CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism In India Assignment

ASSERTION AND REASON

1. Assertion. In 1917, Gandhiji organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Reason. The peasants were affected by crop failure and plague epidemic. They could not pay the revenue and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. The peasants wanted that their revenue collection be relaxed because they were at a complete loss and organized a Satyagraha to provide them with a platform to raise their voice.

2. Assertion. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. Reason. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmins, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power, something that usually only Brahmins had access to. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

3. Assertion. The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons in the cities. Reason. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than massproduced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. Non-cooperation Movement was gradually turning violent, some leaders were by now, very tired of mass struggle, that is how it lost momentum. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

4. Assertion. In Awadh, the peasants were led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. Reason. The movement here was against Oudh Kisan Sabha.
Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as indentured labourer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Thus, both the assertion and the reason are wrong.

5. Assertion. When Simon Commission arrived in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. Reason. This happened as Mahatma Gandhi was on Dandi March during that time.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. The Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’ because it did not have a single Indian member. They were all British but had come to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Gandhiji went on Dandi March on 11 March 1930. The reason thus does not explain the assertion.

6. Assertion. Gandhiji entered into Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931. Reason. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both put in jail, the Congress was declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. With the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in the Round Table Conference in London. However, the negotiations broke down and Gandhiji returned to India disappointed. New repressive measures by the government declared the Congress illegal and put Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru into jail. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

7. Assertion. Rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organising their communities and at times forcing reluctant members to participate in the boycott programmes. Reason. However, they were deeply happy when the movement was called off in 1931 with revenue rates being lowered.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. The peasants were deeply disappointed when the Civil Disobedience Movement was called off in 1931 without revenue rates being revised. They wanted the revenue rates revised and were thus actively participating in the movement but were deeply hurt when they could not achieve the same. Therefore, The assertion is true but reason is false.

8. Assertion. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland and it was later included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement. Reason. Rabindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata, which is portrayed as an ascetic figure, who is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism, but this does not explain why he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’. Thus both of them are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

9. Assertion. During the eighteenth century France witnessed the emergence of a middle class. Reason. The emergence of the middle class happened on account of royal patronage.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of social groups, termed the middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding overseas trade and from manufacture of goods such as woollen and silk textile that were either exported or bought by the richer members of society. In addition to merchants and manufacturers, the educated in the third estate included professions such as lawyers or administrative officials.

10. Assertion. Another important feature of civil disobedience movement was the large-scale participation of peasants. Reason. A large number of woman were encouraged by Gandhiji’s Salt March because of which they could come out of their homes to listen to him they then began to participate in protest march and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shop. Some even went to jail.
Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Important feature of civil disobedience movement was the large-scale participation of peasants. Large number of women were encouraged by Gandhiji’s Salt March because of which they could come out of their homes to listen to him they then began to participate in protest march and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Thus both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Short Answer Questions 

Question :  What were the effects of non cooperation on the economic front?
Answer :  Foreign goods were boycotted, Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire many traders refused to import foreign cloth the import of foreign cloth reached to half.

Question :  What were the causes for the gradual slowing down of the Non- co operation movement in the cities?
Answer : (1) Khadi was more expensive than the mill produced cloth and the poor could not afford it.
(2) British institutions were boycotted but the process of establishing Indian institutions was slow so the students and teachers started joining the British institution again.

Question :  Describe the main events leading to civil disobedience.
Answer :  1) World wide economic depression
2) Simon commission was constituted in 1929 and no Indian member was appointed.
3) Lord Irwin announced that Dominion State would be granted to India.
4) At the Lahore congress session resolution for purna swaraj was passed.

Question :  What did freedom mean to Plantation workers in Assam?
Answer : 1) Right to move freely in and out of their enclosures.
2) Retaining link with their villages
3) They were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission which they wanted.

Question :  what was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?
Answer :  1) Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number.
2) They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.
3) Many women went to jails
4) In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty. 

Question :  Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure?
Answer :  It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.
2) With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

Question : State the three cultural presses through which nationalism captured people’s imagination during the British rule in India.
Or
How did the image of Bharat Mata help in creating a sense of collective belongingness amongst the people of India?
Or
Some icons and symbols were used for unifying the people and inspiring in them the feeling of nationalism. Explain with examples.
Answer :  (i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism.
(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past.
(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism.
Examples:
• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed.
• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance.

Question : How did Khilafat movement gain momentum? or How did Mahatma Gandhi view the Khilafat issue?
Answer :  (i) In the First World War, Ottoman Turkey was defeated and a harsh peace treaty was imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
(ii) To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March, 1919.
(iii) A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
(iv) At the Calcutta session of the Congress in 1920 he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.

Question : Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer :  Three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement are:
(i) Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
(ii) As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
(iii) The government refused to reduce the revenue demand. This led to widespread resentment among the rich peasants and they enthusiastically supported the movement.

Question : Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the civil disobedience movement in 1931.
Answer :  (i) The civil disobedience movement got momentum when thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law by manufacturing salt worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in which. Many were killed.
(ii) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations — all structures that symbolised British rule.
(iii) The colonial government got frightened. It adopted a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagraha were attacked, women and children were beaten and many people were arrested.
In such a situation, Gandhiji decided to call of the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5th March, 1931.

Question : What was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859?
Or
What was the notion of Swaraj for the plantation workers in Assam?
Answer :  (i) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, the plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea-gardens without permission and, in fact, they were rarely given such permission.
(ii) Thousands of plantation workers defied the authorities that left the plantation and headed home.
(iii) They believed Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village.
(iv) They however, never reached their destination.
(v) Stranded on the way by railway and steamer strike they were caught by the police and badly beaten up.

Question : Discuss the factors that deteriorated the relations between Hindus and Muslims.
Answer :  (i) After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, a large section of Muslims felt separated from the Congress.
(ii) From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
(iii) This worsened the relations between Hindus and Muslims.
(iv) Each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
(v) Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
(vi) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (leader of the Muslim League) agreed to quit the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were guaranteed reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).
(vii) But all hopes were dashed in 1928 when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed to compromise.
(viii) In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, (President of the Muslim League) re-stated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests.

Question : Why did Mahatma Gandhi support the Khilafat Movement?
Answer :  Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat Movement due to these reasons:
(i) The Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a wide spread movement, no doubt, but it was still limited mostly to cities and towns.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India.
(iii) But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. Therefore, he decided to support this issue.

Question : Method of reinterpretation of history was followed to encourage nationalism. Discuss.
Or
How was history re-interested in creating a feeling of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Answer :  (i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.
(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished.
(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised.
(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians.
(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

Question : Write a note on Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
Answer :  Jallianwalla Bagh massacre holds an important and significant position in the Freedom Movement of India. It took place in Amritsar on 13 April, 1919. On this very day a protest meeting against the government’s new repressive measures (the Rowlatt Act) was being held at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar. The meeting was attended by a large number of men, women and children. The only entrance of the park was blocked by the British army on the orders of General Dyer. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without giving a word of warning. Thousands of people were killed and many were injured. It was the cold blooded murder of innocent people.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. People were flogged and villages were bombed.

Question : Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 
Answer :  Three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement are:
(i) Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
(ii) As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
(iii) The government refused to reduce the revenue demand. This led to widespread resentment among the rich peasants and they enthusiastically supported the movement.

Question : An important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. Explain.
Answer :  (i) Women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement on a large-scale.
(ii) During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him.
(iii) They participated in protest marches and manufactured salt.
(iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
(v) In urban areas, these women were from high-caste families and in rural areas they came from rich peasant households.
(vi) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Question : Explain the factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in the later half of the 19th century.
Answer :  1) Economic exploitation 2) Administrative and economic unification of the country.
3) Western education' 4) Development of Press.

Write in Brief
Question : Explain:
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer :
(a) Colonisation affected people’s freedom, and nationalist sentiments surged during the process of struggle against imperial domination. The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people from different walks of life, and this resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals. Thus, growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to anticolonial movements.
(b) During the First World War, the British army conducted forced recruitment from rural areas in India. To finance the defence expenditure, high custom duties and income taxes were imposed. Also, during 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, thereby resulting in acute food shortages. All this caused extensive anger and opposition against the British colonial rule, and the national movement of India headed towards a stronger, more definitive direction.
(c) The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition from Indian members. It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years. The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity.
(d) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses, especially the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 where the people clashed with the police, setting a police-station on fire. Gandhiji felt that the people were not yet ready for a mass struggle, and that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained for non-violent demonstrations.

Question : Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission
Answer :
a) On 13th April 1919, a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh – some to protest against the British government’s repressive measures, others to attend the annual Baishakhi Fair. These people were unaware of the imposition of Marshal Law in the city. General Dyer, the Commander, blocked the exit points from the Bagh and opened fire upon the innocent citizens. Dyer’s intention was to produce a ‘moral effect’ and terrorize satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people including women and children were killed and wounded due to this indiscriminate firing by the British soldiers, which ultimately led to nation-wide outrage. Jallianwala Bagh incident was the most brutal incident in the History of India.
b) The Simon Commission was constituted by the Tory Government in Britain, under Sir John Simon. The objective of the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest some constitutional changes. But nationalists in India opposed the Commission because it had not a single Indian member. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go Back Simon”. All parties, including Congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations.

Question : Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. 
Answer :  The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commodity- salt, used by the rich and the poor alike. The tax on salt, and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative move. The Salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large number of commoners during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj and nonviolence.
By peacefully defying a law and making salt against government orders, Gandhiji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be confronted in a non-violent manner. This also led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Question : Mention the Satyagraha movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi before starting freedom movement of India.
Answer : 1) Champaran movement in Bihar, 1917
2) Kheda movement in Gujrat, 1917
3) Movement in Ahmedabad, 1918

Question : What powers had been given to the Government through Rowlatt Act1919? How it caused Jallianwalla Bagh incident?
Answer : Rowlatt Act had given the government enormous powers to repress political activities, permitted the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Question : What is the Khilafat Movement? How and by whom it was organized in India?
Answer : Started by Ali Brothers, Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali To show their alliance to the spiritual head of the Ottoman Empire, Khalifa.

Question : Why did Gandhiji relaunch the civil disobedience movement after the second round table conference? explain any three reasons.
Answer : The negotiations broke down, British government had begun a new cycle of repression, many politicians were put to jail, and Congress had been declared illegal.

Question : Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowdown in cities? Explain
Answer : Khadi clothe was more often expensive, poor people could not afford it, boycott of British institutions and goods posed problems.

Question : Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer : Satyagrah is a method of agitation and protest based on truth and non violence. It was first introduced by Mahatma Gandhi in the National Movement.

Question : Explain the role of Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits or the depressed classes.
Answer : Ambedkar organised the depressed classes association to uplift the dalits, demanded separate electorates for dalits and reservation of seats in educational institutions, signed the Poona pact that give reserved seats to the depressed classes in provincial and Central legislative councils.

Question : Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in “Salt” a powerful symbol that could unite the Nations? explain.
Answer : conjunct by everyone and regarded as one of the most essential item of food. Gandhiji thought if any moment could be arranged against operations which affected people from all starta, it could unite the nation.

Question : Analyze the role of merchants and the industrialist in the civil disobedience movement.
Answer : Wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that could discourage imports, they thought if colonial resections did not exist on business world, as a result trade and business world flurries without constraints.

Question : Explain the effects of ‘worldwide economic depression' on India towards late 1920s.
Answer : trade was affected, exports decreased, agricultural prices fell due to which farmers could not sell their produce and the British government continued to take high taxes.

Long Answer Questions 

Question : How did Mahatma Gandhi organize Satyagraha in various places in India ?
Answer :  In 1917 he traveled in champaran ran, Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against oppressive plantation system.
2) In 1919 he organized Satyagraha to support peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
3) In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organize this movement amongst cotton mill workers.
4) In 1919 he launched Satyagraha against Rowlatt act.

Question : What were the reasons for the launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement? What was Gandhiji’s idea behind launching it as stated in his book ‘Hind Swaraj’? 
                                       Or
Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a broad-based movement in 1920? Give reasons.
Answer :  Reasons for the launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) Indians were very hopeful that their hardships would end after the First World War was over. But that did not happen.
(ii) The enforcement of Rowlatt Act in 1919: The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi launched a movement against these unjust laws. But seeing the violence spread, he called off the movement. This had been a widespread movement no doubt but was limited to cities and towns. Gandhiji now wanted to launch a more broad-based movement in India.
(iii) The Khilafat issue: The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. As a result, a harsh peace treaty was imposed on the Ottoman emperor—the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
Mahatma Gandhi decided to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
In his famous book Hind Swaraj he declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. He was sure that if Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse and swaraj would come. Hence, he started Non-Cooperation Movement with full vigour.

Question : How did people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer :  The Civil Disobedience Movement started in 1930 against the salt law. The people of India and the colonial government reacted to the movement in their own way. Reaction of the Indian people:
(i) Thousands of Indians in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
(ii) As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forests laws – going into Reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
Reaction of the government
(i) Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the congress leaders one by one. First of all they arrested Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi.
(ii) A month later, Gandhiji himself was arrested. This enraged the public. Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings law courts and railway stations — all structures that symbolised British rule.
(iii) A frightened government responded with policy brutal repression. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and thousands of people were arrested.

Question : “Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Examine the statement.
Answer :  Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement. There were several reasons behind it:
(i) The congress had ignored the dalits for a long time because it suffered from a fear of offending the Sanatans, who were the conservative high caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.
(ii) He organised statyagrahas to secure them entry into temples and access to public wells, roads, etc. He persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the ‘sin of untouchability’.
(iii) But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
(iv) Dalit participation in Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong.

Question : “Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Examine the statement.
Answer :  (i) A large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress after the decline of non-cooperation and Khilafat movement.
(ii) From the mid 1920s, the congress came to be visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
(iii) Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities deepened the distance between the two communities.
(iv) The congress and the Muslim league made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, and in 1927, it appeared that such a unity could be forged.
(v) The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.
(vi) Mohammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate decorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim dominated provinces. But M.R. Jayalear of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed it.
(vii) So, when the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between the two communities.
(viii) Alienated from the congress, large section of Muslims could not respond to the call for united struggle.

Question : What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Answer :  When Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915 he started a Satyagraha movement in India in various places.
(i) Satyagraha comprised of two Sanskrit words Satya and agraha. Satya means truth and agraha means path. Thus Satyagraha means following the path of truth and non-violence to attain freedom and fight against injustice.
(ii) It is the philosophy of non-violent resistance adopted by Gandhiji to end the British Raj in India.
(iii) The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and need to search for truth.
(iv) Satyagraha advocated that for true cause and struggle against injustice, physical force is not required to fight with the oppressor.
(v) Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win battle through non-violence.

Question : Write a note on Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
Answer :  Jallianwalla Bagh massacre holds an important and significant position in the Freedom Movement of India. It took place in Amritsar on 13 April, 1919. On this very day a protest meeting against the government’s new repressive measures (the Rowlatt Act) was being held at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar. The meeting was attended by a large number of men, women and children. The only entrance of the park was blocked by the British army on the orders of General Dyer. He ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without giving a word of warning. Thousands of people were killed and many were injured. It was the cold blooded murder of innocent people.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. People were flogged and villages were bombed.

Question : Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer :  (i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation against the British government in India.
(ii) He sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January, 1930 stating eleven demands from specific to general in the interest of all classes.
(iii) The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone would be brought together in a united campaign.
(iv) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike. It was one of the most essential items of food. Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum.
(v) It also threatened that if government did not exempt people from the salt tax then they would launch a campaign against it.
(vi) But Irwin showed reluctance and took the warning lightly. Thus, Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhiji in the year 1930. It was an important milestone in the history of Indian nationalism.
(vii) The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to defy the laws made by the British. Gandhiji started his famous salt march (Dandi March) accompanied by 78 followers, from his ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and openly violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

Question : Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Or
Analyse any four features of the Gudem rebellion of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer :  The Gudem rebellion spread in response to Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement.
The four features of this rebellion are:
(i) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
(ii) The hill people got enraged when the colonial government prevented them from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
(iii) They considered Sitaram Raju as an incarnation of God inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement, Raju persuaded the Gudem rebels to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(iv) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Question : What was Rowlatt Act? How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act?
                                Or
How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples.
Answer :  (i) The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by the British government despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
(ii) It gave enormous powers to the government.
(iii) Now, the British government could suppress the political activities, and allow detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Indian people reacted to it stoutly. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, they decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(ii) Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
(iii) Shops closed down.
To suppress the nationalists the British administration
(i) Put the local leaders in jail.
(ii) Debarred Mahatma Gandhi from entering Delhi.
(iii) On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession.
(iv) On 13 April, the Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.

Question : Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the civil disobedience movement in 1931.
Answer :  (i) The civil disobedience movement got momentum when thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law by manufacturing salt worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in which. Many were killed.
(ii) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations — all structures that symbolised British rule.
(iii) The colonial government got frightened. It adopted a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagraha were attacked, women and children were beaten and many people were arrested.
In such a situation, Gandhiji decided to call of the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5th March, 1931.

Question : How did the First World War impact India?
Answer : the British government raised taxes, custom duty and income taxes in India to finance the war expenditures, villagers and farmers were forcefully recruited in the British army, rise in prices of food and other essential things..

Question : What was Non- Cooperation Movement started in 1920s? Why did Gandhiji call of the movement in 1922?
Answer : Young Muslim leaders approached Gandhiji about the possibility of a United moment against the British rule, Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslim under the umbrella of a unified National Movement.
At the congress session in Nagpur in December 1920 the non cooperation program was finalized and Gandhiji launched the non cooperation movement
In 1922 the Chauri Chaura incident where 22 23 policemen died due to violent class between people and police, Gandhiji called of the moment.

Question : How the civil disobedience movement did came into force in various part of the country? Explain with examples.
Answer : With the state of the movement, foreign clothes was boycotted and liquor shop were picketed, peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, in the countryside rich peasants and communities of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh became the supporters of the civil disobedience movement. Industrialist, railway workers, mine workers and women from all over India participated in civil disobedience movement.

Question : Explain the major factors which promoted the sense of nationalism in the Indians?
Answer : United struggle, cultural process, common identity, painting of Bharat Mata, revival of India folklore and folk song promoting traditional culture and restore sense of pride in the past history and the culture, national leaders aroused the feelings of nationalism through their motivational speeches and political activities.

Question : Explain the role of women in the civil disobedience movement.
Answer : thousands of women participated in marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign clothes and liquor shops. Many went to jail, in urban areas women were high cast educated family and in rural areas women came from rich peasant households. But all these participations were symbolic has women did not hold any position of authority for a long time.

SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

Question : Study the given extract (Source A) taken from NCERT Textbook page 55 carefully and answer the questions that follow:

" Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction ... In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill will whatever. Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love... Non violence is the supreme dharma.... It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own .... "

(i) What is the main difference between physical force and soul force?
Answer :  (i) Physical force believes in violent ways for achieving the goal. But soul force believes in non-violence and truth.

(ii) Why can’t Indians carry arms? Explain.
Answer :  (ii) Indians cannot carry arms because they have made the religion of non-violence their own.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

Question : During the national movement, many women, for the first time in their lives, moved out of their homes on to a public arena. How did these women support Mahatma Gandhi’s mission to gain independence?
Answer :  Women in a large number, came forward when Mahatma Gandhi started his Salt March against the tax on salt. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jain happily. They saw service to the nation as a sacred duty. 

Question : Mahatma Gandhi believed in satyagraha, a novel method of mass agitation. After arriving in India from South Africa, he successfully organised Satyagraha Movements in various places.
Which values are associated with Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha?
Answer :  Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
In the light of the above fact we can infer the following values associated with satyagraha:
(i) Truth, (ii) Non-violence, (iii) Intense activity and (iv) Justice.

Picture Based Questions

1. (i) When was this picture taken?
Answer : 6 April, 1919

(ii) What was the event?
Answer : Gandhiji’s nation wide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act started with a hartal on 6th April, 1919.

(iii) Which common feature of the Indian National movement does it depict?
Answer : Mass processions on the streets became a common feature during the leadership of Gandhiji in the Indian National Movement.

2. (i) What is depicted in this picture?
Answer : General Dyer’s crawling orders being administered by British soldiers.

(ii) When was the picture taken?
Answer : In April, 1919, Amritsar, Punjab

(iii) Which of the following event is related with the given image?
(a) Non-Cooperation Movement
(b) Jallianwala Bagh Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Swadeshi Movement
Answer : (b) Jallianwala Bagh Movement

(iv) What is the significance of this picture?
Answer : This picture signifies General Dyer’s objective to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of the Satyagrahis. The aim was to humiliate and terrorise people.

3. (i) What is depicted in this picture?
Answer : The boycott of foreign cloth by Indian nationalists.

(ii) When was this picture taken? What is its significance?
Answer : In July, 1922. Foreign cloth was seen as the symbol of western economic and cultural domination. As part of the Non-cooperation Movement, people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones.

4. (i) Which famous incident is shown in this picture?
Answer : The incident depicted is a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar in U.P. (India), which turned into a violent clash with the British police.

(ii) Where and when did it take place?
Answer : Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur (U.P.), 1922.

(iii) What was the incident?
Answer : 22 English policemen were burnt to death by violent Indian nationalists at a police station in Chauri Chaura (U.P.).

(iv) What was the outcome of the incident?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non- Cooperation Movement, as his methodology of fighting the British was purely through nonviolence.

5. (i) Which significant incident is depicted in this picture?
Answer : The Dandi March (to the coast of Gujarat).

(ii) Who is leading the crowd and why?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi is leading the Salt March with 78 of his trusted volunteers.

(iii) When did the incident occur?
Answer : It occurred on 11th March, 1930.

(iv) What is the significance of this picture?
Answer : The picture signifies the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement, Gandhiji’s refusal to pay tax on a commodity like ‘Salt’ and to stop the British Government’s monopoly over its production.

6. (i) Identify the figure in this portrait?
Answer : Bharat Mata

(ii) How is Bharat Mata portrayed in the above picture?
(a) Ascetic
(b) Divine
(c) Spiritual
(d) All of the above
Answer : (a) Ascetic

(iii) Who painted it and when?
Answer : Abanindranath Tagore—1905

(iv) What is the significance of this picture?
Answer : The mother figure here is shown as dispensing food, clothing and learning. The beads (mala) in one hand shows her ascetic quality.

(v) Which famous painter used this style earlier?
Answer : Raja Ravi Verma.