CBSE Class 10 Social Science History The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Assignment

Key Concepts of the lesson-

In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social Republic. During 19th century nationalism emerged forcing many changes in Political and mental world of Europe.
The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation-
(1) Growth of nationalism in France
(2) Introduction of various
measures and practices created sense of collective identity among the people of France.
(3) Rise of Napoleon and his reforms. Revolutionaries help other peoples of Europe to become nation.
(2) The making of Nationalism in Europe-
(1) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into Kingdom, duchies and cantones these divisions were having their autonomous rulers.
(2) Industrialization in England, Emergence of a working class and liberalism.
(3) After the defeat of Napoleon,
the European government follows the spirit of conservations conservative regimes were autocratic Revolutionaries at that time fight for liberty and freedom. E.g. Mazzini,s young Italy and Young Europe.
(3) The age of Revolution (1830- 48)
Liberalism and Nationalism, occurrence of revolutions in Brussels and Greece and development of cultural movement in Europe, Hunger Hardship and Popular revolt, Demand for constitutionalism and national unification.
Rights for women Results- Frankfurt Parliament (May 1848)
(4) Unification of Germany and Italy- Germany and role of Bismarck and his policy unification of Germany Unification of Italy- Role of Mazzini Garibaldi and victor Emanuel II Separate case and condition of Britain -
Glorious revolution of 1688, Act of union of 1707.

Question : In the Frankfurt parliament, a constitution was drafted on which date?
(a) 8 May, 1848
(b) 18 May, 1848
(c) 18 June, 1840
(d) 11 August, 1848
Answer : B 

Question : In which year was Treaty of Vienna signed?
(a) 1811
(b) 1810
(c) 1815
(d) 1812 
Answer : C 

Question : Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union 1707?
(a) It was an agreement between England and Scotland.
(b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland.
(c) It resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
(d) It gave England control over Scotland.
Answer : B 

Question : Who described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’?
(a) Ernest Renan
(b) Louis Philippe
(c) Napoleon Bonaparte
(d) Metternich
Answer : D

Question. Who was Frederic sorrieu?
(a) A Philosopher
(b) A Painter
(c) A Politician
(d) A Revolutionaries
Answer: B

Question. Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism?
(a) Concept of government by consent
(b) Freedom for the individual
(c) Cultural movement
(d) Freedom of markets
Answer: C

Question. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
(a) They opposed monarchial forms.
(b) They were the supporters of democracy
(c) They wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language.
(d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.
Answer: D

Question. Who was count Cavour?
(a) The chief Minister of Italy
(b) Revolutionary of Germany
(c) A catholic missionary
(d) The chancellor of Germany
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following state lead the unification of Germany?
(a) Bavaria
(b) Prussia
(c) Rhineland
(d) Hanover
Answer: B

Question. Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815
(a) Cavour
(b) King victor Emanuel
(c) Bismarck
(d) Duke Metternich
Answer: D

Question. What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?
(a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.
(b) To plan the unification of Germany
(c) To restore the democracy in Europe.
(d) To overthrow the Bourbon dynasty
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?
(a) Treaty of Versailles
(b) Treaty of Constantinople
(c) Treaty of Frankfurt
(d) Treaty of Vienna
Answer: B

Question. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ?
(a) At the palace of Prussia
(b) At the half of Mirrors in palace of Versailles.
(c) At the church of st peters
(d) At the church of St panli
Answer: D

Very Short Answers Questions

Question : Why were female allegories invented by the French artists?
Answer :  Female allegories were invented by the French artists in the 19th Century to represent the nation.

Question : Who was Johann Gottfried Herder? What did he claim?
Answer :  Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.

Question : Explain the concept of a national state
Answer :  Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Question : Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.
Answer :  The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished.

Question : Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna.
Answer :  The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given part of Poland.

Question : Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe?
Answer :  Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad condition of peasants.

Question : Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?
Answer :  Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. 

Question :  What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Answer :  The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe in the years following 1815, was to oppose monarchial form of government. It emphasized the notion of united community which would have equal rights under a constitution.

Question :  What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional senerio due to French Revolution in Europe?
Answer :  The French revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French Citizens.  

Short Answers Questions

Question : Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
Answer :  Provisions of Treaty of Vienna.
(i) Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France.
ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(iii) The kingdom of Netherlands was set-up in North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(iv) Prussia was given new territories on its Western frontier.
(v) Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(vi) Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given a part of Saxony. 

Question : What did the conservatives want?
Answer :  The conservatives wanted to preserve the monarchy and the church.

Question : Describe the process by which Germany was unified.
Answer :  By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was complete(d) The Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

Question : Describe the process of unification of Italy
Answer :  2 during 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society young Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian status through war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful alliance with France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy. 

Question : Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere.
Answer :  The four important ideas of Liberal nationalist in the economic sphere were
(a) Removal of Internal customs duties. (b) Reducing the number of currency from 3 to just two.
(c) Implementation of a uniform system of weights and measures. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation, which improved business communication.  

Question : What does the term ‘absolutist’ refer to?

Answer :  The term ‘absolutist’ refers to the following points:
(i) A government or a system of rule that has no restraints on power exercised.
(ii) A form of monarchical government that was centralised.
(iii) A form of government that is repressive. 

Long Answers Questions

Question : Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer : The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.
(i) The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
(ii) From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
(iii) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(iv) A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(v) The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.

Question : How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
Answer : (a) Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
(b) But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
(c) Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

Question : Who was Cavour? Explain his contributions to the unification of Italy.
Answer :  Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia Piedmont. His contribution to the unification of Italy was:
(i) He was a good administrator.
(ii) He worked for the unification of Italy. through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour of Sardinia-piedmont.
(iii) He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.
(iv) He was a tactful diplomat. He succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

Question : Explain the 1848 revolution of the liberals.What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer :  (i) The 1848 revolution was led by the educated middle class along with the poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in many European countries for fulfilling their demand of constitutionalism with nation unification.
(ii) Political ideas : In German regions, a large number of political associations whose member were middle class professionals, business man and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for all German National Assembly.
(iii) Social ideas : A large number of women had participated actively and formed their own political associations founded newspapers, took part in political meetings and struggled for right to vote.
(iv) Economic ideas : Liberals struggled for abolition of serfdom and bonded labour and wanted freedom of market.
(v) Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished.

Question : The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Explain.
                                Or
Describe in brief the great economic hardships during the 1830s in Europe.

Answer : (i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.
(iv) In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(v) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Question : Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. How?
Answer :  (i) Monarchs now began to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression would only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
(ii) Therefore, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.
(iii) Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
(iv) The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.  

Question : Give a brief description of the revolt led by the Silesian weavers in 1845.
Answer :  (i) In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
(ii) Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
(iii) When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc.
(iv) Another group broke into the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.
(v) The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot. 

Question : Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe.
Answer :  (i) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle-classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
(ii) Their activities and compaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
(iii) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

Question : The Habsburg Empire was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. Elucidate this statement. 
Answer :  (i) The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria—Hungary included the Alpine regions—the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland—as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was pre-dominantly German-speaking.
(ii) The Empire also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
(iii) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
Besides these dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples—Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.

Question : Describe the evolution and execution of the process of Italian unification.
                        Or
Briefly trace the process of the unification of Italy.
Answer : Process of Italian unification:
(i) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
(ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational Habsburg Empire.
(iii) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(iv) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries—Guiseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Guiseppe Garibaldi.
(v) Guiseppe Mazzini during the 1830s sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
(vi) He organised a new political society called Young Italy.
(vii) The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the responsibility now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.
(viii) Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia- Piedmont became successful in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(ix) Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Guiseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.
(x) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
(xi) In 1861, the process of the unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the united Italy. 

Question : Explain the objectives of the 'Treaty of Vienna' of 1815. 
Answer :  The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was brought up with the objective of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the rule of Napoleonic wars.
Objectives of the Treaty of Vienna: