CBSE Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Worksheet

Summary:
Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing the raw materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing.
Cotton Textiles: At present, there are 1600 cotton and synthetic textile mills in India. Almost 80% of them are in the private sector. The rest are in the public sector and cooperative sector. Additionally, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms.
Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium is often turned into alloy and then used for making various products.
Chemical Industries
The chemical industry contributes about 3% to the GDP. The chemical industry of India is the third largest in Asia and is at twelfth position in the world. Fertiliser Industry India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units which manufacture nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers.
Cement Industry
Cement industry requires bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. There are many cement plants in Gujarat because of proximity to ports.There are 128 large and 323 mini cement plants in India.
Automobile Industry
Almost all types of vehicles are manufactured in India. After liberalization in 1991, many automobile manufacturers set up their base in India. With the launch of contemporary models, India became an attractive market for automobiles. At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
Bangalore is often termed as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 18 software technology parks in the country and they provide single window service and high data communication to software experts
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Air Pollution: High proportion of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide create air pollution.
Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents cause water pollution. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, etc. are the main culprits of water pollution. Thermal Pollution of water: It occurs when hot water from factories or thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Noise Pollution: Noise pollution can result in constant irritation, hypertension and hearing impairment. Factory equipments, generators, electric drills, etc. are the major sources of noise pollution.
Preventing Environmental Degradation by Industry: Water should be reused and recycled in the industry. Rainwater harvesting should be promoted.Hot water and effluents should be treated before being released in rivers and ponds.

Words that Matter

1. Manufacturing: Producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.

2. Agro-based industries: Industries that depend on agricultural products such as cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.

3. Mineral-based industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials such as iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

4. Smelting: A process by which the mineral is melted to remove impurities.

5. Light industries: Industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

6. Basic or key industries: Industries that supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture goods. e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.

7. Consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers—sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

8. Small scale industries: Industries in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

9. Large scale industries: Industries that make investment above one crore rupees.

10. Public sector industries: Owned and operated by government agencies—BHEL, SAIL etc.

11. Private sector industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

12. Joint sector industries: Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sectors.

13. Cooperative sector industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question. In which year the National Jute Policy was formulated ?
(a) 2000
(b) 2003
(c) 2005
(d) 2007

Answer : (c) 2005

Question. Which is the second most important metallurgical industry in India ?
(a) Petrochemicals
(b) Aluminium smelting
(c) Machine tools
(d) Iron and steel

Answer : (b) Aluminium Smelting

Question. Which of the following is not a government agency?
(a) BHEL
(b) SAIL
(c) Tata steel
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer : (c) Tata steel

Question. Handspun khadi that provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes is an example of :
(a) Primary industry
(b) Cottage industry
(c) Khadi industry
(d) Fibre industry

Answer : (b) cottage industry

Question. ________of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(a) Import
(b) Selling
(c) Export
(d) Buying

Answer : (c) Export

Question. What percentage is contributed to industrial production by the textile industry?
(a) 11%
(b) 12%
(c) 13%
(d) 14%

Answer : (c) 13%

Question. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material are a must for the location of __________ .
(a) Textile Industry
(b) Iron and Steel
(c) Chemical Industry
(d) Aluminium Smelting

Answer : Aluminium Smelting

Question. The first cement plant was set up in 1904 in __________.
(a) Mumbai
(b) Chennai
(c) Hyderabad
(d) Gujarat

Answer : (b) Chennai

Question. Which industry among the following is the only industry in India that is self-reliant?
(a) Textile industry
(b) Iron and steel
(c) Electrical
(d) Sugar

Answer : (a) Textile industry

Question. Which of the following iron and steel plants is located in Odisha?
(a) Durgapur
(b) Bokaro
(c) Rourkela
(d) Jameshedpur

Answer : (c) Rourkela

Question. Identify the type of industry with the help of following features :
(i) It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
(ii) It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
(iii) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
(iv) It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

Answer : Aluminium Smelting

Question. Study the picture and answer the question that follows :

Which of the following best signifies the above image?
(a) Factor of production
(b) Raw materials
(c) Component parts
(d) None of the above

Answer : (a) Factor of production

Question. Most of the jute mills in India are located on______ river in West Bengal.
(a) Hugli
(b) Ganga
(c) Brahamputra
(d) Narmada

Answer : (a) Hugli

Question. Mineral based industries include :
(a) Cotton
(b) Sugar
(c) Cement
(d) Silk

Answer : (c) Cement

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What is manufacturing?
Answer: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Question. How is the economic strength of a country measured?
Answer: The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

Question. Sugar Industry in Maharashtra comes under which category?
Answer: Sugar industry in Maharashtra falls under the category of cooperative sector industries which are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

Question. Why is iron and steel industry also called a heavy industry ?
Answer: Iron and steel industry is also called a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and entail heavy transportation costs.

Question. How do manufacturing industries help in various ways?
Answer: Manufacturing industries are not only the backbone of an economy but they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs.

Question. How were cotton textiles produced in ancient India?
Answer: In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.

Question. Why did our traditional industries suffer a setback during the colonial period?
Answer: Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.

Question. How can foreign exchange be brought in the country?
Answer: Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, bringing in the much needed foreign exchange.

Question. Which city is known as the electronic capital of India? Which are the other centres for electronic goods?
Answer: Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

Question. Which industries are said to be mineral based?
Answer: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools and petrochemical industries are mineral based industries.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What different types of pollution are the industries responsible for?
Answer: Industries are responsible for the following types of pollution :
(i) Air Pollution : The smoke from the industries pollute the air.
(ii) Water Pollution : It is caused by untreated organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers.
(iii) Thermal pollution : It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(iv) Noise pollution : It not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
(v) Land Pollution : Land and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of industrial waste specially glasses, harmful chemicals, salts, etc., into soil.

Question. Why has the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Analyse the reasons.
Answer: The reasons why the 'Chhotanagpur Plateau Region' has the maximum concentration of the iron and steel industries are :
(i) Low cost of iron ore that is mined in Chhotanagpur itself.
(ii) High grade raw materials in close proximity.
(iii) Accessibility of low cost labour.
(iv) Large growth prospective in the home market.
(v) Efficient transport network for their distribution.
(vi) Availability of power because the region has many thermal and hydel power plants.
(vii) Liberalisation and FDI.

Question. Why our industries need to be more efficient?
Answer: In the present world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive. Selfsufficiency alone is not enough. Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. For this, the factors which influence the setup or location of the factory must be kept in mind so that maximum output can be attained. Only then, we will be able to compete in the international market.

Question. Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
Answer:Three human factors responsible for the determination of the location of the industry are :
(i) Labour.
(ii) Market.
(iii) Transport system.

Question. State the factors responsible for the location of jute factory in the Hugli Basin.
OR
The jute textile industry is mainly concentrated in the Hugli Basin. Mention four factors for the same.
Answer: Factors responsible for the concentration of the jute textile industry in the Hugli basin in West Bengal are :
(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas. West Bengal is called the 'home of jute' which produces the highest amount of jute fibre.
(ii) The jute industry requires a lot of water which is easily available from the Hugli river supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways.
(iii) Water transport is cheap.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh is available.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The numbers of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery(5) P.....................
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W..........................
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M...................
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R.....................
(v) Thing produced (7) P...........................
(vi) To make or produce (11) M..........................
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................
Answer: (i) Used to drive machinery (5) POWER
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) WORKER
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) MARKET
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) RETAILER
(v) Thing produced (7) PRODUCT
(vi) To make or produce (11) MANUFACTURE
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) POLLUTION 

Question. Give some facts about the fertiliser industry.
Answer: (i) The fertiliser industry is centred on the production of nitrogenous fertilisers, phosphate fertilisers, ammonium phosphate and complex fertilisers.
(ii) India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
(iii) There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate.
(iv) There are 10 public sector undertakings and 1 in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporations of India.
(v) After the Green Revolution, the industry has expanded to several other parts of the country.
(vi) Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half the fertiliser production of the country. 

Question. On what basis the industries are classified ?
Answer: The industries are classified on the following basis :
(i) On the basis of the source of raw materials used :
(a) Agro–based : Cotton, woollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
(b) Mineral–based : Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
(ii) On the basis of their main role :
(a) Basic or key industries : Industries which supply their products or materials to manufacture other goods like iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting, etc.
(b) Consumer industries : The industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers such as sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
(iii) On the basis of capital investment :
(a) Small scale industry : Small scale industry in which investment is less than one crore.
(b) Large scale industry : Investment is more than one crore.
(iv) On the basis of ownership :
(a) Public sector : Owned and operated by government agencies.
Example : BHEL, SAIL etc.
(b) Private sector : Owned and operated by individuals or group of individuals.
Example : Tata Steel, Dabur Industries etc.
(c) Joint sector : Jointly owned by the state and individuals or group of individuals.
Example : OIL.
(a) Cooperative sector : Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
(b) Example : Sugar industry in Maharashtra.
(v) On the basis of the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods :
(a) Heavy industries : They use heavy raw materials and produces heavy goods.
Example : Iron and steel.
(b) Light industries : They use light raw materials and produces light goods.
Example : Electrical goods industries.

More Questions and Answers for NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries...

Question. Name all the seven states of India where aluminium smelting plants are located.
Answer: (i) Odisha ( ii) West Bengal (iii) Kerala (iv) Uttar Pradesh (v) Chhattisgarh (vi) Maharashtra (vii) Tamil Nadu

Question. Define large scale industry.
Answer: A large scale industry is one in which the investment is more than one crore on an industry.

Question. What is meant by public sector industry? Give examples.
Answer: Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies. Example — BHEL, SAIL, etc.

Question. Where are organic chemical plants located?
Answer: Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

Question. Why is iron and steel industry known as a heavy industry?
Answer: Iron and steel industry is known as a heavy industry because all the raw material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky.

Question. Which is the key factor in the location of an industry?
Answer: The key factor in the location of an industry is availability of raw material.

Question. What is the position of India in the production of sugar in world?
Answer: India holds second position in the production of sugar.

Question. Which value is associated with the hand-spun Khadi?
Answer: The hand-spun Khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Question. What do you mean by agglomeration economics?
Answer: Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking insurance, transport, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economics.

Question. What are basic industries? Give an example.
Answer: Basic or key industries are industries that supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.

Question. Define small scale industry.
Answer: A small scale industry is one in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

Question. In which sector do manufacturing industries fall?
Answer: Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.

Question. How have the agro-industries in India given a major boost to agriculture?
Answer: The agro industries in India have given a major boost agriculture by raising its productivity.

Question. What are called private sector industries? Give examples.
Answer: Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Examples — TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.

Question. Mention some of the manufactured products that you use in your daily life.
Answer: The manufactured products that we use in our daily life are electric bulbs, vegetable oil, petrol, glassware, cement, etc.

Question. “Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.” Mention them.
Answer: The three phases are:
(i) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Question. Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
Answer: Three physical factors for the location of the industry are
(a) Availability of raw material
(b) Availability of cheap and sufficient power supply
(c) Availability of market.

Question. What are the factors responsible for the location of jute industry in the Hugli basin?
Answer: There are about 70 jute mills in India mostly located in West Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river. Factors responsible for the location in the Hugli basin are:
(i) Nearness of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to help the movement of raw material to the mills.
(iii) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Question. Why is the cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Answer: The cotton textile industry is the largest industry in India today. There are several reasons behind it. Three of them are given below:
(i) These are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country. About 80% of these are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sectors. Apart from these, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms.
(ii) The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
(iii) This industry has a close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

Question. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. Give reasons for it.
Answer: It is because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include:
(i) Chhotanagpur plateau region has large reserves of iron ores. Low cost of iron ore is avast able here
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity is available in this region
(iii) Cheap labour is available
(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market is possible.

Question. State the major challenges of jute industry that are leading to its decline in India.
Answer: The major challenges before jute industry leading to its decline are:
1. After the partition, most of jute producing areas have gone to east Pakistan, now Bangladesh, and thus jute industry is facing the problem of shortage of raw material.
2. India is facing high cost production and stiff international competition, especially from Bangladesh, and international market like Brazil and Philippines are also giving serious challenges to India.
3. Continuous decline in the demand of jute due to increase in the demand of its substitutes is another major problem faced by this industry.
4. Old and outdated machinery is another major problem leading to decline in the production of jute products.

Question. Explain with examples, how do industries give boost to the agriculture sector?
Or
“Agriculture and industry move hand in hand”. Analyse the statement with three examples.
Answer: Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. This can be proved with the help of the following three examples.
(i) The agro-industries have enhanced agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iii) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes efficient.

Question. How do industries pollute air? Explain ill effects of pollution.
Answer: The air we breathe gets polluted by the smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
Ill Effects of Pollution:
(i) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. We can mention here the tragedy of the Bhopal Gas. It occurred in 1984 but its ill-effects can be seen even today.
(ii) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Question. How do industries pollute the environment?
Answer: Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Industries are responsible for five types of pollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Thermal
(d) Land (e) Noise
(a) Air pollution: It is caused by presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and smoke. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles such as dust, sprays, mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, etc.
(b) Water pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. The main industries that are responsible for it include paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
(c) Thermal pollution of water: It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(d) Land pollution: Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage makes the land unfertile. Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water.
(e) Noise pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, electric drills etc cause a lot of noise pollution. Noise pollution causes irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart-beat and blood pressure.

Question. (i) What is an agro-based industry?
(ii) Name the most important agro-based industries of India.
Answer: (i) The industry which gets its raw materials from agriculture is called an agrobased industry.
(ii) The most important agro-based industries of India are — cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil.

Question. Write about information technology and electronics industry.
Or
What role does the IT sector play in the Indian economy?
Answer: (i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, papers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industries. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India. Other centres are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow and Coimbatore.
(ii) 18 Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.
(iii) This industry has played a significant role in generating employment. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number has been increasing fast year after year.
(iv) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(v) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of Information Technology industry in the country.

Question. Suggest some ways to control air and noise pollution caused by industry.
Answer: Some ways to control air and noise pollution:
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(iii) In order to control noise pollution machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Question. Distinguish between the large-scale and small-scale industries.
Answer:

Question. “The cotton textile industry has the largest concentration in and around Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat)”. Give reasons.
Answer: (i) Availability of raw material: Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the regions where we see large production of cotton resulting in regular supply of raw material to the industry.
(ii) Moist climate: These regions are gifted with moist climate which provides favourable condition for the growth of cotton.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour: Maharashtra and Gujarat are densely populated states. Migrated people are also there in large numbers. As a result, there is no dearth of labour force in these two cities.
(iv) Accessible port facilities: Mumbai is a major seaport in India. This forms the base of important export of cotton.

Question. What is manufacturing? What is its importance?
Answer: Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.
Importance of manufacturing industries: Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it.
(i) Agricultural development: Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(ii) Industrial development: It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Question. What are secondary activities? Give four examples.
Answer:
I) People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods.
II) The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc.

Question. “Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular.” Justify the statement giving four examples.
Answer:
a) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy.
b) They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agriculture income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
c) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
d) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
e) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India‟s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Question. „Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, they move hand in hand.‟ Explain the statement with three examples.
Answer:
I) The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
II) They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to the farmers.
III) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturalists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

Question. Explain how our industry in the present day world of globalization will be able to compete in the international market.
Answer:
a) Industry needs to be more efficient and competitive.
b) Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.

Question. Explain the growth of industry and its contribution to the national economy.
Answer: a) Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP-out of a total of 27% for the industry, which includes 10% for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.
b) The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7% per annum.
c) Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate 9-10% per annum.
d) With appropriate policy interventions by the govt. and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity, economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade.

Question. Mention any four factors that influence the industrial location.
Answer:
i) Availability of raw material
ii) Labour
iii) Capital
iv) Power
v) Market

Question. Where were the industrial units located in the pre-independence period? Give two examples of such centres. Also state what emerged consequently around such centres?
Answer:
a) In the pre-independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places from the point of view of overseas trade. b) Centres- Mumbai, Kolkata c) Consequently, there emerged certain pockets of industrially developed urban centres surrounded by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.

Question. Name the four factors that influence the ideal location of a factory.
Answer:
a) Cost of production at site
b) Cost of obtaining raw materials at site
c) Cost of distribution of production
d) Decision to locate factory at site

Question. Classify industries on the basis of the following: 
I) Source of raw material II) According to their main role
Answer:
I) Source of raw material:
♦ Agro-based: Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil etc.
♦ Mineral based: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
II) According to their main role:
a) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
b) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers- sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

Question. Classify industry on the basis of the following: 
A) On the basis of capital investment B) On the basis of ownership
Answer: A) On the basis capital investment: i) Small Scale industry: A small-scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit at present has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. ii) Large Scale industry: If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as a large-scale industry.
B) On the basis ownership: i) Public Sector industry: Public sector, owned and operated by govt. agencies. Examples- BHEL, SAIL etc. ii) Private Sector industry: Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Examples- TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd. Dabur Industries. iii) Joint Sector industry: Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Example- Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
iv) Cooperative Sector industry: Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses. Example- Sugar industry in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala.

Question. How are industries classified on the basis of the bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods?
Answer:
1) Heavy industries such as iron and steel.
2) Light industries- industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Question. Why does the textile industry occupy a unique position in the Indian economy?
Answer:
1) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
2) Contributes to employment generation (35 million persons- directly- the second largest after agriculture)
3) Source of foreign exchange earnings. (About 24.6%)
4) It contributes 4% towards GDP.
5) It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.

Question. Give reasons why the cotton textile industry was concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat in the early years.
Answer:
I) Availability of raw cotton
II) Market
III) Transport including accessible port facilities
IV) Labour
V) Climate

Question. Name the country that buys Indian yarn. Also name the four other cotton goods importing countries.
Answer:
1. India exports yarn to Japan.
2. Cotton importing countries- USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka etc.

Question. What is the major drawback for the cotton textile industry in India? State its result.
Answer:
A) The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
B) There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. This is mismatch is a major drawback for the industry.
C) Result: - many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufacturers have to import fabric.

Question. What are the problems of cotton textile industry?
Answer:
a) India has made a significant increase in the production of good quality long staple cotton but the need to import is still felt.
b) Power supply is erratic
c) Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sector.
d) Other problems- low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

Question. When and where was the first jute mill set up in India? What was the major challenge jute industry faced after partition in 1947?
Answer:
a) First jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.
b) The jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the producing area went to Bangladesh.

Question. Explain the factors responsible for location of jute industry in Hugli basin.
Answer:
a) Proximity of the jute producing areas b) In expensive water transport
c) Support by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills
d) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.

Question. What are the challenges faced by the jute industry?
Answer:
I) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
II) Competition from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt & Thailand.

Question. When was the National Jute Policy formulated? What were its objectives?
Answer:
a) In 2005 National Jute Policy was formulated.
Objectives:
a) Increasing productivity
b) Improving quality
c) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
d) Enhancing the yield per hectare

Question. Name the four important countries that buy Indian jute products. Also state the reasons that have opened the opportunity for Indian jute products.
Answer:
1) The main buyers are USA, UK, Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic and Australia.
2) Reason-The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Question. Where should the sugar mills be ideally located?
Answer: The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. Therefore the sugar mills are ideally located closer to the sugarcane fields.

Question. „In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states.‟ Justify the statement giving three examples.
Answer: Reasons:
a) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
b) The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
c) The cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Question. Explain the major challenges faced by sugar industry.
Answer: Challenges faced by sugar industry:
a) Seasonal nature of industry
b) Old and inefficient methods of production.
c) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories.
d) The need to maximize the use of bagasse.

Question. Why is the iron and steel industry called the basic industry?
Answer:
i) The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries-heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.