CBSE Class 10 Geography Manufacturing Industries Worksheet Set C

Production of different goods in large quantities from raw materials after due processing to more valuable products is called manufacturing. In other words, it is the process of converting raw materials, components, or parts into finished products. Manufacturing commonly employs a machines and men or women. People employed in the secondary activities that is manufacturing convert the primary materials into finished goods. The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc., fall into this category. Some people are employed in providing services which is called tertiary activities. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of its manufacturing industries.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

1. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture; which helps the efficiencies of agricultural practices.
2. It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income. This becomes possible because of creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
3. Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty. Industries in underdeveloped areas reduce regional disparity.
4. Export of high quality manufactured goods expands trade and commerce faster and brings in much needed foreign exchange. This is many times better than exporting basic raw materials as was happening during the British era.
5. A country with high level of manufacturing activities becomes prosperous.

Agriculture and industry are closely interlinked. Manufacturing gives a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. Industrial products that are commonly used in agriculture include irrigation pumps, tractors, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes and other machines and tools.

CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO NATIONAL ECONOMY

The share of manufacturing sector in the Indian GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has been relatively stagnant at 17%, this is also because other sectors have also been growing steadily. The total contribution of industry to the GDP is 27% out of which 10% comes from mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. The growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7% in the last decade. However, the desired growth rate over the next decade is pegged at 12%.
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) was set up in 2004 with the objectives of improving productivity through proper policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry. However, this was wound up in 2016.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

Some of the factors which affect the selection of industrial location are as follows:

• Availability of raw materials
• Availability of labor
• Availability of capital
• Availability of power
• Availability of market

Adequate Infrastructure

• The above factors have to be close-by or should be economically accessible. After an industrial activity starts, urbanization follows in the area. When industries are located in or near the cities industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand.
• Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labor, consultants financial advisers, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place.
• In the pre-Independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places from the point of view of overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. Consequently, there emerged certain pockets of industrially developed urban centers surrounded by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.
• The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost. Government policies and availability specialised labour also influence the location of an industry

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

Industries can be classified according to different parameters.

1. On the basis of source of raw materials used :

• Agro based: cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oil.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools, petrochemicals, etc.

2. According to their main role :

• Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc.

3. On the basis of capital investment :
The definitions have changed from time to time.

• Small-Scale Enterprise : Manufacturing enterprises in which investment in plant and machineries is more than Rs 25.00 lakhs but does not exceed Rs 5.00 crores and service sector industries in which investment in equipment is more than Rs 10.00 lakhs but does not exceed Rs 2.00 crores are termed as small-scale enterprises.
• Medium Scale Enterprise : Manufacturing enterprises in which investment in plant & machineries is more than Rs 5.00 crores but does not exceed Rs 10.00 crores and service sector industries in which investment in equipment is more than Rs 2.00 crores but does not exceed Rs 5.00 crores are termed as medium scale enterprises.

4. On the basis of ownership :

• Public sector : owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector : owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals – TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector : industries which are jointly run by the government and industrialists.

Cochin Refineries

• Cooperative sector : industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods :

• Heavy industries such as iron and steel
• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Agro Based Industries

Cotton, jute, silk, woolen textiles, sugar and edible oil, industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry : The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent), employment generation (35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material (raw fiber to ready to wear garments) to the highest value-added products.

Cotton Textiles : Cotton textiles were traditionally produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. Powerlooms came into use after the 18th century. During the colonial period, the competition of mill-made cloth from England destroyed the Indian textiles industry.

Important Features

• It is the largest industry in India, operating in private, public and cooperative sector.
• It forms a unique link between agriculture and commerce. The industry provides a source of livelihood to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
• Weaving in the textile industry is highly decentralized. There are thousands of small weavers in addition to the large textile mills spread in different parts of the country.
• Textile industry supports other industries such as chemicals, dyes, tailoring, sewing packaging, transportation, etc.
• India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world, with 43.13 million spindles (2011-12) after China. We have 25% share in the world trade of cotton yarn. However, our trade in garments is only 4 per cent of the world’s total. Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibers we produce.
• The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry. As a result, many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric. Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it is sold as a trousers it fetches Rs 800 per kg. Value is added at every stage from fiber to yarn to fabric and to the garment.

Location :

• This industry was earlier concentrated in the cotton belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of availability of raw materials, port facilities, transportation, labor, moist climate, etc.
• Spinning still continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
• However, weaving is highly decentralized and there are many weaving centers in the country. The great benefit of this is that local art and tradition is incorporated in textile designs.
• India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, power loom and in mills. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Problems :

• Obsolete machinery which cannot use high quality yarn.
• Erratic supply of electricity
• Lower labor productivity
• Competition from synthetic fabrics

Opportunities :

• There is a wide market for cotton textiles in India and in foreign countries.
• Indian textile is exported both as finished garment and as yarn.
• USA, European countries, Russia, Canada and the Middle east provide good market.

Jute Textiles

Important Features

• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in the world. It is the second largest exporter of jute; after Bangladesh.
• Most of the 70 jute mills in India are located in West Bengal; mainly along the bank of Hooghly. The jute industry is in a narrow belt which is 98 km long and 3 km wide.
• Location : Advantages of locating the Jute mills near the Hooghly basin are:
• Proximity of the jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labor from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban center provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
• Jute mills are also located in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Bihar, Tripura.

Problems :
Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.

Opportunities :

• The internal demand for jute and jute products has been on the increase due to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.
• Jute is environment friendly which the synthetic fibers are not.
• In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare. The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia. The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Sugar Industry
India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world. It is the largest producer of gur and khandsari. There are 453 sugar mills those constituting 252 mills from the Co-operative sector and 134 mills from the private sector. This industry is seasonal and hence is more suited to the cooperative sector.

Important Features :

• In India, Sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry and it contributes significantly to the socioeconomic development of the nation.
• In addition to producing sugar, jaggery khandsari the industry produces, bagasse (used as biofuel and in the manufacture of building material)
• Sugar industry is also responsible for bioelectricity, bio-ethanol, bio-manure and chemicals.
• It provides direct employment to over 5 lakh people.

Location :
The sugar mills are spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty percent mills are in UP and Bihar. ff Problems : Seasonal nature of industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay and the need to maximize the use of bagasse are the major challenges for this industry.
Opportunities : Blending of gasoline with ethanol has raised new opportunities for the sugar industry.

Mineral Based Industries
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

Iron and Steel Industry
The iron and steel industry is one of the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a large variety of consumer goods.

Important Features :

• Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.
• Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy. Thus it incurs huge transportation cost.
• Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.

Location :

• Steel plants must be located near the raw materials and near to goods transport hubs.
• Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is because of the advantages this region has. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labor and vast growth potential in the home market.

Problems

• Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to high costs and limited availability of coking coal.
• Lower productivity of labor
• Irregular supply of electricity
• Poor infrastructure compared to international standards. We also import good quality steel from other countries.

Opportunities :

• In 2017 India produced 101 million  tons of steel, making it the third largest producer after China and Japan.
• It is the largest producer of sponge iron.

In 2010-11 per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 61kg per annum against the world average of 202 kg.

Steel Production in million tons
Year   India   China   Japan
2017   101.4   831.7   104.7
2016   95.5    786.9   104.8
2015   89.6    803.8   105.2
2014   87.3    822.7   110.7
2013   81.2    779      110.6 

Chemical Industries

The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.

• The chemical industry contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
• It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the 6th place in the world in term of its size.
• It comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing units.
• Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
• Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents,paper) and caustic soda. These industries are widely spread over the country.
• Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
• Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
• Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Fertilizer Industry

• Fertilizer industry in India is focused on the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
• The third, (K) i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds.
• India is the second largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers after China.
• There are 57 fertilizer units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilizers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate as a byproduct and 68 other small units produce single superphosphate.
• At present, there are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertilizer Corporation of India.
• After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production in India.
• Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa,Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Cement Industry

Cement is the most essential material for construction activities of almost all kinds of infrastructures; such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. Today India is the second largest producer of cement in the world after China.

• This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
• Some cement plants are strategically located in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
• There are 128 large plants and 332 mini cement plants in the country.
• India produces a variety of cement.
• Cement is exported to East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia.
• There is a large demand of cement within the country.
• This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export.

Automobile Industry

Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of goods, services and passengers.

• Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centers.
• After the liberalization, many foreign companies have started their manufacturing facility in India.
• There has been a huge increase in vehicle ownership which has led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three wheelers.
• This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. Foreign Dire

 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Even though industrial activities contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and prosperity of a large section of the population the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting degradation of environment they cause has to be taken care of.

• Different industries are responsible for the pollution of (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise is also a great concern.
• Different industries pollute our environment, this also include thermal power plants.
• Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in air.
• Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by burning of fossil fuels in different industries such as brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants etc. Many times pollution norms are not followed. Exhaust smoke from vehicles also contribute to air pollution significantly.
• Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects; as happened after the Bhopal Gas tragedy.
• Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers and lakes.

• The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries.
• They release toxic dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, various pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals, plastics and rubber etc., into the water bodies.
• Fly ash, phospho- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
• Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling; this greatly harms the aquatic plants and animals.
• Mismanagement of wastes from nuclear power plants can cause cancers and birth defects.
• Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes such as glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging materials, salts and garbage pollutes the soil. Rain water percolates through the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it is also a cause of stress. Industrial and construction activities machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. Health problems caused by sound pollution include :

• hearing impairment
• increased heart rate and blood pressure
• other physiological effects

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

When an industry discharges one liter of polluted water without proper treatment it can pollute at least eight times the quantity of freshwater. To reduce the pollution of water bodies the following action should be taken –
(i) Minimizing use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and other effluents before releasing them in water bodies.

Treatment of industrial effluents

Treatment of the wastes and effluents can be done in three phases :
1. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
2. Secondary treatment by biological process
3. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry or even for agricultural purposes need to be regulated and a viable solution needs to be implemented.

Air/ Noise Pollution control :
Particulate matter pollution in the air can be reduced by fitting suitable smoke screens in factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

Mutilple Choice Questions

Question : Which sector among the following is considered as the backbone in the overall economic development of a country?
(a) Manufacturing sector
(b) Service sector
(c) Agriculture sector
(d) None of the above 

Answer : (b) Service sector 

Question : Chhotanagpur plateau region has the _________concentration of iron and steel.
(a) maximum
(b) minimum
(c) very low
(d) none of these 

Answer : (a) maximum 

Question : Which city has emerged as the electronic capital of India?
(a) Bengaluru
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Lucknow
(d) Kolkata 

Answer : (a) Bengaluru 

Question : The industry which is dependent on agricultural raw material is __________.
(a) watches
(b) fuse wires
(c) electric bulbs
(d) jute 

Answer : (d) Jute 

Question : When and where was the first jute mill set up ?
(a) Uttar Pradesh in 1855
(b) Gujarat in 1865
(c) Bihar in 1880
(d) Kolkata in 1855 

Answer : Kolkata in 1855 

Question : The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of ________.
(a) industries
(b) manufacturing industries
(c) primary sector
(d) none of the above 

Answer : (b) manufacturing industries 

Question :The maximum investment allowed for a small-scale industry is :
(a) One Lakh rupee
(b) Ten lakh rupee
(c) One crore rupee
(d) Ten crore rupee 

Answer : (c) One crore rupee 

Question : The full form of SAIL is __________ .
(a) Steel Authority of India Ltd.
(b) Silk Authority of India Ltd.
(c) Silk Association of India Ltd.
(d) Steel Association of India Ltd. 

Answer : (a) Steel Authority of India Ltd. 

Question : The first textile mill was established in which year ?
(a) 1852
(b) 1853
(c) 1854
(d) 1855 

Answer : (c) 1854 

Question : Study the picture and answer the question that follows :

Which of the following best signifies the above image?
(a) Mineral-based Industries
(b) Iron and Steel Industry
(c) Information Technology and Electronics Industry
(d) Agro-based Industries 

Answer : (d) Agro-based Industries 

Question : Processing of jute and rubber falls under which of the following industries?
(a) Agro-based industry
(b) Mineral-based industry
(c) Business-based industry
(d) Basic industry 

Answer : (a) Agro-based industry 

Question : In which city was the first textile mill established ?
(a) Mumbai
(b) Kolkata
(c) Delhi
(d) Chennai 

Answer : (a) Mumbai 

Question : In which city this National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) plant is situated ?

(a) Kolkata
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Ranchi
(d) Ramagundam 

Answer : (d) Ramagundam 

Question : Which of following occurs after increase in industrial activities?
(a) Urbanisation
(b) Rural expansion
(c) Development (Loss of labour)
(d) All of these 

Answer : (a) Urbanisation

Very Short Answer Type Questions  

Question : Who owns private sector industries?
Answer : Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example : TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc. 

Question : India has emerged as a software giant at the International level. Suggest any one way to enhance the export of information technology.
Answer : Globalisation/International trade. 

Question : Which factors influence industrial location?
Answer : Availability of raw material, labour, capital, power resources and market are factors that influence the industrial location. 

Question : ________is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
Answer : India. 

Question : _________ Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries heavy, medium and light, depend on it for machinery.
Answer : Iron and Steel. 

Question. Complete the following table with correct information with regard to textile industry :

Answer : (A) Fabric, (B) Garments 

Question : Name the countries which import cotton goods from India.
Answer : Japan, U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, Singapore, East European countries, Nepal, Sri Lanka and African countries import cotton goods from India. 

Question : Why was National Jute Policy formulated?
Answer : National Jute Policy was formulated in the year 2005 with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per year. 

Question : How many sugar mills are there in India and where are they located?
Answer : There are over 460 sugar mills and they are spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. 

Question : How do industries help in reducing dependence on agriculture?
Answer : Industries provide jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors, thus, reducing heavy dependence of people on agricultural income.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question. “The textile industry is the only industry that is self-reliant and complete in the value-chain? Justify this statement?
Answer : (1) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
(2) It employs the second largest number of people , that is, 35 million persons directly.
(3) Its share in the foreign exchange earnings is significant at about 24.6%.
(4) It contributes 4% towards GDP.
(5) It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to its highest value-added products.

Question. The sugar industry is now shifting from north to south.Mention main reasons.
Answer : i. The sugar contents in the cane are higher i.e. 10.5% in Maharashtra and other southern states.
ii. Climate is suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane.
iii. South has better export facilities as compared to North.
iv. Cooperative sugar mills are more successful in management in south India.
v. The Peninsular climate helps to extend the crushing season by two months in the south India than north India.

Question. Explain five different ways to control environmental degradation caused by industries.
Answer : (1) Careful planning and setting of industries
(2) Better design and operation of equipment to increase efficiency and reduce noise
(3) Proper selection of fuel and its utilisation
(4) Prevention of smoke by using of oil or gas instead of coal in industries
(5) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(6) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(7) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds
(8) Reduction of particulate matter in the air by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators process 

Question. Name the factor which plays the most dominant role in the ideal Location of an industry. Explain any four reasons in support of this factor.
Answer : (1) Availability of raw material: The factory needs to be close to the location of raw materials if they are heavy and bulky to transport. For example, iron and steel and cement industries are located near the source of raw materials. It cuts down the cost of transportation. ‘
(2) Labour: A large and cheap labour force is required for labour-intensive manufacturing industries. High-tech industries have to locate where suitable skilled workers are available.
Power: Power supply is needed for working of the machines in a factory. Earlier industries were near to coalfields.
(4) Capital: Money that is invested to start the business. The amount of capital will determine the size and location of the factory
(5) Transport: A good transport network helps to reduce costs and made the movement of raw materials and finished goods easier.
(6) Market: An accessible place to sell the products is essential.
(7) Government policies: Industrial development is encouraged receive financial incentives and assistance from the government in the form of low rent and tax rebates.

Question. Which factors are responsible for the decentralization of cotton textile mills in India?
Answer : (i) Iron and steel Industry is the basic industry. Since all the other industries —heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.
(iii) It is also needed as construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. Therefore, production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.