CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialisation Assignment Set A

INTR0DUCTION

The industrialization is considered to be the backbone of economic development. Often we associate industrialization with the growth of factory industry. We will see in this chapter how it changed the world in the west as well as the east.

4.1 BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

(i) Histories of industrialisation very often begin with the setting up of the first factories. Even before factories began to do the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation.
(ii) In the sev ent eenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supply i ng m oney to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an int er nat ional m ark et . W i th t he ex pansi on of worl d t r ade and t he acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. New merchants turned to the countryside.
(iii) In the countryside when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, cottagers and poor peasants had to now look for alternative sources of income. When merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.
(iv) Within this system a close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. The finishing was done in London before the export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.

(a) The Coming up of the Factory :
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied. The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. This increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of production:-
(i) A series of inventions (Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill) in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process.
(ii) Now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill.
(iii) All the processes were brought under one roof and management, which allowed supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour.
(iv) In the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an intimate part of the English landscape. So visible were the imposing new mills that contemporaries were dazzled. They concentrated their attention on the mills, almost forgetting the bylanes and the workshops where production still continued.

(b) The Pace of Industrial Change :
(i) Main industries : Cotton and metal industries were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s but the iron and steel industry led the way after 1840. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about $77 million, double the value of its cotton export.
(ii) Domination of traditional industry : The modern machinery and, industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 percent of the total work force was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.
(iii) Base for growth : The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam powered cotton or metal industries. It were the ordinary and small innovations which built up the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors.
(iv) Slow pace : Though technological inventions were taking place but their pace was very slow. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technologies and machines were expensive so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about using them. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

4.2 HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER

(i) In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs, waiting for work. So industrialists had no problem of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investments.
(ii) In industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes, which required human skill, not mechanical technology.
(iii) Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonies.
(iv) In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimised. This was the case in nineteenth-century America. Britain, however had no problem hiring human hands.

(a) Life of the Workers :
The process of industrialisation brought with it miseries for newly emerged class of industrial workers.
(i) Abundance of labour : As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. But everyone was not lucky enough to get an instant job. Many job-seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuge that were set up by private individuals; other went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
(ii) Seasonality of work : Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. They either returned to the countryside or looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.
(iii) Poverty and unemployment : At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10% of the urban population was extremely poor which went up to anything between 35% and 75% during periods of economic slump. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. After the 1840s building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.

4.3 INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES

(a) The Age of Indian Textiles :
(i) The Age of Indian Textiles : Historically, India was one of the leading producer of cotton textile. Silk and cotton products of India dominated the international market. India was known for its finer varieties of cotton. Armenian and Persian merchants took these goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Though most of the trade was carried through land routes but sea route was also used.
(ii) A complex and complete market : Before the arrival of outsiders the trade was handled by a variety of Indian merchants and bankers. The whole process of trade basically involved three steps -
· Financing production
· Carrying or transporting goods
· Supplying goods to the exporters.
Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

(b) What Happened to Weavers ?
Before establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. Once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
(i) The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers by appointing paid servants called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(ii) It prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers by the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.

Effects :
(i) Many weavers had small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated along with weaving, but now they had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.
(ii) In many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. The gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply - often beating and flogging them. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers, and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company.
(iii) In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation. Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted, began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

(c) Menchester Comes to India :
(i) As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles. At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.
(ii) Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time: their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. The imported goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(iii) By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. As raw cotton exports from India to Britain increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.
(iv) By the end of the nineteenth century, weavers and other crafts people faced yet another problem. Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine-goods.

4.4 FACTORIES COME UP

The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854, by 1862 four mills were at work. Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855. In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

(a) The Early Entrepreneurs :
(i) The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior players in this trade, prov iding finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. Having ear ned t hr ough t rade, som e of t hese businessmen had v isions of dev eloping industrial enterprises in India. Dwarkanath Tagore (Bengal), Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusser wanj ee Tata (B om bay ) , S et h Hukum chand and the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D.Birla, all made their fortune in the China trade.
(ii) Capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa.
There were yet other commercial groups which operated within India, carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.
(iii) As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.
(iv) Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. In most instances Indian Financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

(b) Where Did the Workers Come From ?
(i) In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals.
(ii) Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
(iii) Getting jobs was always difficult. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them to settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.

4.5 THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

(i) European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute.
(ii) When Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late nineteenth century, they avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market.
(iii) By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(iv) Till the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mill busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed.
(iv) After the war, within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

(a) Small-scale Industries Predominate :
(i) While factory-industries grew steadily after the war, large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Small scale production continued to predominate. Only a small proportion of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories. The rest worked in small workshops and household units, often located in alleys and bylanes, invisible to the passer-by.
(ii) Handicrafts production actually expanded in the twentieth century. While cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in the nineteenth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily: almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.
(iii) Handicrafts people adopted new technology as that helped them improving production without excessively pushing up costs, by the second decade of the twentieth century weavers were using looms with fly shuttle, which increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
(iv) Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently. The demand for the finer varieties bought by the well-to-do was more stable.
Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
Moreover, mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.
(v) Weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation

4.6 MARKET FOR GOODS
British manufacturers attempted to take over the Indian market on the other hand Indian weavers and craftsmen, traders and industrialists resisted colonial controls, demanded tariff protection, created their own spaces, and tried to extend the market for their produce.

(a) Methods Used by Producers to Expand their Markets :
(i) Advertisement : Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. From the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture.
(ii) Labeling : When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ëMADE IN MANCHESTERí written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. Labels also carried images and were very often beautifully illustrated.
(iii) Calendars : By the nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in tea shops and in poor peopleís homes just as much as in offices and middle- class apartments. And those who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. Even in these calendars images of gods and goddesses were used to attract the consumers.
(iv) Images of gods, goddesses and personages : Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on labels. It was as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold, was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people. Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisements and calendars. The message: if your respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned.
(v) Advertisement by Indian producers : When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

Important Dates and Events
YEARS               EVENTS
1730 The earliest factories in England came up.
1764 James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny
1854 The first cotton mill set up in Bombay.
1855 The first Jute mill was set up in Bengal.
1860 The Elgin Mill was set up in Kanpur.
1861 The first cotton mill came up in Ahmedabad.
1871 James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine.
1874 The first Indian spinning and weaving mill set up in Madras.
1900 Music publisher E.T. Paull produced a music book.
1912 The first steel plant was set up in Jamshedpur by J.N.Tata.
1917 The first Indian jute mill was set up in Calcutta.

Question. Where was the first cotton mill set up?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Kerala

Answer : A

Question. In which of the following decade, the earliest factories in England came up?
(a) 1710-20
(b) 1730-40
(c) 1720-30
(d) 1740-50

Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following Goddess’ image was not used on imported cloth labels?
(a) Kartika
(b) Saraswati
(c) Lakshmi
(d) Durga

Answer : D

Question. When was contton piece good’s production in India doubled?
(a) 1880-1890
(b) 1900-1912
(c) 1890-1900
(d) None of these

Answer : B

Question. Who usually help industrialists to get new recruits in their industries?
(a) Jobbers
(b) Weavers
(c) Koshtis
(d) Exporters

Answer : A

Question. By the late 19th century, manufacturers were printing .......... to popularise their products.
(a) diaries
(b) files
(c) calendars
(d) clothes

Answer : C

Question. Which one is the most popular means for creating new consumers?
(a) Branding
(b) Pricing
(c) Advertisement
(d) Promotion

Answer : C

Question. Apart from images of Gods, which other figures were commonly used in advertisement?
(a) Animals
(b) Nature
(c) Personages, emperors and nawabs
(d) Society

Answer : C

Question. Which of the following country is considered to be the first industrial nation of the world?
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) Britain
(d) Italy

Answer : C

Question. Why were the weavers tied with the company traders?
(a) They were under loans.
(b) They had no other place to work.
(c) They had less equipments.

Answer : A

Question. Which of the following is not an European managing agency who controlled large sector of Indian industries during the First World War?
(a) Bird Heiglers and Company
(b) Andrew Yule
(c) Jardine Skinner
(d) East India Company

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following city was known as a finishing centre of the cloth at the time of proto - industrialisation?
(a) London
(b) Berlin
(c) Paris
(d) Rome

Answer : A

Question. The paid servants of the East India Company was known as:
(a) Seth
(b) Mamlatdar
(c) Gomastha
(d) Lambardar

Answer : C

Question. What did the term ‘Orient’ refer to?
(a) England
(b) Asia
(c) Russia
(d) America

Answer : B

Question. In the first phase of industrialisation, the most dynamic industries in Britain were
(a) Metals
(b) Coal
(c) Cotton
(d) Both a and c

Answer : D

Question. Who was a ‘Jobber’?
(a) Trusted worker
(b) Painter
(c) Dancer
(d) Soldier

Answer : A

Question. Which of the following companies gradually gained power in the 1750s after the decline of Indian merchant’s trade capacity?
(a) Chinese companies
(b) Russian companies
(c) English companies
(d) European companies

Answer : D

Question. Which among the following industrialists began selling cloth in India with labels on cloth bundles?
(a) Manchester industrialists
(b) Yorkshire industrialists
(c) Lancashire industrialists
(d) Glasgow industrialists

Answer : A

Question. Who devised the Spinning Jenny?
(a) Samual Luck
(b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Hargreaves
(d) James Watt

Answer : C

Question. 18th Century India witnessed the decline of port town?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras

Answer : A

Question. Who invented the steam engine in 1781 in England?
(a) Newcomen
(b) C.E. Turner
(c) M.Jackson
(d) James Watt

Answer : D

Question. Which one product is being used even by people who could not read?
(a) Newspapers
(b) Calendar
(c) Magazines
(d) Journals

Answer : B

Question. Which is the pioneer country in industrialisation?
(a) Russia
(b) India
(c) England
(d) None of these

Answer : C

Question. What does the age of industries indicate?
(a) Economic changes
(b) Technological changes
(c) Social changes
(d) Political changes

Answer : B

Question. Which image of a God was most commonly used to popularise baby products?
(a) Ram
(b) Shiva
(c) Krishna
(d) Hanuman

Answer : C

Question. Which among these was a pre-colonial sea port?
(a) Vishakhapatnam
(b) Chennai
(c) Hoogly
(d) Cochin

Answer : C

Question. In the last years of 17th century, the gross value of trade that passed through ......... had been < 16 million. By the 1740 s it had slumped to ......... .
(a) Surat, < 3 million
(b) Masulipatnam, < 7 million
(c) Hoogly, <5 million
(d) Madras, < 9 million

Answer : A

Question. The fly shuttle was used for:
(a) Washing
(b) Weaving
(c) Drying
(d) Sowing

Answer : B

Question. What makes Lancashire the best cotton-spinning locality in the world?
(a) Nearness to coal mines
(b) Temperate atmosphere
(c) Humid atmosphere
(d) Abundance of power

Answer : C

Question. Which of the following two ports grew after the European companies gained power in trade?
(a) Surat and Hoogly
(b) Madras and Masulipatnam
(c) Bombay and Calcutta
(d) Kandla and Visakhapatnam

Answer : C

FILL IN THE BLANK :

Question. In 1850, .......... India started.

Answer : Machine age

Question. First jute mill was established by .......... in India.

Answer : Seth Hukumchand

Question. .......... industry was the flourishing industry of England.

Answer : Iron and steel

Question. Dwarkanath Tagore was an Indian .......... to set up six joint stock companies in India in 1830.

Answer : Entrepreneur

Question. .......... is the first industrial city in England.

Answer : London

TRUE/FALSE :

Question. First Jute mill was established in Calicut.

Answer : False

Question. Advertisement by Indian manufacturers hardly gave any nationalist message.
Answer : False

Question. Elgin mill was set up in Kanpur.

Answer : True

Question. The work of the fuller was to gather cloth.

Answer : True

Question. Once the cloth was ready, the finishing was done in London and it was known as ‘finishing centre’.

Answer : True

ASSERTION AND REASON :

DIRECTION : Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : The first symbol of the new era was cotton.
Reason : In Victorian Britain, the industrialists did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.

Answer : B

Question. Assertion : From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined.
Reason : After the First World War, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.

Answer : B

Question. Assertion : Like the images of gods and goddesses, figures of important personages like emperors and nawabs adorned advertisements and calendars.
Reason : This was done to show the pomp and glory of the nation.

Answer : C

Question. Assertion : The consolidation of East India Company power after the 1760s did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India.
Reason : British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : The cotton weavers of India flourished with the Manchester imports.
Reason : With the American Civil War, the cotton supplies from US to Britain increased.

Answer : D

Question. Assertion : When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles.
Reason : The label was a mark of Quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : In most industrial regions, workers came from the districts around.
Reason : Peasants and Artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion : In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily.
Reason : This was partly because of technological changes,

Answer : A