CBSE Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Assignment

Question : ‘‘Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of a country.’’
Support the statement with examples. 
Answer : Manufacturing sector:
(i) It helps in modernizing agriculture .
(ii) Helps in providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) Reduces unemployment and poverty.
(iv) It brings down the regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(vi) It brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(vii) Example- Cotton textile, Iron and Steel industry, etc.

Question : How can agriculture and industry go hand in hand?
Answer :
- The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its production.
It produces equipments like tractors, harvesters, threshers, etc.
- On the other hand, industries are run on agricultural products like cotton, sugarcane, jute, edible oils, etc.

Question : “Industrialization and urbanisation go hand in hand.” Validate the statement.
Answer : After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs, Housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city. Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand.

Question : Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of India.
Answer : The Role of manufacturing sector in the economic development of India:
(i) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture but also reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income.
(ii) Eradication of Unemployment and poverty.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw material into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Question : What efforts were made by the government to stimulate demands of jute in the market?
Answer :
- In 2005, the National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing production.
- Efforts would be made to improve production and introduce some new products of jute-like fabric.
- Government can ensure good prices to the jute farmers, enhancing the yield per hectare.

Question : Why do you feel that there are plans to shift sugar mills to South India?
Answer : Reasons to shift sugar mills:
(i) Sugarcane produced in these states have higher sugar content.
(ii) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(iii) The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
(iv) If sugarcane is transported from South to North India, due to delays in trains, sugarcane loses its sugar content as it is a perishable good.

Question : “Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other.” Support the statement with three examples. 
Answer : Agriculture and industry both depend on each other
(i) Agriculture supplies raw material for the manufacturing industries. Shortage of these raw materials can spell doom for the industry.
(ii) Agriculture gets its basic inputs form the manufacturing industries.
(iii) In this way agriculture offers a big market for industrial products, fertilizers, water pumps, tractors, farm equipment etc.
(iv) In short, agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other they move hand in hand.

Question : What are the challenges faced by the sugar industry?
Answer : Challenges:
(i) The industry is seasonal, so getting labour becomes difficult.
(ii) India is still using old and inefficient methods of production, thereby, affecting its production.
(iii) There are transport delays in transporting sugarcane to factories, with the result that it loses its sugar content.
(iv) There is a need to maximise the use of bagasse to face the problem of power break up.

Question : Why does the Chotanagpur plateau have the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?
Answer : It is because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.
(i) Low cost of iron ore is available, since it is mined in this region.
(ii) Its high grade raw material is available in close proximity.
(iii) Cheap, hard and skilled labour is easily available.
(iv) There is a vast growth potential in the home market.

Question : Explain with examples the interdependence of agriculture and industries. [CBSE (Delhi) 2017]
Answer : Interdependence of agriculture and industry :
(i) The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by rising its productivity.
(ii) They depend on the latter for raw materials.
(iii) They sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisesrs, insecticides, pesticides and PVC pipe, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iv) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their productions, but also made the production processes very efficient.

Question : How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways.
 OR
How are industries responsible for polluting freshwater? Suggest any three measures to reduce the water pollution. 
Answer :
- Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
- The main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into the water bodies.
- Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

Steps to minimize water pollution :
(i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(ii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by mechanical meAnswer :
This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
This involves recycling of wastewater.
(iii) Overdrawing of groundwater needs to be regulated legally.

Question : What are ‘agglomeration economies’?
Answer : Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour,consultants and financial advisors, etc., to the industries. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as ‘agglomeration economies.
Gradually a large industrial agglomeration takes place. So, it is basically coordination of various industries’ in a city for the development of manufacturing industries.

Question : Classify industries on the basis of capital investment.
Answer : Following is the classification of industries on the basis of capital investment:
(i) Small-scale Industries: A small-scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present, the maximum investment allowed is ™1 crore.
(ii) Large-scale Industries: If investment is more than ™1 crore on any industry, then it is known as a large-scale industry.

Question : Classify industries on the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods.
Answer : Industries are classified on the basis of the weight of raw materials and finished goods in the following manner:
(i) Heavy Industries: These industries use heavy raw materials and also produce heavy goods, e.g., iron and steel, cement, ship-building, automobiles, etc.
(ii) Light Industries: These industries use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries, e.g., watches, electric bulbs, paint brushes, etc.

Question : “Though India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Why? 
Answer : It is largely due to high costs and limited availability of coking coal. There is low productivity of labour. Moreover, there is irregularity of supply of energy and of course, the poor infrastructure.

Question : What efforts should be made to improve steel production?
Answer : (i) Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
(ii) There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively.
(iii) We need to regularise the supply of energy and improve the infrastructure for better production.

Question : Name the aluminium smelting plants of India.
Answer : There are eight aluminium smelting plants in the country:
(i) Nalco in Odisha (ii) West Bengal
(iii) Kerala (iv) Uttar Pradesh
(v) Chhattisgarh (vi) Maharashtra
(vii) Tamil Nadu (vii) Balco in Odisha

Question : What are the uses of chemical industries?
Answer : The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
For example, sulphuric acid is used to manufacture synthetic fibres and plastics or petrochemicals are used for producing synthetic fibres and synthetic rubber, etc.

Question : What does the electronic industry cover?
Answer : The electronic industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchanges, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry.

Question : Name the regions where electronic industries are located.
Answer : Bengaluru has emerged as the ‘electronic capital’ of India. Other important centres for electronic
goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore.

Question : “The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.” Justify the statement. 
Answer : The textile industry is self-reliant and complete in value chain:
(i) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
(ii) Employment generation (35 million persons directly - the second largest after agriculture).
(iii) Foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6%).
(iv) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.

Question : Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other? 
OR
Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials used.
Answer : On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:
(i) Agro based: Agro based industries draw their raw materials from agricultural products.
For example, Textiles, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc.
(ii) Mineral based: Mineral based draw their raw material from minerals.
For example, Iron and Steel industries, cement, machine tools, petrochemicals, etc.

Question : Suggest any three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India. 
Answer : Three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by Industrial development in India are:
1. Water Pollution
Energy lite of waste water discharged by one industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh water.
(i) Minimising use of water for procuring by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rain water can be done to meet water requirement.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Question : ‘Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development’. Examine the statement.
Answer : Production and consumption of steel is regarded as the index of a country’s development because of the following reasons:
• The production and consumption of iron and steel reflects the level of industrialisation and economic development of a country.
• All the other industries depend on it for their machinery. It provides raw material for making industrial machinery, electrical machinery, defence equipments, bridges, dams, shops, houses, etc.
• Vehicles carrying goods from one place to another are also made up of steel. It is because of these vehicles that our goods are transported from one place to another.
• Steel is required to manufacture a variety of consumer goods, like bicycles, fans, furniture, tractors, etc.
• It is the basic unit of economy. All buildings and infrastructures are constructed using iron and steel.

Question : What is manufacturing sector? Describe the four types of manufacturing sectors on the basis of ownership.
Answer : Manufacturing sector refers to the secondary sector of the economy deals with production of goods in large quantities with the help of machine, which converts the raw materials into valuable products. On the basis of ownership, manufacturing is classified into four types:
• Public sector: Public sector industries are owned and run by government agencies like BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector: Private sector industries are owned and run by individuals or a group of individuals. Example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.
• Joint sector: Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Example: OIL (Oil India Limited) is jointly owned by private and public sector.
• Cooperative sector: Cooperative sector industries are owned and run by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both or cooperative societies who pool their resources.
They share the profit or loss proportionately, for example, sugar mills, coir industry and handloom textiles.

Question : “The economic strength of the country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
• Industries create a variety of goods and thus reduce the dependence of people on agriculture and contributes to modernisation of agriculture.
• Industrial development helps to reduce unemployment and poverty levels by initiating income and high standard of living.
• Export of manufactured goods add value to the economy. It expands trade and commerce and brings to foreign exchange.
• Industries utilise primary materials and convert them into articles of utility, thus adding value to the raw materials.
• Countries that transform their raw material into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in diversifying its manufacturing industries

Question : Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources
                                              OR
What steps have been taken by NTPC towards environmental protection?
Answer : NTPC has a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas in places where it is setting up power plants. The approaches are as follows:
• Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgra- dation of existing equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising the utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.

Question : “Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of economic development of India.” Give three reasons.
                                                           OR
Examine the contribution of manufacturing industry to national economy.
Answer : Manufacturing sector refers to the secondary sector of the economy which deals with production of goods in large quantities with the help of machines, where raw materials are transformed into more valuable products. Manufacturing is considered as the backbone of economic development because:
• Manufacturing has contributed to modernisation of agriculture and reduced the dependency on agriculture by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• It has helped in reducing the poverty and unemployment and aimed at reducing the regional disparities by setting up of industries in rural, backward and tribal areas.
• Export of industrial goods contributed to valuable foreign exchange earnings.
• It has added value to raw materials by converting them into finished goods.
• The prosperity of a nation depends upon the development and diversification of manufacturing. Thus, it has not only made India self-sufficient but more competitive in terms of international market.
• It brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Industry sector contributes substantially to GDP.

Question : How do industries pollute environment? Explain with five examples.
Answer : Industries pollute the environment in many ways. They cause pollution in four ways-air, water, land and noise.
• Water pollution is caused by the discharge of industrial effluents into the water bodies with treating it.
• Dumping of wastes, harmful chemicals and industrial effluents e.g. packaging, and garbage makes soil useless. It also results in contamination of groundwater through seepage of rainwater.
• Air pollution is caused by release of undesirable gases and smoke like sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, air-borne particulate materials like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted from paper mills, burning of fossil fuels, smelting plants etc.
• Factory equipments, generators, saws cause noise pollution.
• Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Question : What is the main reason of water pollution? How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Suggest three ways.
                                                            OR
How do industries cause water pollution in India? Explain any four points.
Answer : • Water pollution is caused by the discharge of industrial effluents into the water bodies.(b) Thermal
• pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal power plant is drained into rivers and ponds, before cooling. Aquatic life is effected by it.
• Rainwater percolates into the soil carrying pollutants to the ground and leading to contamination of ground water.
• The major industries causing water pollution are paper pulp, textile, chemical, tanneries, petroleum, refineries and electroplating industries give out dyes, detergent, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead, synthetic chemicals, plastics and rubber. Fly ash phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the solid wastes discharged into the water.
Measures to control water pollution are:
• Minimising the use of water by reusing or recycling it in two or more stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water needs.
• Treatment of industrial effluents and hot water before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
• Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industries should be minimised.

Question : Explain any five factors affecting the location of an industry.
                                              OR
Describe any three factors that control industrial location.
Answer : The following factors affect the location of an industry:
• Availability of raw materials: Close proximity to raw material, regular supply at cheap cost are of utmost significance, e.g., concentration of heavy industries in Chattisgarh.
• Labour: Modern industry requires both skilled and unskilled labour at low cost. It also determines the location of industry, e.g., cotton textile industry in Maharashtra.
• Capital: Industries are capital intensive. Banks and other financial institutions, insurance etc. play an important role in setting up production units.
• Power: All production units depend on one or other sources of power like coal, oil, gas etc. Regular and cheap supply of power is required to keep industries operational, e.g., iron and steel industries near Raniganj and Jharia coal fields.
• Market: Goods manufactured need to be sold in the market to maintain the demand and supply.

Question : “Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other.” Support the statement giving three points.
Answer : Agriculture and manufacturing industries have a close relationship. Each of them complement each other in the following ways:
• Each of them serves as market for goods produced by the other and in the process raises demand for each other’s goods. For example, the agro- based industries, like textiles, sugar, etc., depend upon agriculture for raw materials.
• These industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising their demand and hence, productivity. Manufacturing industries sell the products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machineries and tools, etc., to the farmers.
• Agriculture serves as their market and effects their development. These inputs from industries assist agriculturists in increasing productivity as well as have made the production processes very efficient.
• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture, they also reduce the dependency of people on agricultural sector, by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sector.
• Agro-based industries in India have given boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.