete the following table with correct information with regard to Spinning Jenny:
Spinning Jenny    Devised by   Devised year    How it work?
                              (A)-?           (B)-?                 This machine speeded up the spinning
                                                                            process and reduced labour demand.
Answer : (A) James Hargreaves, (B) 1764

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question : Why were merchants from towns in Europe began to move countryside in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer : During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cope up within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.

Question : Why were tjie women in England against Spinning Jenny ?
Answer : Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their positions so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories.

Question : Why were wages low in England during eighteenth centuries ?
Answer : In England during the Victorian Age, there was no shortage of human labour. Unemployed people, farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities in search of work. So, the industrialists had an ample supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost.

Question : Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories ?
Answer : In industries such as breweries and book binders, production was affected by the seasonal demands and changes. Hence, seasonal labours could be easily employed when the need arose. Moreover, as the supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such labourers and keep cost of production low.

Question : How did urbanisation help create opportunities ?
Answer : Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid and river embankments created opportunities where people got employment.

Question : How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and the weavers ?
Answer : The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English company who were outsiders and not from the villages. He was arrogant and often marched into the villages with sepoys to beat up the weavers and craftsmen if they were late in supplying products.

Question : Why the merchants and traders did turn their attention towards the countryside for production in Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Answer : Production could not be expanded in the town because the urban trade and craft guilds regulated the issues in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free entry and lenient rules for outsiders

Question :Why were wages low in England during eighteenth centuries?
Answer : In England during the Victorian Age, there was no shortage of human labour. Unemployed people, farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities in search of work. So, the industrialists had an ample supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost

Question : Give some examples of seasonal industries
Answer : Gasworks, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard works, repairing tasks in various other factories too

Question : Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories?
Answer : In industries such as breweries and book binders, production was affected by the seasonal demands and changes. Hence, seasonal labours could be easily employed when the need arose. Moreover, as the supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such labourers and keep cost of production low.

Question : Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded handmade products?
Answer : Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high tastes and refinement. They were unique in their own designs and carefully designed and finished, so they attracted the upper elites of the society more.

Question : How did urbanization help create opportunities?
Answer : Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid and river embankments created opportunities where people got employment

Question : Why were the women in England against Spinning Jenny?
Answer : Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their positions so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories

Question : By 1750’s why the commercial networks of Indian trailers did begin to decline in India?
Answer : The European, trading companies secured huge concessions and trading privileges from various rulers and local courts that boosted their trade. After this, they secured monopoly rights to trade even. This impacted the trading activities of the Indian traders and merchants.

Question : Who were Gomasthas?
Answer : Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver finished goods to the company at fixed rates. Heal ways examined the quality of the cloth.

Question : How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and the weavers?
Answer : Britain is the first industrial nation in the world

Question : Who manufactured the new model of the steam engine?
Answer : Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model of the steam engine.

Question : Who was the jobber? What was his job?
Answer : The jobber was a person employed by the Indian industrialist to get new recruits. He was a person with authority and power.

Question : Why did Manchester imports into India decline?
Answer : with British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English company who were outsiders and not from the villages. He was arrogant and often marched into the villages with sepoys to beat up the weavers and craftsmen if they were late in supplying products.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question : What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?
Answer :  1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.
2. The fight is taking into the future.
3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

Question : Who were the Gomasthas? Why did the weaves and Gomasthas clash?
Answer : (i) The Gomasthas were appointed by the British to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. (ii) As time passed, new Gomasthas who were outsiders and did not have any long term social link with the village acted arrogantly with the villagers, marched into the village with sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays in supplyoften beating and flogging them. This was an act which was very similar to the manner in which the British dealt with defaulters. Thus the weavers often clashed with the gomasthas. 

Question : Describe the contributions of Dwarkanath Tagore as an entrepreneur of Bengal.
Answer : (i) Dwarkanath Tagore believed that India would develop through westernization and industrialisation. (ii) He invested in shipping, ship building, mining, banking, plantations and insurance. (iii) Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.

Question : Describe any five major problem faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the industrial revolution.
Answer : (i) Due to the expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But trade and craft guilds were very powerful. (ii) They could create many problems for the merchants in their town. (iii) Rulers had granted different guilds monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products. So, merchants were handicapped in towns. (iv) Guilds regulated competition and prices. (v) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work. 

Question : How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Answer : (i) The East India company tried to eliminate the existing traders and appointed 'Gomasthas' as supervisors. (ii) The system of advances was introduced to have a direct control over the weavers. Impact :
(i) Weavers devoted entire time to weaving.
(ii) They were forced to accept the prices fixed by the company.
(iii) There were reports of clashes of weavers with gomasthas. 

Question : Explain the effects of the East India Company's exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade.
Answer : (i) The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with cloth trade and tried to establish a direct control over the weavers.
ii) This was a situation of helplessness and desperation which made the workers to revolt against the British. The workers started to either change their profession or migrated to other places.
(iii) These measures ultimately led to the elimination of the Indian weavers.

Question : Why was East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during the 1760s? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Even after the consolidation of the East India Company’s power after the 1760s the Company was willing to expand the textile exports from India because of the following reasons:-
a. First, the cotton industries had not yet expanded hi Britain.
b. Second, great demand of the Indian fine textiles in Europe.
c. Earlier, due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market, Britain found difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade, Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition. The Company took direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.

Question : Describe the lifestyle of the British workers in the nineteenth century.
Answer : Due to the news of job opportunities in the city large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.
But not all had such connections and that’s why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

Question : Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.
Answer : Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs production and also the Manchester imports declined in India, due to the prolonged war. Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts. Demands for workers increased and they had to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question : Who were the jobbers? Explain their main functions.
Answer : These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. The jobbers were employed to get new recruits. Thus they had authority and power. Later on they started demanding money and gifts for their favour and thus they controlled the lives of the workers.

Question : Why did upper classes in Victorian period preferred things produced by hands?
Answer : The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie were the upper class people in the Victorian Britain who preferred hand-made things because these products symbolize refinement and class as they were better finished and carefully designed. They had the thinking that the machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

Question : Why did the East India Company appoint gomasthas? Give three reasons.
Answer : The three reasons behind the appointment of gomasthas by the East India Company were:
a. Earlier due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market Britain found difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition.
b. The company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
c. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This prevention was done through the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.

Question : Why was it difficult for East India Company to produce regular supplies of goods for export in the beginning? Explain.
Answer : Due to the following reasons the East India Company was facing difficulty to produce regular supplies of goods for export in the beginning:
a. There were number of trading companies in India such as French, Dutch and Portuguese who were competing for the woven cloth from the Indian weavers and merchants.
b. Due to the heavy competition and demand of the woven cloth, the Indian weavers and the supply merchants were keeping the prices high which was not profitable for the East India Company.
c. The East India Company did not had any exclusive trading rights or monopoly over trade in India.

Question : Explain any three problems faced by the Indian weavers in 1850s.
or
Explain any three problems faced by Indian cotton weavers by the turn of the nineteenth century.
Answer : The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:
a. Their export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
b. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports. c. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete
with the mill-made products as they were much cheaper and also they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.

Question : “Historians now have to increasingly recognize that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.” Analyse the statement.
Answer : The new industries were not able to displace the traditional industries. This can be proved with the fact that till the end of the 19th century less than 20% of the workforce were engaged in the technologically advanced industries and a large portion of the output was produced within the domestic units.
Food processing, building, pottery, glass work etc. were the non-mechanized sectors in which the changes were ordinary with small innovations.
The technological changes occurred very slowly because the new technology was very costly. The merchants and industrialists were highly cautious for its use as the machines often broke down and its repair was too expensive. These machines were not as effective as it was claimed by the investors and the manufacturers.

Question : “The First World War created the favorable conditions for the development of industries in India.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
or
Why could Manchester never recapture its old position in the Indian market after the First World War? Explain.
Answer : a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war-needs production.
b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
c. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs.
d. Many new factories were set up and the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased and workers had to work for long hours.
e. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question : Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.
Answer : The three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas were:
a. Earlier the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link with the weavers.
b. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in supply.
c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain, could not sell to other buyers, the price for the cloth received from the Company was very low and the loans which they received from the company tied them with the company itself.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question :. Who were the Jobbers? Explain their main functions. 
Answer : Jobber was employed to get new recruits for the factories or industrialists. The jobber misused his position and power in the following ways:
(i) Initially Jobbers lured people from his village ensuring them jobs. He also helped them settle in the city and lent them money in the times of crisis.
(ii) Gradually, Jobbers got position and power.
(iii) They started demanding money and gifts for all the favours.
(iv) They also started to control the lives of the workers.
(v) Jobbers got people from his own village and restricted entries of others in the mills.