CBSE Class 10 Social Science Minerals And Energy Resources Assignment Set A

(c) Nuclear Electricity :
Produced from Uranium and Thorium which is found in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala.
6 Nuclear Power Stations: Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), Kakrapara (Gujarat), Kaiga (Karnataka), Narora (U.P.)
Electricity generated from Nuclear resources is 2720 MW, 4% of the total production of energy.

“India’s Energy hope lies in Nuclear power”
(i) 67% of India’s current energy requirement comes from coal which is nonrenewable and also pollution creating, so we have to turn towards other sources of power.
(ii) India has vast deposits of nuclear resources. (about 50% of worlds Thorium deposits which is used as raw material in nuclear power plant are found in India.)
(iii) Hydel electricity is pollution free and renewable but has got its own limitations.

Conclusion :

India is a developing country which requires lots of energy for its industrial development which can be only fulfilled by nuclear power.

10.10 NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

“India is very rich as far as non-conventional sources of energy are concerned.”
(i) Wind energy is used for pumping water, irrigating farms and generating electricity. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Maharashtra are in better position to produce and use such an energy.
(ii) The gulf of Kuchch and Cambay are suitable for the development of tidal energy.
(iii) Geothermal energy is produced from hot springs in Himachal Pradesh. It is used for running cold storage plants.
(iv) Every effort is being made to make use of biomass comprising energy plantation, urban waste, farm waste, human waste etc. to generate power.
(v) Energy plantations like fast-growing shrubs and trees with high calorific value are being grown on waste and denuded lands.
(vi) Urban or municipal waste and sewage in cities are also used for generating gas and electricity.
(vii) Electricity can also be produced from farm wastes like rice husk and bagasse (sugarcane waste).
(viii) Animal and poultry wastes and human excreta etc. have also been used in ‘bio-gas’ plants to provide power in rural areas for different purposes.
(ix) The sun provides abundant and inexhaustible amount of energy. It has a huge potential and is a universal source of energy.

(a) Solar Energy :
(i) Being a tropical country, India has enough scope for production and utilization of solar energy.
(ii) About 20 MW per square Km per annum energy can be produced from solar energy in India.
(iii) Solar Energy can be used for cooking, pumping, heating of water, refrigerator and street lighting.
(iv) Thar desert can became the biggest solar power house of India.
(v) India’s largest solar power plant is located at Madhapur (Gujarat), is used to sterilize milk canes.

(b) Wind Energy :
(i) Wind Power Potential 20000 MW.
(ii) 85 sites with a potential of 4500 MW have been identified in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep.
(iii) Largest wind farm cluster of 150 MW is located in Tamil Nadu.

(c) Biogas :
(i) Energy derived from shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes.
(ii) Has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to Kerosene, Dung cake and Charcoal.
(iii) Energy produced can be used for cooking and lighting and the residual can be used as manure.
“Solar Energy in Rajasthan and Biogas in the plains and hills of North India have greater potential as non-conventional source of energy.”

Solar Energy has a greater potential as :
(i) Rajasthan is a hot and dry region.
(ii) It has clear skies for a considerable part of the year.
(iii) Abundant insolation.
(iv) Cheaper installation, easier management.
(v) Renewable, pollution free and residue-free source of energy. Biogas has a greater potential in plains as :
(i) Dense vegetation.
(ii) Large number of cattle and livestock.
(iii) High density of population, and hence huge decay and human waste material

Question. What occurs naturally inside the earth’s crust which has a definable internal structure ?
(a) Metals
(b) Minerals
(c) Chemicals
(d) Coal
Answer : B

Question. Igneous, metamorphic rocks and minerals may occur in the _______________ .
(a) Cracks
(b) Crevices
(c) Faults or Joints
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called _______________ .
(a) Minerals
(b) Ores
(c) Limestone
(d) Metals
Answer : A

Question. Which mineral may occur as alluvial deposits ?
(a) Steel
(b) Silver
(c) Iron
(d) Aluminium
Answer : B

Question. Arrange the following in the most usable source of energy in India.
i. Coal
ii. Solar energy
iii. Petroleum
iv. Geothermal energy
Options :
(A) (i)-(iv)-(iii)-(ii)
(B) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)
(C) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)
(D) (i)-(iii)-(iv)-(ii)
Answer : C

Question. In which areas sedimentary minerals are formed as a result of evaporation ?
(a) Semi-arid regions
(b) Dry regions
(c) Arid regions
(d) Moist regions
Answer : C

Question. How many minerals are identified yet ?
(a) 1000
(b) Over 2000
(c) 3000
(d) Over 3000
Answer : B

Question. In which rocks are potash salt and sodium salt formed?
(a) Sedimentary rocks
(b) Igneous rocks
(c) Metamorphic rocks
(d) None of the above
Answer : A

Question. What percentage of total minerals are utilized by us ?
(a) 0.1%
(b) 0.2%
(c) 0.3%
(d) 0.4%
Answer : C

Question. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are derived from _______________ .
(a) Sea
(b) Mountains
(c) Ocean water
(d) Rivers
Answer : C

Question. Where are minerals generally found ?
(a) In ores
(b) Under the earth
(c) Above the Earth
(d) In rocks
Answer : A

Question.

Which gas plant is this?
(A) Thermal power plant
(B) Nuclear power plant
(C) Biogas power plant
(D) Solar plant
Answer : C

Question. Correct the following statement and rewrite :
In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around  Jaipur.
Answer : In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer.

Question. Ferrous Minerals: Manganese, Mica: ___________ .
Answer : Non-Metallic

Question. Identify the type of Coal with the help of following features:
l It is a low-grade brown coal.
l It is soft with high moisture content.
l The principal reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.
Answer : Lignite Coal

Question. Complete the following :
Limestone is a rock mineral found in sedimentary rocks and is composed of ___________ .
Answer : Calcicum carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.

Question.

Answer :

Question. Complete the following table.

Answer :

Question. Match the following.

Answer : 1. (D), 2. (C), 3. (A), 4. (B), 5. (E)

True or False

Question. Anthracite coal has more than 80% carbon. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. The sources of energy used on a large scale are conventional sources of energy. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. Metallic minerals occur in sedimentary rocks. (True/False)
Answer : False

Question. Biogas is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. In India 60% of energy are obtained by commercial energy. (True/False)
Answer : True

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions 

Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : Mining activity is often called a “Killer Industry”.
Reason : Mining helps in agriculture.
Answer : (c) Mining is a source a deforestation, high risk is involved, water sources get contaminated and mining doesn’t help in agriculture.

Question. Assertion : Uses of iron brought a radical change in human life.
Reason : Different kinds of tools where invented by using minerals
Answer : (a) Revolution in agriculture-different type of tools invented like axe, hook, plough etc., revolution in industry-different tools and machines like spinning and also revolution in transportation- bullock-cart, ships, boats etc brought a radical change in human life

Question. Assertion : Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of India.
Reason : India is rich in good quality Iron ore.
Answer : (a) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Iron ore is exported largely from India, however the reason does not justify the assertion.

Question. Assertion : Increased use of fossil fuels creates a healthy environment.
Reason : Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are easily obtained from natural resource.
Answer : (d) Increased use of fossil fuels causes serious environmental problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.

Question. Assertion : Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
Reason : Minerals have a universal use, they are used to manufacture everything we use in our day to day lives.
Answer : (a) Minerals are found in varied forms in nature. Even the food that we eat contains minerals. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.

Question. Assertion : Natural gas is referred as an environment friendly fuel.
Reason : Natural gas contains low carbon dioxide emissions.
Answer : (a) Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions.

Question. Assertion : Geological processes of mineral formation is slow 
Reason : Minerals resources are consumed way quickly than they are formed.
Answer : (b) Mineral formation is slow as it requires millions of years to be created but are used very quickly in comparison.

Question. Assertion : Conservation of Energy Resources is  essential.
Reason : Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
Answer : (a) Energy saved is energy produced, the economic development plans were implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational.

Question. Assertion : Thermal power stations are located on or near the coal fields.
Reason : Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Hence, heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields.
Answer : (a) The reason justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : Mica is a metallic mineral.
Reason : Mica mineral is the basic raw material for cement industry
Answer : (d) Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It is a non-metallic mineral and it is used in electric and electronic industries.

Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow:
Source A – Energy Resources
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources. Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal).
Source B –Non – Conventional Sources of Energy
The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non–conventional energy sources.
Source C –Conservation of Energy Resources
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
Every sector of the national economy : agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy. The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been
steadily rising all over the country

Source A – Conventional Sources of Energy
1. Which is the most abundantly available conventional source of energy?
Answer : Coal.

Source B –Non Conventional Sources of Energy 
2. Write any two benefits of Non Conventional Sources of Energy.
Answer : (i) Non Conventional Sources of Energy are renewable that means never be finished.
(ii) They are environment friendly.

Source C –Conservation of Energy Resources 

Read the extract and answer the questions that follows :
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth‘s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.
Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way. Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits' and generally contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are mosay.

1. In which rocks the lodes and veins occur ?
Answer : Veins (smaller) and loades (bigger) are the cracks, crevices, faults and joints occurred in the igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. Which minerals are found in sedimentary rocks ? How are they formed ? 
Answer : (i) Coal, gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt are found in the beds of sedimentary rocks.
(ii) Coal has been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure where as gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.

3. What are ‘placer deposits‘ ?
Answer : (i) Placer deposits are alluvial deposits found in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
(ii) They generally contain minerals, which are not corrorded by water.

Source/Extract Based Questions
We all appreciate the strong dependence of industry and agriculture upon mineral deposits and the substances manufactured from them. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are, therefore, finite and nonrenewable.
Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.

Question : The Mineral resources are _______ and _______.
(a) Unlimited and Valuable
(b) Limited and exhaustible
(c) Limited and In exhaustible
(d) Unlimited and exhaustible
Answer : B

Question : Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable possessions. Identify which category these minerals belong to:

Choose the correct option—
(a) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
(b) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
(c) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d
(d) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d
Answer : (a) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c

Question : Which of the following options is the reason for increasing price of minerals?
(a) Regular extraction
(b) Limited Availability
(c) Increasing extraction cost
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question : Sustainable use of mineral resources depends upon_______.
(a) Latest technology
(b) Finding best alternatives
(c) Following 3 R formula
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question : What are non-ferrous minerals? Give two examples.
Answer : The minerals which do not contain iron ore are called non-ferrous minerals. 

Question : How is aluminium an important metal?
Answer : Aluminium combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. 

Question : Where is high grade hematite ore found in Orissa?
Answer : In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found in badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. 

Question : What is the main use of manganese?
Answer : Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. 

Question : What are ferrous minerals? Give two examples.
Answer : The minerals which contain iron ore are called ferrous minerals. Two examples — manganese, nickel.

Question : Name the regions where India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found.
Answer : The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katur. 

Question : Name the regions where India’s mica deposits are mainly found.
Answer : The northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau.

Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Minerals and Energy Resources 

Question : “India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt cautious approaches for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.” Analyse this statements.
Answer : The statement is right to a great extent. Therefore, we need to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of energy resources. We should –
(i) Use public transport system.
(ii) Switch off electricity when not needed.
(iii) Use power saving devices.
(iv) Use non-conventional sources of energy. 

Question. “There is a pressing need to use renewable energy resource. “Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
Answer : There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material because of following reasons:
(i) Energy consumption has grown and we are largely dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas which are non-renewable i.e., one day they will be fully exhausted. So we cannot use these energy sources forever and have to switch to the renewable sources of energy.
(ii) Frequently Rising prices of oil and gas has created a challenge in front of us as its shortages would lead to uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future.
(iii) Any hindrance in energy supply may affect the growth of our economy.
(iv) Non-renewable energy resources, especially fossil fuels cause serious environmental problems which in turn create health problems.

Question. What are the Petroleum producing areas in India. Explain.
Answer: Most of the petroleum producing areas in India are associated with anticlines and faults traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In the region folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the uphold.
Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous rocks.
Major petroleum producing areas of India are …
1) ASSAM- Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran-Hugrijan, Namdang region
2) GUJRAT- Ankeleshwar, Lunez, Navgan
3) MUMBAI HIGH
4) Godavari – Mahanadi basin

Question. Distinguish between Natural Gas and Bio Gas.
Answer: NATURAL GAS
• It is a mixture of combustible gaseous hydrocarbons occurring in the rocks of earth crust.
• This is commercial energy.
• It is used as raw material in the petrochemicals.
• It is transported from one place to another through pipeline.
• Mostly used in urban areas.
• BIO GAS
• It is derived by decomposition of waste of animals and plants with the help of microorganism in presence of water.
• Non commercial energy
• It is produced in tanks
• It is found in rural areas

Question. What is Non - Conventional sources of energy? Discuss two sources of such types of energy.
Answer: Sources of energy which are renewable, eco-friendly and newer one are called non conventional sources of energy i.e. wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy etc.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. Where the geothermal gradient is high , high temperature is found at shallow depth . There are several hot springs in India which could be used to generate electricity. Two projects, one is MANIKARAN in Himachal and second in PUGA VALLEY in
Ladakh has been set up in India to harness Geothermal energy.
TIDAL ENERGY:
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity .During high tides water flows into the inlet and get trapped when it is closed. After the fall of tide the water flows back to the sea via pipe lines that carry it through power generating turbines.
In India gulf of Kutch provides ideal conditions for tidal energy.

Question. What do you understand by Tidal energy ? Which area provides suitable conditions for using it ?
Answer : Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the floodgate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power generating turbine. In India, the Gulf of Kutch provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 MW tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

Question. “India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.
Answer : India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential. Following measures can be suggested to get full potential:
(i) Development of infrastructures: Iron ore mines are mostly located in backward regions of India for example Jharkhand, odisha. With the development of infrastructure we can exhaust it better.
(ii) Providing Training: Training should be provided to mines workers as well as steel plant worker to make them more productive.
(iii) Use of modern equipments: modern equipments should be used to mine iron-ore. Also modern machines should be used in steel plants and their regular repair should be done.
(iv) Regular supply of Energy: Regular electricity should be supplied to those steel plants which are far away from energy sources.

Question. Why is conservation of mineral resources essential ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Mineral resources which take millions of years to be created and concentrated are being consumed rapidly.
(i) The geological processes are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable.
(ii) Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions.
(iii) Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.

Question. “Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer : India is very rich in minerals. Lots of metallic and non metallic mineral resources can be found in India.
However, these minerals are not evenly distributed all over the nation. The reason for this uneven distribution is variation in the geographical conditions, process and time involved in the formation of rocks.
(i) The majority of coal reserves, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals are diverse in nature.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks in Gujarat and Assam have petroleum deposits.
(iii) The alluvial plains of North India are mostly devoid of mineral resources.

Question. Which State is the largest producer of manganese in India ? Mention any two uses of manganese.
Answer : Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India.
(i) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
(ii) It is also used in the manufacture of bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

Question. What are the uses of limestone ? Which states are the leading producers of limestone ?
Answer : Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations. It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are the chief states where limestone is produced in abundance.

Question. Why it is not preferred to use firewood and cattle dung as energy resource ?
Answer : The energy resources can be classified into two types :
Conventional sources and Non-Conventional sources. Conventional sources of energy like firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in rural India. According to one estimate, more than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by these two. Continuation of these is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. At the same time, usage of dunk cake is also discouraged as it consumes the most valuable manure, which could be used in agriculture.

Question. Can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India ? Give your opinion.
Answer : In my opinion, solar energy can surely solve the energy problem in India as :
(i) India is a tropical country and has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.
(ii) It is expected that use of solar energy can minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes.
(iii) Due to rising prices, serious environmental threats and prolonged replenishment of oil and gas, there is a need to shift to non-conventional sources of energy like solar energy.

Question. What are the two main ways of generating electricity ?
Answer : Electricity has such a wide range of application in today’s world that its consumption is considered as an index of development. Electricity is generated mainly in two ways : by running water which drives hydroturbines to generate hydroelectricity; and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power.

Question. ‘‘Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves would last only 35 - 40 years more“ Explain any three ways to solve this problem.
Answer : Crude oil is a non- renewable resource of energy. It takes millions of years for the formation of this fuel, because of which, it must be used judiciously. This type of fuel is being used faster than they are being produced. This causes depletion and scarcity of crude oil.
Steps which can be taken to conserve this non-renewable source of energy are:
(i) Use of public transport like buses and trains instead of self-owned vehicles will help to conserve petroleum. Car pooling will reduce the consumption of this fuel and thus scacity will be dealt better with.
(ii) Use of cycles wherever possible instead of using motorbike or car.
(iii) Waxing floors with beeswax instead of petroleum based commercial wax can also be beneficial.

Question. India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. Explain.
Answer : India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has the largest programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from this region, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are also well known for effective use of wind energy in the country. Therefore, India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world.

Question. How we have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resource ? Explain.
Answer : India is one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. One has to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of limited energy resources. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
As repsonsible citizens one should try to:
(i) Use the public transport system or use shared rides instead of individual vehicles,
(ii) Switch off electricity or any electronic gadgets when not in use,
(iii) Use of power-saving devices and it should be encouraged
(iv) Use of non-conventional sources of energy should be encouraged.

Question. ‘‘A concerted effort has to be made in order to use mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.‘‘ Suggest and explain any three measures.
Answer : We must make use of minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
(i) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow the use of low grade ores at low cost.
(ii) Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving ore mineral resources for the future.
(iii) Try to reuse the waste to reduce the production cost.

Question. How are energy resources classified ? Give two examples for each.
Answer : Energy resource is classified into conventional and nonconventional energy resource.
Conventional resource is the one which can be found in nature, for example, coal and petroleum.
Non-conventional resource is the one which is created by man through a natural resource. For example : solar energy and wind energy.

Question : How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give your suggestions.
Answer : Biogas can solve energy problem :
(i) Availibitlity of raw material is not a problem.
(ii) Awareness to be created about biogas.
(iii) It will reduce the burden on conventional sources of energy.
(iv) Educate the rural people about the use of biogas.
(v) It is a renewable source of energy.
(vi) Eco-friendly.

Long Questions for Class 10 Social Science Minerals and Energy Resources 

Question : What are the uses of petroleum? Suggest any two ways to save petroleum.
Answer : Petroleum, also known as mineral oil, is the next major energy source in India after coal. Its uses are given below:
(i) It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
(ii) It provides lubricants for machinery.
(iii) It provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
(iv) Petroleum refineries act as a ‘vodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numinous chemical industries.
Two Ways to Save Petroleum
(i) Maximum use of public transport instead of individual vehicles.
(ii) Putting off vehicles at red lights.

Question : What are the two main qualities of iron ore deposits of India? Explain the two types of iron ore mainly found in the country. Which are the major states known for the production of iron ore?
Answer : Two qualities of iron ore:
1. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
2. It provides a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.
They are of two types: Magnetite and Hematite.
1. Magnetite: It is the finest iron ore. It has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry.
2. Hematite: This ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It is the largest used iron ore in terms of the quantity in India. It has slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60 per cent).
The major iron-ore producing states are Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand. 

Question : "Minerals are indispensible part of our lives." Support the statement with examples.
Answer : Minerals are important part of our lives.
(i) Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to built a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
(ii) The railway lines and the roads, our implements and machine are all made from minerals.
(iii) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from minerals.
(iv) Even the food that we eat contains minerals.
(v) In all stages of development, human being have use minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites. 

Question : How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment? Explain.
Answer : The mining activity is injurious to the health of the miners and environment as :
(a) The dust and toxic fumes can cause pulmonary disease to the miners.
(b) The roofs and walls of the mines have a risk of collapsing.
(c) Flooding or fire are a great risk in mines.
(d) The water bodies in the region get contaminated by mineral dust.
(e) Dumping of waste and slurry degrades the land. 

Question : Why is conservation of mineral resources essential? Explain any three methods to conserve them.
Answer : The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that took millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are, therefore, finite and non-renewable. Hence their conservation is essential.
Three methods to conserve minerals:
(i) Mineral resources should be used in planned and sustainable manner.
(ii) Improved technology need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
(iii) Recycling of metals, using scraps metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future.

Question : Describe any three characteristics of Durg-Bastar- Chandrapur Belt iron-ore belt in India.
Answer : The characteristics of Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt are as follows :
(i) This belt lies in the Chattisgarh and Maharashtra states.
(ii) In the Bastar district of Chattisgarh, Hematite iron ore of very high grade is found in the Bailadila hills. 
(iii) Bailadila hills have 14 deposits of Hematite iron ore.

Question : “Minerals are indispensable part of lives.” Support the statement with examples.
                                              OR 
Why are minerals are indispensable part of our lives ?
Answer : Minerals are indispensable part of our lives because:
(i) From a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, almost everything we use today, all are made from minerals.
(ii) The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals.
(iii) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources i.e. petrol and diesel derived from the earth.
(iv) Food that we eat also contains minerals. 
(v) Human beings use minerals in all stages of development.
(vi) We use minerals for our livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.
(vii) Toothpaste, we use to clean teeth contain abrasive minerals like silica, limestone, aluminium oxide and various phosphate minerals do the cleaning.
Fluoride which is used to reduce cavities comes from a mineral fluorite. The toothbrush and tube containing the paste are made of plastics from petroleum.

Question : What is Geothermal energy ?
Answer : Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. Geothermal energy exists because; the earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and become hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga valley, Ladakh.

Question : Explain the different types of non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer : The different types of non-conventional sources of energy are :
(i) Solar Energy : The sun provides us enormous amounts of energy in the form of solar radiation. Solar energy can be used in the production of heat, electricity, bio-energy, etc.There are some simple devices using solar energy like solar cooker, solar water heater, solar desalinator, solar air heaters, solar space conditioner, solar refrigerator, solar cells and modules.
(ii) Bio Energy : It includes those processes where biological forms of matter such as plants, vegetables, bacteria, enzymes, etc. are used to produce energy. The widest use of bio-energy is the traditional way where wood plants and agricultural matters are burnt to provide heat. Biomass includes both terrestrial as well as aquatic matter and can be grouped into new plant growth, residues and wastes.
(iii) Wind Energy : It is the kinetic energy associated with movement of large masses of air resulting from differential heating of the atmosphere by the sun.
(iv) Ocean Energy : The sea, which is constantly receiving solar radiations and acts as the world’s largest utilisable renewable energy. It is available not only in the form of ocean but also available in several forms such as, ocean thermal energy, wave, tidal, ocean current, ocean wind and bio-mass.
(v) Geothermal Energy : Geothermal energy is the heat energy that we get from hot rocks present in the earth’s crust. So, through geo thermal wells these emissions which has much lower per energy unit than the fossil fuels are used. This energy involves low running costs since it saves 80% on fossil fuels. Due to this, there is an increase in the use of geothermal energy. It helps in reducing global warming and does not create pollution.

Question : Why is there an enormous possibility of tapping solar energy in India ?
Answer : (i) India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass.
(ii) It has the largest programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources. Besides, it is a tropical country. It has possibilities of tapping solar energy.
(iii) Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas.
(iv) The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk.
(v) It is totally harmless and does not pollute the environment. In other words, we can say that it is eco-friendly.

Question : What are minerals ? How are minerals classified ? Explain briefly.
Answer : Minerals are homogenous naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.
Minerals are classified as :

(i) Metallic minerals :
(a) Ferrous minerals which contain iron. Examples of such minerals are iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc.
(b) Non-ferrous minerals which do not contain iron contents. Examples of such minerals are copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc.
(c) Precious minerals which have high economic value. Examples of precious minerals are gold, silver and platinum.
(ii) Non-metallic minerals : Examples of non-metallic minerals are mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, etc.
(iii) Energy minerals : These minerals provide energy.
Examples of energy minerals are coal, petroleum and natural gas.