CBSE Class 10 Social Science History The Age of Industrialization Assignment

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Assignment for Class 10 History India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation

Class 10 History students should refer to the following printable assignment in Pdf for India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation in Class 10. This test paper with questions and answers for Class 10 History will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 History Assignment


Objective Questions 

Question : Who devised the Spinning Jenny?
(a) Samual Luck
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Hargreaves
(d) James Watt
Answer : C 
 
Question : When was contton piece good’s production in India doubled?
(a) 1880-1890
(b) 1900-1912
(c) 1890-1900
(d) None of these
Answer : B 
 
Question : Which among these was a pre-colonial sea port?
(a) Vishakhapatnam
(b) Chennai
(c) Hoogly
(d) Cochin
Answer : C 
 
Question : Who was a ‘Jobber’?
(a) Trusted worker
(b) Painter
(c) Dancer
(d) Soldier
Answer : A 
 
Question : Which of the following country is considered to be the first industrial nation of the world?
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) Britain
(d) Italy
Answer : C 

Question. Guilds were associations of-
(a) Industrialization
(b) Exporters
(c) Traders
(d) Producers
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following best defines a Jobber?
(a) Employed by industrialists to get new recruits
(b) Old trusted worker
(c) Person of authority and power
(d) Controlled lives of workers
Answer: A

Question. The paid servants of the East India Company were
(a) Seth
(b) Mamlatdar
(c) Gomastha
(d) Lambardar
Answer: C

Question. Who devised the Spinning Jenny?
(a) Samuel Luck
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Hargreaves
(d) James Watt.
Answer: C

Question. When was the first cotton mill set up in India in?
(a) 1814
(b) 1824
(c) 1854
(d) 1864
Answer: C

Question. In India, the first cotton mill was set up in-
(a) Madras
(b) Bombay
(c) Kanpur
(d) Surat
Answer: B

Question. What was the fly shuttle used for-
(a) Washing
(b) Weaving
(c) Drying
(d) Sowing
Answer: B

Question. Who invented the steam engine-
(a) James Watt
(b) New Camen
(c) Richard Arkwright
(d) None of the above
Answer: A

Question : What makes Lancashire the best cotton-spinning locality in the world?
(a) Nearness to coal mines
(b) Temperate atmosphere
(c) Humid atmosphere
(d) Abundance of power
Answer : C 
 
Question : What did the term ‘Orient’ refer to?
(a) England
(b) Asia
(c) Russia
(d) America
Answer : B 
 
Question : 18th Century India witnessed the decline of port town?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras
Answer : A 
 
Question : Which one is the most popular means for creating new consumers?
(a) Branding
(b) Pricing
(c) Advertisement
(d) Promotion
Answer : C 
 
Question : Which image of a God was most commonly used to popularise baby products?
(a) Ram
(b) Shiva
(c) Krishna
(d) Hanuman
Answer : C 
 
Question : Who invented the steam engine in 1781 in England?
(a) Newcomen
(b) C.E. Turner
(c) M.Jackson
(d) James Watt
Answer : D 
 
Question : Which of the following companies gradually gained power in the 1750s after the decline of Indian merchant’s trade capacity?
(a) Chinese companies
(b) Russian companies
(c) English companies
(d) European companies
Answer : D 
 
Question : Which of the following two ports grew after the European companies gained power in trade?
(a) Surat and Hoogly
(b) Madras and Masulipatnam
(c) Bombay and Calcutta
(d) Kandla and Visakhapatnam
Answer : C 
 
Question : By the late 19th century, manufacturers were printing ______ to popularise their products.
(a) diaries
(b) files
(c) calendars
(d) clothes
Answer : C 
 
Question : Apart from images of Gods, which other figures were commonly used in advertisement?
(a) Animals
(b) Nature
(c) Personages, emperors and nawabs
(d) Society
Answer : C  
 
Question : After the first world war which country could never recapture its old position in the Indian market?
(a) USA
(b) Japan
(c) Germany
(d) Manchester
Answer : D
Explanation: After the first world war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
 
Question : What was established by Richard Arkwright?
(a) Flying shuttle
(b) Cotton mill
(c) Spinning jenny
(d) English Universities
Answer : B
Explanation: Richard Arkwright created the first cotton mill.  
 
Question : What are horizontal threads in Flying shuttle called? 
(a) Weft
(b) Wrinkle
(c) Warp
(d) Wrap
Answer : A
Explanation: Horizontal threads in Flying shuttle is called Weft 
 
Question : The given are the factors which led to the growing demands for goods. Choose the incorrect factor
i. With the expansion of world trade
ii. The reduction of world trade
iii. The acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world 
(a) ii only
(b) ii and i
(c) i only
(d) iii only
Answer : A
Explanation: With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing 
 
Question :  _____ was accumulated through various trade networks. 
(a) Capital
(b) Machines
(c) Land
(d) Labourers
Answer : A
Explanation: Capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa. 
 
Question : Give reason as to why in Victorian Britain, the upper classes preferred things produced by hand? 
(a) Easily available
(b) Better Finished
(c) Cheaper
(d) Fine material
Answer : B
Explanation: In Victorian Britain, the upper classes - the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie - preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed.
 

Fill In The Blank

 
DIRECTION : Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s).
 
Question : In 1850, ______ India started.
Answer : Machine age 
 
Question : ______ industry was the flourishing industry of England.
Answer : Iron and steel
 

True/False

DIRECTION : Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false.
 
Question : First Jute mill was established in Calicut.
Answer : False
 
Question : Advertisement by Indian manufacturers hardly gave any nationalist message.
Answer : False
 

Assertion And Reason 

DIRECTION : Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
 
Question :  Assertion : The first symbol of the new era was cotton.
Reason : In Victorian Britain, the industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
The upper classes preferred hand produced goods in Victorian Britain, however this does not explain the assertion.
 
Question :  Assertion : The cotton weavers of India flourished with the Manchester imports.
Reason : With the American Civil War, the cotton supplies from US to Britain increased.
Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Cotton weavers in India faced two problems with Manchester goods coming to India: their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. With the American Civil War, the cotton supply to Britain from US were cut off. Britain turned to India. Thus, both assertion and reason are false.
 
Question :  Assertion : From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined.
Reason : After the First World War, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
The reason does not justify the assertion. From 1906, export of Indian yam to China declined as produce from China and Japan flooded the Chinese market.
 
Question :  Assertion : Like the images of gods and goddesses, figures of important personages like emperors and nawabs adorned advertisements and calendars.
Reason : This was done to show the pomp and glory of the nation.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
This was done to win the confidence of the buyers to buy the products. Hence the reason is false. 

Very Short Answers Type Questions

Question :  Which was the first Asian country to be industrialized?
Answer : India was the first Asian country to be industrialized. 
 
Question :  Which Indian port connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports? 
Answer : Surat Port is connected to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports.
 
Question : Which industries were the dynamic industries of England during its earliest phase of industrialization? 
Answer : Silk and footwear were the dynamic industries of England during its earliest phase of industrialization.
 
Question : In which year did the first cotton mill in Bombay (Mumbai) come up? 
Answer : The first cotton mill in Bombay (Mumbai) came up in the year 1854. 
 
Question : Name the areas that demanded seasonal labour in England. 
Answer : In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Gasworks and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. Bookbinders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December.
 
Question : How did the Indian weavers and merchants resist colonial control? 
Answer : In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation. Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials. Over time many weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Question : By 1750’s Why the commercial networks of Indian trailers did began to decline in India ?
Answer : The Europea, A trading companies secured huge concessions and trading privileges from various rulers and local courts that boosted their trade. After this, they secured monopoly rights to trade even. This impacted the trading activities of the Indian traders and merchants.

Question : Give some examples of seasonal industries.
Answer : Gas works, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard works, repairing tasks in various other factories too.

Question : Why the merchants and traders did turn their attention towards the countryside for production in Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ?
Answer : Production could not be expanded in the town because the urban trade and craft guilds regulated these issues in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free entry and lenient rules for outsiders.

Question : What happened as a result of cotton being exported from India ?
Answer : As cotton was being exported to England, the availability of cotton in Indian markets was affected. Weavers had to pay high rates to purchase raw cotton which most of the weavers could not afford.

Question : Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded handmade products ?
Answer : Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high tastes and refinement. They were unique in their own designs and carefully designed and finished, so they attracted the upper elites of the society more.

Question : Who were Gomasthas ?
Answer : Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver finished goods to the company at fixed rates. He always examined the quality of the cloth.

 

Short Answers Type Questions 

Question. How did the advent of Manchester create problems for Indian Weavers?
Answer. 1. Decrease in export of India.
2. Pressure on East India Company to see cloth.
3. Low Cost.
4. Shrinking of local markets.
5. Non availability of good quality cotton fibre.

Question. What were the reasons for increase in production during WWI ?
Answer. 1. To meet war requirements new industries were established
2. To produce for uniforms, shoes, tents.
3. New workers were employed and working hours were increased.

Question. What were the reasons for great economic depression of 1930 ?
Answer. 1. Export declined after World War First.
2. America capitalist stopped giving loans to European Countries.
3. Overproduction in agriculture.
4. Mechanisation of Industries.

Question. Why it was difficult for new merchants to establish trade in towns ?
Answer. 1. In towns the guild system was powerful.
2. Provide training to workers.
3. Control the production.
4. Tried to discourage new entrants into the profession.

Question. Why new industrialist could not displace traditional industries ?
Answer. 1. Number of people working in industries was less.
2. Slow changes in technology.
3. Cloth industry was dynamic
4. Technology was expensive.
5. A large part of production was done in Handlooms

Question. The network of Indian Merchants started break down why ?
Answer. 1. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a
variety of concession from local courts.
2. Then the monopoly right to trade.
3. Decline of parts of Surat and Hoogly.

Question. Why did East India Company employ Gomashtas ?
Answer. 1. They gave loan to weavers.
2. Thus prevented them dealing with the buyers.
3. They themselves checked the quality of cloth.

Question : Trace the development of cotton and textile industries in India. 
Answer : The development of cotton and textile industries marked the beginning of new era.
The production of cotton boomed in the late nineteenth century.
a. The first cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854.
b. By 1862, four mills were with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
c. The first cotton mill of Ahmedabad came up in 1860s.
d. By the 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began its production.
 
Question : Name the sea routes that connected India with Asian countries. 
Answer : A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. The sea routes that connected India with Asian countries are mentioned below:
a. On the Gujarat coast, Surat connected India with the Gulf and the Red Sea ports.
b. Masulipatnam on the Coromandel Coast and In Bengal, Hooghly had trade links with the Southeast Asian ports.
 
Question : How were machines and technology glorified in England in the early twentieth century through pictures on the cover pages of some books? 
Answer : Machines and technology glorified in England in the early twentieth century through pictures on the cover pages of some books. For instance,
i. The cover page of a music book published by a popular music publisher E.T. Paull in 1900 had a picture announcing the ‘Dawn of the Century’. It shows the sign of progress as there are pictures of railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory on the cover page.
ii. The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked on the cover page of a trade magazine. The trade magazine shows two magicians. Aladdin is shown as representing the East and the past. Where the one is the mechanic with modern tools and builds bridges, ships, towers and high-raised buildings. He represented the west and modernity. 
 
Question : Explain the meaning of the term 'Industrial Revolution'. 
Answer : a. The ‘Industrial Revolution' is the term given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain.
b. It stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionised the technique and organisation of production in the later half of the 18th century.
c. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered automated machinery(primarily in textile manufacturing). The technological and economic progress of the Industrial Revolution gained momentum with the introduction of steam-powered ships, boats and railways.
d. In place of manual and animal power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things. This revolution replaced cottage industries by factories, hand labour by machine work and craftsmen and artists by capitalists and factory owners.

Question : What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?
Answer : First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons-
      1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped.
      2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market.
      3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on. 

Question : Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.
Answer : Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.
     1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.
     2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers. 

Question : What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century?
Answer : 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
              2. Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them.
              3. System of Advances- The Britishers started the system of advances to regularizes the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated. 

Question : What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?
Answer : 1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.
         2. The fight is taking into the future.
         3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory. 

Question : “Consumers are created through advertisement.” Explain. 
Answer : When new products were produced during colonial period people had to be persuaded to buy them. They had to feel like using the product. Advertisements were the only way to communicate about the new products and their usage.
i. Advertisements made the products appear desirable and necessary.
ii. They tried to mend the minds of people and create their needs.
iii. They appeared in newspapers, street walls, magazines and expanded the markets for goods and products. 

Question. Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization?
Answer: Main features of Proto Industrialization-
1. Production was not based on factories.
2. Large scale home based production for international market.
3. Merchants move to country side and supplied money for artisans to produced for international market.
4. It provided alternative source of income.
5. Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from.
6. Helped in fuller use of their family labour resources.
7. Close relationship.

Question. How did the British market expanded their goods in India?
Answer:
1. Advertisement of product – Advertisement make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.
During the industrial age, advertisements have played a major role in expanding the market for products.
2. Putting labels on the cloths bundles – The labels was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN
MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label. They would feel confident about buying the cloths.
3. Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold. Images of Krishna and Saraswati was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian People.
4. Printing Calendars to popularizes their products unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and in middle class houses.

Question. ‘The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing.’ Explain?
Answer: Blessing of the Industrial Revolution –
1. Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world.
2. Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloths and shelter
3. Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.
4. Machines have brought more leisure.
Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution-
1. The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers.
2. Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs
3. The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.
4. The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism

Question. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Answer:
1. No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost any chance of bargaining.
2. Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
3. Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after loosing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies.
4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply.

Question : Describe the functions performed by supply merchants in export trade. 
Answer : The functions performed by supply merchants in the export trade were as follows:
a. Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions.
b. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villagers and carried the supply to the ports.
c. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants who were operating inland and sold them abroad. 

Question : How did many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite tight economic controls imposed by the British government?
Answer : Many Indian entrepreneurs survived despite tight economic controls imposed by the British government due to the following reasons:
a. The Indian entrepreneurs did not want to compete with the Manchester goods therefore they produced cotton yarn rather than fabric which was either used by the Indian handloom weavers or exported to China.
b. During the Swadeshi Movement the people boycotted the foreign clothes.
c. The Indian industrial groups organized themselves and pressurized the government to increase tariff protection and for granting other concessions.

Question : Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British government on the Indian merchants in 19th century.
Answer : The three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in 19th century were:
a. After establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade, Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition.
b. The Company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
c. By the end of the First World War a large sector of the Indian industries were under the control of the three biggest European managing agencies called Bird Heiglers and Company, Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner and Company. But mostly the finance was done by the Indian people whereas the investment and business decisions were taken by the European agencies and also the Indian businessmen were not allowed to join the chamber of commerce of the European merchants- industrialists.

Question : Where were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business in towns of England? Explain.
Answer : Urban crafts and trade guilds were associations of producers who trained the craftspeople, controlled the production and regulated the price and competition. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to sustain within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.
These trade guilds restricted the entry of the new people into the trade because monopoly rights were granted to them to produce and trade in specific products. This situation made the new merchants difficult to set up their business units in towns.

Question : How did industries develop in India in the second half of the nineteenth century? Explain.
or
Describe the contributions of the early industrialists of India in shaping the industrial development of India.
Answer : Dwarkanath Tagore in Bengal, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata in Bombay and Seth Hukumchand, and a Marwari businessman set up first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.
These early entrepreneurs had accumulated wealth from the trade with China, the merchants of Madras from trade with Burma and the others from the trade with the Middle East and east Africa.
There were another group of entrepreneurs who had accumulated wealth from trade within India, supplying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and by financing the traders.

Question : Explain the effects of East India Company’s exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade.
Answer : The effects of East India Company’s exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade were as follows:
a. Many villagers refused taking loans and advances for doing the production.
b. They closed down their workshops and shifted back to agriculture work.
c. Some of them migrated to other villages to set up their looms.

Question : Describe any three functions of gomasthas.
Answer : The three functions of gomasthas were:
a. Gomasthas were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
b. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.
c. Gomasthas acted arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in supply.

Question : Describe the condition of the workers in the nineteenth century in England.
Answer : Due to the news of job opportunities in the city, large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.
But not all had such connections and that’s why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

Question : Describe any three major problems faced by Indian weavers in nineteenth century.
Answer : The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:
1. Their export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
2. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete with the mill-made products as they were much cheaper and also they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.

Question : How did the seasonality of employment affect the lives of Indian workers during 18th century? Explain.
Answer : Gas work and breweries industries had seasonal demand of labour in the cold months. Likewise the book binders and the printers needed labour before December as they had to cater to the demand before the Christmas. The ships were also cleaned and repaired during the winter season. Due to the fluctuation of production with the season in these industries, hand labour was preferred and were employed for the season only.

Question : “In eighteenth century Europe, the peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agreed to work for the merchants.” Explain any three reasons.
Answer : In eighteenth century Europe, the poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed to take the advance offered by the merchants and were willing to produce goods for them. Due to the following reasons:
a. During this time in the countryside the open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking for alternative source of income because they were dependent on the common lands and gathering of firewood, vegetables, berries, hay and straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of land which was not sufficient to provide work to all the family members. ,
b. It proved good for the peasants and artisans to work for the merchants as they could now remain in the countryside and continue with their small plot cultivation.
c. Their family income was supplemented and also they were able to engage all the family members as labour resources.

Question : Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War? Give any three reasons.
Answer : The three reasons for the increase of the industrial production in India during the First World War were: a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war needs production.
b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
c. Due to the prolonged war Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased.

 

Long Answers Type Questions 

Question : Why were hand made products preferred in Victorian Britain? Explain any five reasons. 
Answer : Handmade products were prefered in Victorian Britain due to various reasons:
a. Symbol of class: The upper classes of Victorian England, like the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie, preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class.
b. Better finished: The handmade products were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed.They were better finished.
c. Individually produced: These products were individually produced.
d. Finely designed: These products were fine as they were carefully designed by the hand weavers. Mills could not imitate specialised weaves as Saris with intricate boarders, the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras.
e. Trade in colonies: As the fine handmade products found way to Britain, likewise the machine made goods of Britain were for the export to the colonies. This was profitable for the British as it boosted their business in the colonies.
 
Question : Why were there frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages? Explain five reasons. 
Answer : The following were the reasons for the frequent clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers in the villages.
a. Earlier, supply merchants often belonged to the same villages and had a close relationship with the weavers.
b. The company's appointed Gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the villagers.
c. They were arrogant and marched into the village with sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays.
d. The weavers could no longer bargain for prices or sell to other buyers in place of the British who paid them low wages.
e. The weavers could not sell their cloth to other buyers because they had to sell to the company due to the loans they took from them.
f. They had to accept the price offered by the company to them, although it was very low. 
 
Question : Describe the life of the workers in Victorian Britain. 
Answer : The life of the workers in Victorian Britain is as follows:
a. In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Labour was in abundance. So, industrialists had no problem with a labour shortage or high wages.
b. Opportunities for employment were few. Job seekers who came from villages had to spend the night under bridges or in night shelters and they had no place to stay in the city.
c. Much of the work was seasonal in nature such as bookbinding.
d. Wages were low and life was difficult when prices of goods in the city rose sharply.
e. Workers had to look for odd jobs when they could not find proper employment in factories.

Question : Explain any five ways by which new markets and consumers were created in India by British manufacturers.
Answer : The five ways by which new markets and consumers were created in India by British manufacturers were:
a. The Manchester industrialists put labels (Made
in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes - to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, for a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product.
b. These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.
c. Initially the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convinced that there is divine approval to sell these products.
d. In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers,, magazines and the most important on the calendars.
e. The calendars became the most popular due to the following reasons - used even by the illiterates and poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which they see day after day through the year.
f. The figures of important personages, emperors and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements and calendars to expand the market of the product. These figures gave the message that this product is used by the royalty and hence it is of good quality and also if you respect these figures then give due respect to the product also,
g. The Indian manufactures used the figures of the nationalists on the products and passed the message that if you love your nation then buy the Indian products.

Question : “By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer : During the Swadeshi Movement the people boycotted the foreign clothes, and the Indian industrial groups organized themselves and pressurized the government to increase tariff protection and for granting other concessions.
Again the Indian industrialists shifted from the yarn production to cloth production because the Indian yarn export declined in China as the Chinese and Japanese mills became plenty in China.
Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs production and also the Manchester imports declined in India. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs. Many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased. Workers had to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

Question : Throw light on production during the proto- industrialisation phase in Europe in the 17th and 18th century with an example.
or
What was proto industrialisation? Explain the importance of proto-industrialisation.
or
Explain the main features of proto-industrialisation.
Answer : The history of industrialisation began with the setting up of the first factories but there was large scale industrial production in England and Europe which the historians refer as proto-industrialisation.
The main features of proto-industrialisation were:
a. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cope up within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.
b. These trade guilds restricted the entry , of the new people into the trade because ‘ monopoly rights were granted to them to produce and trade in specific products. This situation made the new merchants difficult to set up their business units in towns.
c. The poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed to take the advance offered by the merchants and were willing to produce goods for them.
d. During this time in the countryside the open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking for alternative source of income because they were dependent on the common lands and gathering of firewood, vegetables, berries, vegetables, hay and straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of land which was not sufficient to provide work to all the family members.
e. During this period London came to be known as the Finishing Centre because the finishing work of the cloth was done in London before it is exported in the international market.

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CBSE Class 10 History India And Contemporary World II Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Assignment

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