CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialization Assignment Set C

BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

- Before factories began to come up in England and Europe, there was large-scale production of goods for supplying to the international market. This was not based on factories.
Many historians refer to this phase of industrialization as proto-industrialization.
- In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the villages. They gave finance to the peasants and artisans, persuaded them to produce goods for an international market.
- With the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns because of crafts and trade guilds.
- Guilds were associations of producers that trained craftspeople. They maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers had granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

- In the countryside poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants. During this period open fields were disappearing. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival had to now look for alternative sources of income. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.

- Thus, a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. A merchant purchased wool from a wool stapler and took it to the spinners; the yarn then went through different stages of production from weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. The finishing was done in London before the export. London in fact came to be known as a finishing center. This proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.

The Coming Up of Factory

- The earliest factories in England came up in the 1730s. By late 18th century, there were numerous factories in England. In 1760 while Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, this quantity increased to 22 million pounds by 1787.

- This increase happened because of a number of innovations in the process of production such as carding, twisting, spinning, and rolling. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn. All the processes were brought together in cotton mills by Richard Arkwright.

- In the early phases the industrial revolution was mostly in textile production.

- Benefits of factories : The factories increased efficiency of workers. Because of new machines a worker could produce better products in much bigger quantities. Cotton textiles were the main area in which industrialization happened. Managing and supervising the labor was much easier in factories than it was in the countryside.

The pace of Industrial Change

- Cotton and metal industries were changing rapidly and were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase (till 1840). The iron and steel industries grew rapidly with the expansion of railways. The railways expanded in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s. By 1873, the export of iron and steel from Britain was valued at about 77 million pounds. This was double the value of cotton export.
- By the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20% of total workforce was employed in the industrial sector. The traditional industry was also thriving side by side. ff Many innovations were also seen in food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.
- High cost of machines and their costly repair prevented quick spread of technology.
Sometimes the new machines were not as effective as claimed.

4.2 HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER

Human Labor
- During this period there was no shortage of human labor. Hence the wages were low. In some businesses the demand for labor was seasonal. So, businessmen did not want to invest in costly machines.
- The finished goods from machines though standardized were inferior in finish and were not liked by the rich. Goods produced by craftsmen had better finish and were considered ‘classy’.
- However, in 19th century America there was a shortage of labor hence mechanization was preferred.

Life of Workers
(a) Large number of people came to cities looking for jobs.
(b) Finding a job largely depended on existing network of friendship and kin relations.
(c) People without jobs often had to spend nights on bridges or in night shelters. Some private individuals had set up Night Refuges. Law authorities maintained casual wards for such people.
(d) People employed in seasonal jobs often moved to villages or stayed in towns looking for odd jobs. During this period wages were low and the period of employment fluctuated. During the periods of economic slump, the unemployment increased anywhere between 35 and 75%.
(e) Workers often turned hostile to new technology because of fear of unemployment. For example; when Spinning Jenny was introduced, women began to attack the new machines because they survived on hand spinning.
(f) After the 1840s, because of more construction activity there was an increase in employment. The number of workers in the transport industries doubled in the 1840s, and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.

4.3 INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE COLONIES

Age of Industrial Textile

- Before the age of machine industries, fine varieties of silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Surat on the Gujarat coast, Masulipatam on the Coromandel coast and Hooghly in Bengal were very important trading centers.

- A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. As the East India Company consolidated its business by the mid-eighteenth century. The earlier centers of trade; like Surat and Hooghly declined and the new centers like Calcutta and Bombay emerged.

What Happened to Weavers

- The East India Company faced tough competition from the French, Dutch and Portuguese. They developed a system to control textile trade.
- As the East India Company established political power, it began to assert its monopoly right to trade. It tried to establish a more direct control on the weavers. A paid servant; called gomastha was appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
- The Company prevented weavers from dealing with other buyers by giving advances to buy raw materials. Once a weaver took the advance, he could not sell his produce to any other trader. The system of “advances” resulted in many weavers falling into debt traps.
- The gomastha being an outsider, did not employ social skills with the villagers. He used to visit with sepoys and peons and punish weavers who could not meet the deadline. The gomastha behaved arrogantly. There were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas in many villages.
- In Carnatic and Bengal, many weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages to set up looms. Many weavers began to refuse loans, closed down their workshops and  took to farming.

Manchester Comes to India
(a) Right from the beginning of 19th century exports of Indian textile began to decline.Export of piece-goods declined from 33% in 1811/12 to less than 3% by 1850-51.
(b) Duties were imposed on Indian exports to Britain, because of pressure from British manufacturers.
(c) The East India Company was pressurized to sell British manufactured goods in Indian markets. In 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted 31% of the value of Indian imports. By 1870s, the value increased to over 70%.
(d) The machine-made cotton was cheaper than hand-made cotton piece-goods in India. The weavers thus lost a huge market share to imports from Britain. By 1850s, most of the cotton producing centers in India faced a steep decline.
(e) As the Civil war broke out in the US in 1860s, the supply of cotton from the US to Britain was cut off. Britain thus began to source cotton from India. This led to a huge shortage of raw cotton for weavers in India.
(f) By the end of the nineteenth century, cotton factories began to come up in India as well. This was the final blow for traditional cotton textiles industry in India.

4.4 FACTORIES COME UP

The first cotton mill in Spinning Jenny Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were in operation. Jute mills also came up in Bengal around the same time. The Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s. In Ahmadabad, the first cotton mill was set up in the same period. By 1874, the first cotton mill of Madras began production. The Early Entrepreneurs and workers

The history of many Indian business groups goes back to their trade with China. Since the late eighteenth century, the British in India had begun to export opium to China and import tea from there. Many Indian traders participated in these trades as junior partners. Once these businessmen earned enough, they dreamt of developing industrial enterprises in India. Capital was also accumulated through other trade networks; like Burma, the Middle East and Africa.

- Dwarkanath Tagore was among the pioneers to begin industries in the 1830s and 1840s.Tagore’s enterprise was closed during the business crises of the 1840s.

- But in the later nineteenth century, many businessmen became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata went on to build huge industrial empires.
- Seth Hukumchand; a Marwari businessman; set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. The Birla Group was similarly started by successful traders from China.
- The East India company gradually put many restrictions on Indian businessmen. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains – raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo – required by the British. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.
- Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Important ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilized capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. In most instances Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Where Did the Workers Come from?
- In most of the industrial regions workers came from the surrounding districts. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436,000. Most of the workers came from neighboring villages. They maintained contact with their rural homeland; by returning to their villages during harvests and festivals.
- As the news of better employment opportunities spread, workers began to migrate greater distances in search of work. For example; people from the United Provinces began to migrate to Bombay and Calcutta.
- Getting a job was not easy. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to hire new people. The jobber was usually an old and trusted worker. The jobber usually preferred people from his own village. He helped them settle in the city and provided financial help during crisis. The jobber thus became an influential person. He began to demand money and gifts for his favor and began to control the lives of workers.

4.5 THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

European Managing Agencies focused on goods that were needed for exports to Britain. They focused on tea and coffee plantations, mining, indigo and jute.

- The Indian businessmen avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market.
For example; they produced coarse cotton yarn which was used by handloom weavers or exported to China.

- In the first decade of the twentieth century, various changes affected the pattern of industrialization. As the swadeshi movement gathered momentum industrial groups organized themselves for collective bargaining with the government. They pressurized the government for concessions. During this period export of Indian yarn to China declined as Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. Thus, the Indian manufacturers began to shift from yarn to cloth production. Between 1900 and 1912, the cotton piece-goods production doubled in India.

- During the First World War the British mills became busy in meeting the needs of the army. This resulted in decline of imports to India. This gave a vast home market to be catered by the Indian mills. The Indian mills were also asked to supply goods for the British army.
This created a boom in industrial activities.

- After the war, Manchester could never recapture its lost position in the Indian market.
The British industry could not compete with the US, Germany and Japan as well.

Small Scale Industries Predominate
In spite of industrial growth, large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. About 67% of the large industries were located in Bengal and Bombay. Small-scale production continued to prevail in the rest of the country.

- The handicrafts expanded in the twentieth century. The artisans adopted many new technologies. For example; weavers started the use of fly shuttle in their looms. By 1941, more than 35% of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. The percentage was 70 to 80 in major textile hubs; like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal. Many other small innovations helped in improving productivity in the handloom sector.

- Even though weavers and other craftspeople expanded their business in the 20th century they did not necessarily prosper. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. Very often the entire household – including all the women and children – had to work at various stages of the production process. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labor was integral to the process of industrialization.

4.6 MARKET FOR GOODS

The manufacturers practiced various ways to lure new customers. Advertisement is one of the various ways to attract new customers.

(a) The producers from Manchester labeled their products to show the place of manufacture. The label ‘Made in Manchester’ was considered to be the sign of good quality. The labels also carried beautiful illustrations. The illustrations often carried the images of Indian gods and goddesses. This was a good attempt to develop a local connect with the people.

(b) By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers began distributing calendars to popularize their products. A calendar has a longer shelf life than newspaper or magazines. It works as a constant brand reminder throughout a year.

(c) The Indian manufacturers often highlighted nationalist messages along with their advertisement; in an attempt to develop a better connect with the potential customers.

Important Years

1730 : Earliest Factories came up in England
1764 : James Hargreaves invented Spinning Jenny
1781 : James Watt patented the Steam Engine
1830s : Dwarkanath Tagore established six companies
1854 : First cotton mill set up in Bombay
1855 : First Jute mill established in Bengal
1863 : London underground Railway started operation
1912 : First Iron and Steel plant set up at Jamshedpur
1917 : Seth Hukumchand established first Indian Jute Mill in Calcutta

Important Words and terms
- Orient : Refers to the countries west of the Mediterranean Sea. The term arises from a wester view that this region is pre-modern, traditional and mysterious.
- Proto : Refers to something that happened before some event.
- Carding : Process in which fibers such as cotton or wool are prepared before spinning.
- Spinning Jenny : Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764. In the machine by turning a single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time.

Fill in the blank

Question. The paid servants of the East India company, appointed to keep a check on weavers were called ..........
Answer. Gomashtas

Question. The countries of the East specially East Asia were called ......... .
Answer. Orient

Question. .......... and .......... were the two most important industties of Europe (Britain).
Answer. Cotton, Steel and Iron

Question. The machine which speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand was ......... .
Answer. Spinning Jenny

Question. Koshtis were ......... .
Answer. Community of weavers

B. Multiple Choice Questions

Question. Which of the following is not an Europeon managing agency who controlled large sectors of Indian Industries during the first world war ?
(a) Bird Heiglers and Company
(b) Andrew Yule
(c) Jardine Skinner
(d) East India Company
Answer. East India Company

Question. 18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town :
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras.
Answer. Surat

Question. Which of the following city was known as the finishing centre of the cloth at the time of proto-Industrialisation ?
(a) London
(b) Berlin
(c) Paris
(d) Rome
Answer. London

Question. The fly shuttle was used for
(a) Washing
(b) Weaving
(c) Drying
(d) Sewing
Answer. Weaving

Question. Who usually helped Industrialists to get new recruits in their Industries ?
(a) Jobbers
(b) Weavers
(c) Koshtis
(d) Exporters
Answer. Jobbers

C. True/False

Question. Elgin mill was set up in Madras.
Answer. False

Question. The work of the fuller was to gather cloth.
Answer. True

Question. Advertisement by Indian manufacturers gave religious messages to buyers.
Answer. False

Question. Image of Lord Krishna was commonly used to popularise boby products.
Answer. True

Question. Bombay and calcutta grow as new trading port under colonial rule.
Answer. True

Assertion and Reason Based Questions

Directions : (a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explantation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explantation of (A).
(c) If (A) is true and (R) is false.
(d) If (A) is false and (R) ttue.

Question. Assertion : When Manchester Industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles.
Reason : The label was a mark of quality when buyers saw ‘made in Manchester’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
Answer. A

Question. Assertion : The first symbol of the new Era was cotton.
Reason : In Victorian Britain, the Industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capi tal investment.
Answer. C

Question. Assertion : The consolidation of East India company power after the 1760’s did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India.
Reason : British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe.
Answer. A

Question. Assertion : The cotton weavers of India flourished with the Manchester imports.
Reason : With the American Civl war, the cotton supplies from US to Britain declined.
Answer. D

Question. Assertion : In most Industrial regions, workers camefrom the districts around.
Reason : Peasants and Artisans who found no work in villages went to the Industrial centres in search of work.
Answer. A

Question. Who were Jobbers ? What was their role ?
Answer. 1. Jobbers were kept for recruitment.
2. Jobber was generally an old confident
3. He used to bring people from villages.

Question. How did British manufactures captured Indian market through advertisement ?
Answer. 1. Calenders, Newspapers and Magazines were used to sell products.
2. Pictures of Indian Gods and goddess appeared on labels.
3. It was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.

Question. How did increase Labour affect lines of workers ?
Answer. 1. The lure of better jobs prospects attracted them to cities.
2. Workers whose relations already were employed got jobs
3. Those who did not have any relation friends waited for weeks and spend nights under bridges, night shelters.

Question. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Answer. 1. There was no dearth of Human labour.
2. They did not want to install new machines because it required more
capital investment.
3. For seasonal industry it was better to employ hand labour.
4. There was a demand for fine intricate work in the market which could only be fulfilled handicrafts.

Question. What was the role of Trade guilds
Answer. 
• Association of producers.
• Training to crafts people
• Control over production
• Regulated competition and prices and restricted entry of new people

Question. Distinguish between Industrialisation and proto industrialisation
Answer. 
(1) Centralisation/decentralisation
(2) Supervision & Maintenance of quality
(3) Production within family farms or factories

Question. Explain any five causes of Industrial revolution in England 
Answer. 
• Growing international Markets
• Increase in demand due to world oTrade expansions
• Proto-industrial system
• New Inventions oAvailability of capital
• Availability of raw material

Question. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Answer. 
• No chance for bargaining oLeasing of land
• Dependency for food on others
• Clashes with Gomasthas

Short Answers Type Questions

Question. What was the result of First World War on Indian industries?
Answer : First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons-
1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped.
 2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market.
3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on.

Question. Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.
Answer : Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.
1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.
2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers.

Question. What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century?
Answer : 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
2. Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them.
3. System of Advances- The Britishers started the system of advances to regularizes the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated.

Question. What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?
Answer : 1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.
2. The fight is taking into the future.
3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization?
Answer : Main features of Proto Industrialization-
1. Production was not based on factories.
2. Large scale home based production for international market. 
3. Merchants move to country side and supplied money for artisans to produced for international market.
4. It provided alternative source of income.
5. Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from.
6. Helped in fuller use of their family labour resources.
7. Close relationship.

Question. How did the British market expanded their goods in India?
Answer : 1. Advertisement of product – Advertisement make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. During the industrial age, advertisements have played a major role in expanding the market for products.
2. Putting labels on the cloths bundles – The labels was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label. They would feel confident about buying the cloths.
3. Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold. Images of Krishna and Saraswati was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian People.
 4. Printing Calendars to popularizes their products unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and in middle class houses.

Question. ‘The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing.’ Explain?
Answer : Blessing of the Industrial Revolution –
1. Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world.
2. Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloths and shelter
3. Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.
 4. Machines have brought more leisure. 

Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution-

1. The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers.
2. Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs
3. The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.
4. The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism

Question. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Answer : 1. No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost any chance of bargaining.
2. Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
3. Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after loosing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies.
4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply.

Multiple Choice Questions

Q.1: - Guilds were associations of-
(a) Industrialization
(b) Exporters
(c) Traders
(d) Producers

Q.2: - Which of the following best defines a Jobber?
(a) Employed by industrialists to get new recruits
(b) Old trusted worker
(c) Person of authority and power
(d) Controlled lives of workers

Q.3: - First country to undergo industrial revolution is-
(a) Japan
(b) Britain
(c) Germany
(d) France

Q.4: - 18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras

Q.5: - The paid servants of the East India Company were
(a) Seth
(b) Mamlatdar
(c) Gomastha
(d) Lambardar

Q.6: - Who devised the Spinning Jenny?
(a) Samuel Luck
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Hargreaves
(d) James Watt.

Q.7: - When was the first cotton mill set up in India in?
(a) 1814
(b) 1824
(c) 1854
(d) 1864

Q.8: - In India, the first cotton mill was set up in-
(a) Madras
(b) Bombay
(c) Kanpur
(d) Surat

Q.9: - What was the fly shuttle used for-
(a) Washing
(b) Weaving
(c) Drying
(d) Sowing

Q.10:- Who invented the steam engine-
(a) James Watt
(b) New Camen
(c) Richard Arkwright
(d) None of the above
Answer Key 

1. ( d ) 2. ( a ) 3. ( b ) 4. ( a ) 5. ( c ) 6. ( c ) 7. ( c )

8. ( b ) 9. ( b ) 10. ( a )

More Questions and Answers for NCERT Class 10 The Age of Industrialization....

Question. Why was a jobber employed? How did a jobber misuse his position and power? Explain. 
Answer : Jobber was employed to get new recruits for the factories or industrialists. The jobber misused his position and power in the following ways: (i) Initially Jobbers lured people from his village ensuring them jobs. He also helped them settle in the city and lent them money in the times of crisis. (ii) Gradually, Jobbers got position and power. (iii) They started demanding money and gifts for all the favours. (iv) They also started to control the lives of the workers. (v) Jobbers got people from his own village and restricted entries of others in the mills.

Question. Explain with examples the importance of advertisement in the marketing of the goods.
Answer :(i) Advertisement : Advertisements through newspapers, magazines, hoarding; were the most important method used by the producers to expand the market. It played a major role in expanding the markets, and shaping a new consumer culture. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. (ii) Labelling : Labelling was another method used by the producers to expand their market. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they cut labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the labels, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images, and were very often beautifully illustrated. (iii) Calendars : By the nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people, who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in offices and middle-class apartments. Those, who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. Even in these calendars, images of gods and goddesses were used to attract the consumers. (iv) Images of important personages : Along with the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs were also used. The message very often seemed to say; if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned. (v) Advertisement by Indian producers : Indian manufacturers were also using the same tactics. When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy products that Indians produce. Finally, advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

Question. Explain giving four reasons why did the industrialists of Europe prefer hand labour over machines during the 19th century. 4.4 Factories Come Up VSA
Answer : Hand Labour was preferred over machines in Victorian England because : (a) There was less space for installing machines. (b) Women labourers were not trained to operate machines.(c) Manual labour was cheaper than machines as large number of migrant labor had come to cities. (d) The Queen had banned the use of machines in factories to create job opportunities for the poor. (e) Machines often broke down and their repair was expensive. (f) In seasonal industries, where production fluctuated with the seasons, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers only for the season, when it was needed. (g) The variety of products required in the market could not be produced by the machines available at that time. In mid-nineteenth century, Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes, these required human skill, and not mechanical technology.

Question. Explain the role played by advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products.
Answer : (i) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. (ii) They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. (iii) If we look back into history since the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played a very vital role in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture.

Question. Why were merchants from towns in Europe began to move to countryside in seventeenth and eighteenth century?
Answer : Merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production in the towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful and prevented the entry of merchants.

Question. Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas. 
Answer :There were frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the village because of the following reasons : (i) Earlier supply merchants often belonged to the same villages and had a close relationship with the weavers. (ii) The company's appointed Gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the villagers. (iii) They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays. (iv) The weavers could no longer bargain for prices or sell to other buyers in place or the British who paid them low wages. (v) In many places, Carnatic (Karnataka) and Bengal weavers deserted the village, migrated or revolted along with the village traders.

Question. Which one of the following alternatives is associated with Gomasthas? (a) Traders (b) Landlords (c) Unpaid servants (d) Paid supervisors
Answer :(d) Paid supervisors

Question. How did the abundance of labour in the market affect the lives of workers in Britain?
Answer :. Abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of the workers in Britain in following ways: (i) The work available in most of the industries were seasonal. So workers had long period without work. Many returned to the countryside. But most of them looked for odd jobs. (ii) Most of the workers had to wait for weeks or more to get job. They had to spend nights under bridges or in night shelters. (iii) Wages had increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. When prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic war, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things.

Question. The Spinning Jenny was devised by _____
(a) T.E.. Nicholson
(b) James Hargreaves
(c) William Bell Scot
(d) Will Thome
Answer : (b) James Hargreaves 

Question. Explain any three methods used by producers of Manchester to expand their market in the 19th century.
Answer : (i) Advertisement : Advertisements through newspapers, magazines, hoarding; were the most important method used by the producers to expand the market. It played a major role in expanding the markets, and shaping a new consumer culture. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. (ii) Labelling : Labelling was another method used by the producers to expand their market. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they cut labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the labels, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images, and were very often beautifully illustrated. (iii) Calendars : By the nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people, who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in offices and middle-class apartments. Those, who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. Even in these calendars, images of gods and goddesses were used to attract the consumers. (iv) Images of important personages : Along with the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs were also used. The message very often seemed to say; if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned. (v) Advertisement by Indian producers : Indian manufacturers were also using the same tactics. When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy products that Indians produce. Finally, advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

Question. What was the condition of Indian industries before the First World War? How did it change after the First World War?
Answer : Till the First World War, industrial growth in India was slow. The Indian manufactured goods had to compete with British imports. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, British imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills has a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, India factories were called upon to supply war needs: Jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. New factories were set up. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed. After the war, British goods could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.

Question. Describe the conditions of workers in Europe after the Industrial Revolution.
Answer : Large number of people came to cities looking for jobs. The wages for women and children were almost half that of men. Most people worked for between 12 to 16 hours a day six days a week and without any paid holidays. The working conditions were really poor. (i) Finding a job largely depended on existing network of friendship and kin relations. People without jobs often had to spend nights on bridges or in night shelters. Some private individuals hadset up Night Refuges. The Law authorities maintained Casual Wards for such people. (ii) People employed in seasonal jobs often moved to villages or stayed in towns looking for odd jobs. During the periods of economic slump, the unemployment increased anything between 35 and 75%. This reduced the wages as workers were in surplus. (iii) Workers often turned hostile to new technology because of fear of unemployment. For example; when Spinning Jenny was introduced, women began to attack the new machines because they survived on hand spinning (iv) Factories were dusty, dirty and dark – the only light source was sunlight that came in through a few windows. Because the machines ran on steam from fires, there was smoke everywhere. Many people ended up with eye problems and lung diseases. There was no safety norm and accidents happened frequently. (v) After the 1840s, because of more construction activity there was an increase in employment. The number of workers in the transport industries doubled in the 1840s, and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.

Question. Why were the British industrialists not keen to introduce modern machinery in the nineteenth century? Explain any five reasons.
Answer : The British industrialists did not wish to introduce modern machinery because : (i) Seasonal demand of laboures in industries. (ii) Range of products could be produced only with handlooms. (iii) For certain products only human skill was required. (iv) Upper class society preferred things produced by hands. (v) Handmade products symbolised refinement or class.

Question. The establishment of political power by the East India Company resulted in ruination of the Indian weavers. Support the statement with suitable examples.
Answer : 24. After establishing its political power, the British East India Company asserted a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system that would eliminate competition, control cost and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods. These measures ultimately led to the ruining of Indian weavers. The measures adopted were as follows : (i) The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers, connected with cloth trade and establish a direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid servant called Gomastha to supervise the weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. (ii) The company weavers were prevented from selling to other buyers. The weavers were tied to the company by a system of advance. Loans were given to the weavers for production and they had to hand over the finished products to the Gomasthas. (iii) The price that the weavers received was low, but they were left with no choice but to sell their goods to the British because the loans tied them to the British. This was a situation of helplessness and desperation that made them to revolt against the British. They quit their profession and migrated to other places.

Question. Describe the life of the workers in Victorian Britain. 4.5 The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth VSA 
Answer : In 19th century Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and vagrants came to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on their existing network of friendship and kin relations. If someone had a relative or friend in a factory, he could easily get a job. But not everyone had social connections. The following points state that the life of workers at that time was pathetic: (i) After the busy season was over, labourers looked for odd jobs which till the mid-19th century were difficult to find. (ii) Though, the wages increased somewhat in the early 19th century, the increase was nullified by an increase in prices of commodities. (iii) The income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone, it also depended on the number of days of their work. (iv) Till the mid-19th century, about 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor. (v) Poor workers were forced to live in slums. (vi) Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking new machines.

Question. The upper classes, during Victorian period, preferred things produced by hands because: Give the reasons.
Answer : The upper classes, during Victorian period preferred things produced by hands because: (i) They symbolised refinement and class. (ii) They were better finished. (iii) They were individually produced and carefully designed.

Question. How did the handloom industry collapse in India under the British rule? Explain.
Answer :(i) Factories in Manchester started producing cotton textiles for the domestic market. (ii) The government put more import duties on the textile coming from India to encourage the local industries. As a result, the Indian weavers lost their overseas market. (iii) The British Government in India also levied more taxes on the handloom units which made the Indian textiles costlier in Indian markets when compared to the Manchester textiles. (iv) The Civil War in USA forced the British to buy more raw cotton from India for their Manchester textile industries. This created an acute shortage of raw material for the weavers and the Indian handloom industry collapsed.

Question. Describe the technique which were adopted by the Manchester industrialists to sell their goods in India.
Answer : (i) Advertisement : Advertisements through newspapers, magazines, hoarding; were the most important method used by the producers to expand the market. It played a major role in expanding the markets, and shaping a new consumer culture. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. (ii) Labelling : Labelling was another method used by the producers to expand their market. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they cut labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the labels, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. But labels did not only carry words and texts. They also carried images, and were very often beautifully illustrated. (iii) Calendars : By the nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people, who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in offices and middle-class apartments. Those, who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. Even in these calendars, images of gods and goddesses were used to attract the consumers. (iv) Images of important personages : Along with the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs were also used. The message very often seemed to say; if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned. (v) Advertisement by Indian producers : Indian manufacturers were also using the same tactics. When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy products that Indians produce. Finally, advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

Question. How did the Indian industries develop in the 19th and 20th centuries? Explain.
Answer : (i) The early industrialists avoided a direct competition with the British factories. (ii) The cotton mills started to produce coarse cotton yarn and this was exported to China. (iii) As Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, industrialist pressurized the government to increase tariff protection. (iv) During the First World War, the British Government called upon the Indian mills to produce goods such as jute bags, boots, etc., for the British Army. (v) As the war prolonged, England could not capture the Indian markets.