CBSE Class 10 History Nationalist Movement In Indo China Worksheet

Question. Discuss the influence of china of Vietnam’s culture and life.
Answer : I. in its early history, Vietnam was under the shadow of china. Even after the independence of northern and central Vietnam, Vietnamese rulers followed the Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.
II. In Vietnam, Chinese was the language of the elite. Confucianism, the religion of china, was followed by large number of people in Vietnam. Vietnamese scholar Phan Boi Chau was educated in Confucian tradition.
III. The French found it difficult to dislodge Chinese influence on Vietnamese culture.

Question. How were Vietnamese people colonized by the French?
Answer : In 1858, the French troops landed in Vietnam and by the mid 1880 they established a firm grip over the northern region
After the Franco-Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Annam and in 1887, the French indo-china was formed. In the following decades the French sought to consolidate their position and the people of Vietnam began reflecting on the nature of the loss that Vietnam was suffering.
After occupation, the French began to develop infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region. Construction of Trans indo-china rail network was started to link northern and southern part of Vietnam of china.

Question. Why was a conflict started in Vietnam against the French colonizers in all areas of life? Explain. 
Answer : Reasons for conflict in Vietnam against the French:
I. The colonization of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the colonizers in all fields of life.
II. The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination. The French tried to shape the culture of the Vietnam by introducing western education and western style among the Vietnamese.
III. Even in the religious field they began to interfere. Exploitation of natural resources led to nationalist resistance against the French.

Question. Explain any three characteristics of the ‘Tonkin Free School’ in Vietnam. 
Answer : The Tonkin free school was started in 1907 by the French to provide Vietnamese with western style education. The Vietnamese elites were strongly influenced by the Chinese culture. In order to counter this it was necessary to have western influence on the people and this they did through the “Tonkin free School”. In the Tonkin free school
I. The subject taught included science, hygiene and French along with the study of western customs.
II. Classes were held in the evenings.
III. The fees of these school had to be paid separately.
IV. The Vietnamese traditionally kept long hair but now were encouraged to cut their hair short and thus make a major break from their own cultural identity.
V. The approach of these school was to make the students “think modern” and “look modern” and even taught to hair cutting chant “drop stupid practices” “dump children things” and “speak openly and frankly”.

Question. Explain three features of the ‘Ngo Dinh Diem’ regime.
Answer : I. Ngo Dinh Dien led coup and overthrew the Bao Dai regime.
II. Ngo Dinh Dien regime set up the repressive and authoritarian government where anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed.
III. Diem used a French law Ordinance 10 that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism a major religion of Vietnam.
IV. The National Liberation Front (NLF) opposed the dictatorial rule of the Ngo Dinh Diem regime and fought for the unification of the country with the help of Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam.

Question. Explain the contribution made by the French in the development of agriculture in Vietnam.
Answer : The contribution made by the French in the development of agriculture in Vietnam is as follows:
I. The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
II. The vast system of irrigation mainly build by forced labor, increase rice production and allowed to export of rice in international market.
III. They also introduced jute production.

Question. Explain any three features of the “go east movement” in Vietnam. 
Answer : i. The “Go east Movement” became popular in the first decade of the 20th century. In 1907-08 about 300 Vietnamese students, nationalists, went to japan to acquire modern education.
ii. the primary objectives of ‘Go East movement’ was to acquire means and formulate plans to drive out the French from vietnam, to over throw the puppet emperor and to reestablish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French colonizer.
iii. They try to obtain foreign arms and all kinds of help. They appealed to Japanese as fellow Asians for help.
iv. The Vietnamese students also established a branch of the restoration society in Tokyo. However in 1908, the Japanese minister of interiors clamped down on them and deported them.

Question. Why did the government made the Saigon Native Girl School to take back the students it had expelled?
Answer : I. in 1926, a major pretest movement erupted when the principles of Saigon Native Girls School expelled a girl student for sitting on the front bench of the class and for refusing to go to the back bench when ask.
II. When other students protest they too were expelled.
III. When the situation went out of control the government compelled the school authorities to take back the student.

Question. Explain any four ways in which teachers and students organized resistance against the French in Vietnam.
Answer : The French systemically dismantled the traditional educational system and established their own, glorifying themselves and justifying their colonial rule. However not all teachers and student blindly followed the new curriculum and sometime even resisted them:
I. When the number of Vietnamese teacher increased in lower classes the teacher modified the text, criticized what was stated in them and taught according to their traditional understanding.
II. The students of the Saigon native girls school staged a historic protest in 1926 when a Vietnamese student seating in one of the front seat in class was asked to seat in back to allow French student occupy the front seat. When the Vietnamese student refuse to give her front seat she was expelled leading to further protests. With the government interventions the expelled student had to be taken back causing resentment among the French.
III. Students all over Vietnam protested and resisted French efforts to prevent “white color” job to the Vietnamese. This was inspired by the patriotic feeling among educated student who had convinced that it was their duty to fight for the benefits of the society.
IV. Vietnamese student organized a political parties like the part of the young Annan and school become an important place for political and cultural battles.
V. Student published various nationalist journals such as the Anamneses students.

Question. Explain any four points about the importance o ‘Ho Chi Minh Teail’ to Vietnam.
Answer : The Ho Chi Minh trail was unusual way in which the Vietnamese, with limited resource, fought the war against the US who had advantage of advance technology and good medical supplies.
I.The Vietnamese took advantages of geography of its country and neibhouring country Laos. They created a trail of networks of footpaths and roads to transport men and materials from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.
II. Most part of the Ho Chi Minh trail was outside Vietnam, in the neibhouring countries of Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending to South Vietnam.
III. About 20,000 North Vietnamese troops travelled on this trail to reach South Vietnam between 1967 to 1975.
IV.There were support bases and hospitals along the trail for the soldiers to get rest and medical services.
V.Along the trail, in parts supplies were transported n truck, in other parts porters, who were mainly women, carried about 25 kilos of cargo on their backs or on bicycles.
VI.The US regularly bombed this trail to disrupt supplies but the damage was repaired very quickly.

Question. What were the main challenges faced by the new democratic republic of Vietnam set up in 1945?
Answer : I. The league for the independent of Vietnam or Vietminh fought the Japanese and recapture Hanoi in September 1945. The democratic republic of Vietnam was set up and Ho Chi Minh became chairman.
II. The new republic face a number of challenges. The French tried to regain the control by puppet emperor Bao Dai. Vietminh was pushed out of Hanoi. After 8 years of fighting, the French were defeated at the Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
In the peace negotiation in Geneva after the French defeat the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country into North and South Vietnam.
III. Ho Chi Minh with Vietcong or army of the communist party was in power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south. The division set in the motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield building death and destruction to the people.

Question. Mention any two contribution of Phan Boi Chau.
Answer : The two contributions of Phan Boi Chau are:
I. Phan Boi Chau was a nationalist leader of Vietnam who was also a Confucian scholar and nationalist.
II. He became a major figure in anti-colonial resistance against the French.
III. He founded the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as its head. Phan is also well known for his influential book “The History Of the Loss of Vietnam”.

Question. “Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi” explain.
OR
Why was newly built Hanoi infested with rats?
Answer : I. The city of the Hanoi was rebuilt in 1903 with modern engineering skill.
II. The French part of the Hanoi was beautiful and clean while the ‘Native Quarter’ lacked modern facilities of health and hygienic.
III. The refuse and filth from the old city drained straight into the river, which overflowed during the heavy rain. The large sewers used in modern Hanoi became the ideals breeding ground for rats.
The rat began to enter the well-cared for French homes through the sewage pipes.

Question. Explain the views of Paul Bernard regarding the economy of Vietnam.
Answer : Paul Bernard was an influential writer and policy maker during the French colonization of Vietnam. He strongly believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed. Although he believed that the purposes of colonization was to make profits for the colonizers. His views on the economy of vietnam were as follows:
I. That by improving the standard of living in colonies, natives would be able to buy more goods and services and the market would subsequently expand leading to improved profits for French businessmen. He noted that in rural areas landlordism spread and standard of living continued to decline.
II. Bernard knew that the some of the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam was the increased level of population, low agricultural productivity and heavy debts among peasants. The economy of Vietnam was primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations which were owned by French and elite Vietnamese. Indentured labor was used in the rubber plantations.
III. According to Bernard, lands reforms needed to be carried out to increase productivity and thereby reduce rural poverty just like the Japanese had done in the 1890s. But the drawback to this was that it would not ensure sufficient employment.
IV. Bernard believed that in order to create more jobs industrializations was necessary but the French colonizers were not doing much to industrialize the economy of Vietnam.

Question. Explain any three step taken by the French to solve the problem of plague in Vietnam. 
Answer : I. To prevent plague, rat hunt was started in 1902.
II. The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each of the rat that they caught. The Vietnamese, however started innovative ways to profit from this situation. So the plan was not very successful.
III. The French were forced to scrap the bounty programme. The rat menace marked the limits of the French power.

Question. Why was Trieu Au worshiped in Vietnam?
Answer : I. Trieu Au was a Vietnamese woman rebel of the past who lived in 3rd century C.E. orphaned in childhood she lived with her brother.
II. When she grew up she lived in jungle, organized a large army and resisted Chinese rule.
III. Finally she drowned herself when her army was crushed. She became one of the most venerated and sacred figures and inspired the Vietnamese in their struggle against foreign rule.

Question. What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau?
Answer : I. Phan Chu Trinh was a nationalist Vietnamese leader; he was intensely hostile to monarchy and was opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court.
II. His desire was to established a democratic and republic. He was profoundly influenced by the democratic ideals of the west.
III. Phan Chu Trinh rejected revolutionary ideas of Phan Boi Chau. Unlike him he did not want a wholesale rejection of the western civilization.
He was inspired by the French revolutionary ideals of the liberty and equality.

Question. Explain any three development in japan and china that inspired Vietnamese nationalists.
Answer : Japan and china provided role models for the people of Vietnam who were seeking to end colonization and establish their own identity as a nation.
I. Japan had modernized itself and students went to study in japan in large number, especially under the “Go East Movement”.
II. Japan had successfully resisted colonization from the west.
III. Japan had proved its military capabilities when they won the war with Russia in 1907.
IV. China had overthrown their monarchy by popular mass movement under Dr. Sun Yat-Sen.
V. China had set up their own republic.
VI. Phan Boi Chu’s most influential book ‘The History of the Loss of vietnam’ was written under the strong influence and advice of Liang Quiche. This book which became the bestseller in Vietnam as well as china focused on loss of sovereignty and consequences of severing ties with china.

Question. Explain any three points, how school textbooks in Vietnam glorified the French and justified colonial rule.
Answer : The French systematically dismantled traditional educational system which was influenced by the chines and established in French school for Vietnamese students. The textbooks introduced in school.
I. Glorified the French and justified their colonial rule.
II.Represented Vietnamese as primitive and backward capable only of manual work and could not have any intellectual thought and that they could work only in field.
III. Emphasized that the Vietnamese were incapable of ruling themselves and that the only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam.
IV.Stated that the Vietnamese were not creative by themselves but were skilled copyist.
V.Taught that since the establishment of the French rule the Vietnamese peasants no longer lived in fear of pirates and that they have created calm so that the peasants could “work with a good heart”.

Question. Why did US policy planners decide to intervene in Vietnam and fight a war against them?
Answer : I. The US policy planners were scared at the victory of Ho Chi Minh government.
II. They thought it would have ‘Domino Effect’, that is, as a reaction to and influence of communist government in Vietnam all countries in South Asia turn communist.
III. So to check the communism to other parts, US planner decide to intervene and start war against Vietnam. But they under estimated the power of nationalism.

Question. Briefly described the career and achievements of Ho Chi Minh.
Answer : Ho Chi Minh was the greatest leader of Vietnamese struggle for freedom and unification.
I. Ho Chi Minh became an active member of the communist international (commintern) and had met Lenin and other communist leaders of Europe. In May 1941, after 30 years living of Europe, Thailand, and china, he returned to Vietnam. After the Japanese defeat, Ho Chi Minh became the president of the democratic republic of Vietnam.
II. He led the communist party of Vietnam for 40 years, organized its army called Vietcong and struggled to preserve autonomy.
III. After the US intervention in Vietnam he support the NLF with resources and army to fight against the mighty US army. He died on 3rd September in 1969 a few years before the unification of Vietnam. In his honor the capital city of Saigon is now named as Ho Chi Minh city.

Question. Explain the two opinions on the question of the use of French languages as the medium of instruction in the French schools established for the Vietnamese in Vietnam.
Answer : I. There were two broad opinions on the question of introduction of French language in the medium of instruction in of presence of the policy of the civilizing mission, some believed that by learning French, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilization of France.
II. The educated Vietnamese would be civilized enough to respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.
III. However there were other who were opposed to the idea of making French language the only medium of instruction. They wanted in lower classes Vietnamese should be the medium and French should be the medium of the higher classes.

Question. What was the attitude of the Vietnamese towards the educational policy introduced by the French?
Answer : I. The French educational policy had aimed to introduce western education so that the Vietnamese imbibe western ideas and modern ways of life.
From Vietnamese this meant a major break from their owned identity.
II. In school textbooks Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward and capable only of manual labor but not fit for intellectual reflection. The Vietnamese student represent this.
III. In 1926, the girls and student refused to obey the order of the principals. Schools became an important place for political and cultural battles. The Vietnamese realized that the French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of the education.
IV. Vietnamese intellectual feared that Vietnam was not just losing control over their country but losing its very identity; its own culture and customs were being devalued and the people were developing master slave mentality.
This battle against French colonial education became part of the larger battle against colonialization.

Question. Who were Trung sisters?
Answer : In 1913, the nationalist leader Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the life of the Trung Sisters who in 39-40 C.E. taught against Chinese domination. These two sisters were depicted as patriots who fought to save Vietnam from Chinese domination and were glorified and depicted in paintings and novels.

Question. Explain any three factors that led to the outbreak of bubonic plague in the modern part of Hanoi in 1903.
Answer : I. the latest ideas of architecture and engineer were used to build a new modern city in the French occupied region of Hanoi with wide avenues and well laid out sewer system whilst the native region became the dumping ground and refused from the city drained into rivers which during rainy season overflowed into the street.
ii. The large sewer became an ideal breeding grounds for rats and also served as a wonderful transport system for them. The rat entre into the homes of the French through the sewage pipes.
iii. In order to overcome to the rat menace a rat hunt scheme was devised by the colonizers who paid to the natives to get rid of the rats. However. The natives took advantages of the scheme and did not kill the rats but just clipped their tails so that the process could be repeated.
iv. Some natives began raising rats in their homes so the numbers of rats actually increased instead of decreasing.
All these led to the outbreak of bubonic plague in 1930.

Question. Examine the decisions taken about Vietnam in 1954 negotiations at Geneva.
Answer : The Vietminh was able to drive the Japanese out of Hanoi in September 1945 and set up a democratic republic with Ho Chi Minh as president.
I. The republic however faced to difficulties. The French who left during the Second World War wanted to regain control after the war; they set up a puppet government under Bao Dai and drove the Vietminh out. After a long struggle for 9 years, Bao Dai and the French troops were defeated in the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
II. The defeat of France was followed by Geneva Convention where negotiations for peace began and number decisions were taken.
III. The Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam. As a result north and South Vietnam were separated. Ho Chi Minh and the communists to over power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was in power in the south.

Question. What is refers to as Scholars Revolt?
Answer : I. The scholars revolt of 1868 was an early revolt against French control and spread of Christianity.
II. It was led by angry officials at the imperial court. They organized an uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces and killed nearly a thousand Catholics.
III. The movement was crushed by the French.

Question. Describe the ideas behind the Tokin Free School. To what extent was it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam?
Answer : I. The Tonkin free school was started in Vietnam in 1907 to provide western style education.
ii. The school’s approach was that to be modern it was not enough to learn science, and have western ideas but the Vietnamese also had to look modern.
iii. For this the school encouraged the students to adopt western style such as short hair cut because traditional Vietnamese kept long hair.

Question. Explain the reactions within the United States to its involvement in the Vietnam War during the 1960’s.
Answer : When Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front (NLF) of South Vietnam joined hands to fight for the unification of their country, US watched this alliance with fear. They thought that if communist gained power, it would start a domino effect and communist government would be set up in their counties as
well. US thereafter decided to intervenes and sent troops, tanks, modern arms and ammunition, bombs, bombers, and chemical weapons.
The effect of the war was felt within the communities of US and this led to various kinds of reactions. Many were the critical of the war and their government’s involvement while other supported the war. The people’s anger and resentment grew when the youth were called for war as compulsory service, moreover the privilege university students did not have to go for war whereas the children of working class families and minorities had to participate in the war.
The matter was further fueled when the US film maker and media took sides either supporting or criticizing the war.
In support of war was John Wayne who made the film “Green Berets” in 1968. There was controversy, criticism and accusation by the people that such wars motivated young men to die in war.
Amongst critics was film maker Francis Ford Coppola who made the film “Apocalypse Now” in 1979 which was reflective and tried to understand the war, its purpose and the moral confusion it created in the US.

Question. What is the significance of Vietnamese Trail? How were supplies transported?
Answer : I. The Vietnamese trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads which moved through Laos and Cambodia that is from North to South.
II. The trail was used to transport men and material during the course of Vietnamese war.
III. The trail was improved in 1950s. From 1967 about 20,000 Vietnamese troops came to the South every month through the trail. It had support bases and hospitals all the way.

Long Answer Type Questions :

Question. Explain the two different visions in opposing foreign domination in Vietnam.
Answer : I. some intellectual felt that Vietnamese tradition had to be strengthened to resist the domination of the west.
II. While the others felt that Vietnam had to learn from the west even while opposing foreign domination.
III. The differing vision led to complex debates. In late 19th century resistance to French domination was very often led by Confucian scholars and revolutionist like Phan Boi Chan who formed the revolutionary society.
IV. Other nationalist strongly differed with him. For example phan Chu Trinh was intensely hostile to the monarchy and was opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court.
V. his desire was to establish a democratic republic. He was influenced by western democratic ideals.

Question. What was the nature of the colonial economy in Vietnam?
Answer : Like colonial policy of other imperial powers, the French also subjected the Vietnamese economy to the interests of the homeland.
Vietnam had to supply her natural resources and other essential goods to France on their terms.
No doubt the French took up vast irrigational works and built canals – but mainly with forced labor consisting of Vietnamese people.
Increased rice production aimed to export rice to international market to make profit. Vietnam had to export two-third of its rice production to other countries.
Colonial economy of Vietnam was primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the French and a small section of elite Vietnamese.
Indentured Vietnamese labor was used in the rubber plantation. They lived miserable life. The French did little to industrialize the economy.

Question. How nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of the society to fight against the French? Explain.
Answer : Nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the effort of different section of the society to fight against the French due to following reasons:
I. From 18th century many religious movement were hostile to western presence. An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt of 1868, led by officials of imperial court.
II. In last 19th century, resistance to French domination was led by Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940), an eminent nationalist. He became a major figure of anti-colonial resistance and form a revolutionary society.
III. Another nationalist Phan Chi Trinh differed from Phan Chi Chau. Phan Chi Trinh was intensely hostile to monarchy and was opposed to the idea of resisting the French. His desire was to established monarchy on democratic ideals of the west.
IV. In the first decade of the 20th century I 1907-08 a ‘Go East Movement’ became popular nearly 300 students who went to japan for higher education. Their main objective was to overthrow the puppet emperor and reestablish Nguyen Dynasty who were opposed to the French.
V. They wanted to secure Japanese help and set up a branch of restoration society in Tokyo.

Question. Mention the steps taken by the French to dismantle Chinese influence in Vietnam.
Answer : The French adopted various measures to dismantle the Chinese influence on Vietnamese culture.
I. They established French school for the Vietnamese.
II. They wanted to replace Chinese language in school either by French or by Vietnamese.
III. Some policy makers emphasized the use of French language as the medium of instruction. They felt that through this the Vietnamese would learn about French culture and civilization.
IV. In 1907, Tonkin free school was set up to provide western style education to spread French culture.
V. In religion the French introduced Christianity in Vietnam and gave challenges to Confucianism, the Chinese religion followed by many Vietnamese.

Question. What was the role of women in the antiimperialist struggle in Vietnam?
Answer : Woman played an important role in the Vietnamese struggle for freedom, both in the past and present.
Role of Woman in anti-imperialist Struggled
During the Anti-Imperialist struggled against the US woman played an important role. They were brave fighters. They formed woman militia and shot down fighter planes.
They were brave and dedicated. Thousands of stories had been written about bravery and pictures taken to testify to their courage. They joined army, took the rifle and single handedly tackled enemies.
Ngyuen Thi Xuan was reported to have shot down a jet with just 20 bullets.
Besides fighting they managed other work also with dedication. As the casualties in war increased after 1960, women, both young and old, selflessly worked and fought to save the country.
They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels. The women volunteers protected 2195 km long strategic Ho Chi Minh trail and guarded key points. They built six air strips, neutralized tens and thousands of bombs, transported cargo, weapons and shot down 15 planes. According to one historian, these were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional team.

Question. How did the battle against French colonial education become a part of the battle against colonialism and for independence in Vietnam? Explain.
Answer : In 1907, the Tonkin free school was started in Vietnam by the French to modernized Vietnamese. Besides teaching foreign languages, western ideas and western style like short hair cuts for the Vietnamese. This meant a major break with their own identity. There was silent resistance against this by student and teacher.
In 1926, a major protest erupted in ‘Saigon Native School’ when a Vietnamese student sitting in one of the first seat and was asked to go to the back of the class. When the movement went out of hand the principal reluctantly agreed to take back the students who were expelled earlier but warned the students against breaking rules.
Students fought against colonial government’s effort to prevent Vietnamese from qualifying for white collar jobs. They were inspired by the patriotic feelings and by the conviction that it was the duty of the educated to fight for the benefits of the society. By 1920 students were forming various political parties like party of the young Annan who published journals to instil patriotism.
School thus became an important place for political and cultural battles. The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through control of education. They tried to change the values, norms, and perceptions of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilization and inferiority of the Vietnamese.
Vietnamese intellectuals on the other hand feared that Vietnam was losing not just control over territory but its very identity. Its culture and customs were being devalued and the people were developing a master-slave mentality. Thus the battle against French colonial education became a part of larger battle against colonialism and for independence.

Question. Which were the two major problems before the French in the colonial education in Vietnam? How did they try to solve these problems? Explain.
Answer : The French needed an educated labor force but they feared that education might create problem.
Once the educated the Vietnamese may begin to question colonial domination.
Another problem of that in the field of education the elite of Vietnamese were influences by Chinese culture.
To consolidate their power the French had to counter the Chinese influences.
To solve these problem the French had opened the school like Tonkin Free School to spread western style education.
Secondly they systematically dismantled the traditional educational institution/system and established French schools for Vietnamese. They made French in the medium of instruction in higher classes.

Question. Describe four main features of the ‘Tonkin’ free school. 
Answer : I. The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide the western style education.
II. The education included science and hygiene and French.
III. The school wanted to introduce modernism. According to the school, to be modern the Vietnamese had to look modern.
IV. The school encouraged to adoption of the western styles such as short haircut.

Question. Explain any four major challenges faced by the democratic republic of Vietnam.
Answer : I. The French tried to regained control by using emperor Bao Dai as their puppet.
II. Faced with the French offensive, Vietnamese were forced to retreat to the hills.
III. Vietminh had to fight for 8 long years.
IV. In 1954, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu.
V. in the peace negotiations in Geneva the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country in to North and South Vietnam.

Question. Explain four objectives of Vietnamese students who had gone to japan for higher education during 1907-08.
Answer : I. Early Vietnamese nationalists consider japan as a modern nation which signified change so students were sent there to get education.
II. They went there to acquire modern education.
III. Japan also gave refuge to student who escaped French police.
IV. From many of them the primary objective was to drive French from Vietnam to remove the puppet emperor and to establish Nguyen Dynasty.
V. japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonization by the east, the Vietnamese student wanted japan to provide a setting revolutionary movement against the French.

Question. Explain any two contributions each of ‘Scholars Revolt 1868’ and ‘Hoa Hoa Movement 1939’ against religious and social evils respectively.
Answer : Scholars Revolt: An early movement against the spread of Christianity and French control was the Scholars Revolt in 1868. It was led by the official of imperial court who were angered by the spread of the Catholicism and French power. Thus they led general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand catholic were killed. Vietnamese organizer of this movement were angry because from 17th to 18th century, nearly 3,00,000 Vietnamese were converted to Christianity by the french. Though the French crushed the movement it had great impact of the Vietnamese.
Hoa Hoa Movement: Another movement named Hoa Hoa movement began in 1939 in the fertile Mekong delta area and gained a lot of popularity. This movement used popular religious ideas in anti- french uprising of the 19th century.
Hoa Hoa movement was started Huynh Phu So. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His teaching had a wide appeal. He was opposed to the sale of child bride, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.
The French tried to suppress the movement of Huynh Phu So. When failed. They declared Phu So mad and exiled him to Laos.

Question. Explain the reasons for the popularity of the ‘Go East Movement’.
Answer : In the decades of 20th century the ‘Go East Movement’ became popular,
I. In 1907-08, some 300 Vietnamese students went to japan to acquire modern education.
II. Their primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam and reestablished the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French.
III. Since japan has resisted colonization by European power and had a victory over Russia in 1907, the Vietnamese drew inspiration from them.
IV. They appealed to the Japanese as fellow Asians for arms and to help in driving away the French. They established a branch of restoration society in Tokyo. But Japanese ministry of interior clamped down the movement in 1908 and main leaders were deported.

Question. What was the main motive of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in Vietnam? Explain how far did they succeed in their mission?
Answer : Objectives of the French in the development of infrastructural project in Vietnam were.
I. To ensure regular supply of natural resources and other necessary goods. The French colonists too took up various infrastructural developments to make more profits.
II. They began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation work-canals and earth work-built mainly with forced labor increased rice production and allowed the export of rice in international market.
III. To facilitate trade, various projects started to transport goods for trade, to move military garrisons and control the entire region.
IV. Construction of Trans indo-china rail network that linked northern Vietnam with southern part of Vietnam. Lin with Yunnan in china was completed in 1910 and another to connect Vietnam with Siam or Thailand.
V. Paul Bernard, an influential policy maker argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits which is possible if the standard of living of the people improved to enable them to buy goods so infrastructural development to develop the economy of the colonies was necessary.

Question. Division of Vietnam set in motion in series of events that turned the country into on battle field. Support the statement.
Answer : In the Geneva Convention held in 1954, after the defeat of France, Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam- splitting North and South Vietnam.
The North Vietnam was under the communist led by Ho Chi Minh whereas South Vietnam was under Bao Dai who were later overthrown by the coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem.
The division was followed by the series of the events farming Vietnam into the battle fields.
Ngo Dinh Diem built repressive autocratic government angina opposed him were put in jail.
Diem’s dictatorial was opposed by a broad section united under the banner of National Liberation Front.
NLF got the support of Ho Chi Minh government in the north and began to fight for unification of the country.
Fearing the spread of communist influence, the US government began to intervene in the civil war which turn Vietnam in to a virtual battlefield.

Question. Why and how were the Vietnamese used in the rat hunt in 1902-03?
Answer : I. in 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck with bubonic plague. The large sewers in the modern part of Hanoi were an ideal and protected breeding ground for rats. The sewers allowed the rats to move easily around the city and they began to enter well-cared homes of the French through sewage pipes.
II. To prevent the invasion a rat hunt was started. The French used Vietnamese workers for this and paid them for each rat they killed. Since the rats had to be caught in thousands, the whole situation was going out of hand.
III. Since this dirty work was to be done only by the Vietnamese, they began collective bargaining. Another innovative method they took was that they clipped only the tail of the rat to show as proof of killing and released the rat. So the process could be repeated.
IV. Some people began to raise rats make money. Failing miserably in preventing the menace the French had to scrap the whole programme.

Question. Why did Bernard believe that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed? Explain any three of his suggestions made in the case of Vietnam.
Answer : I. Paul Bernard, an influential writer and policy maker strongly believed that economy of the country needed to be developed.
II. He argued that the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make projects.
III. If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would buy more goods.
IV. The market would consequently expand leading to better project for French business. Bernard suggested that to reduced rural poverty and indebtedness it was necessary to carry out land reforms.
V. to generate sufficient employment industrialization would be essential which would create more jobs.

Question. Why did French policy maker want to educate the people in Vietnam? Explain.
Answer : I. Some French policy makers emphasized the need to use French language as the medium of instruction.
II. They felt that by learning french, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilization of France.
III. This would help the French to consolidate their control over the Vietnamese.
IV. The educated Vietnamese would respect French sentiments and ideals, would see the superiority of French culture and would work for the French.
V. school textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule and represented the Vietnamese as primitive and backward. The French wanted to strengthen their hold on Vietnam by controlling education. They tried to change their values, norms and perception.

Value Based Questions :

Question. In 1907, the Vietnam students developed a chant on haircutting. The chant was
Comb on the left hand
Scissors in the right hand
Snip, snip, clip, clip!
Watch out, be careful,
Drop stupid practices,
Dump childish things
Speak openly and frankly
Study western customs.
Read the chant given above and answer the following questions:
(a) Why was the chant framed?
(b) What did the Vietnamese students oppose?
(c) What values did you learn?
Answer : I. The chant was framed because the French felt that it was not enough to give western education only, which included classes in Science, Hygiene and French, but the Vietnamese had to look modern. The schools encouraged the adoption of western style.
II. The Vietnamese students were expected to have short hair. The Vietnamese felt that their own identity would be lost, because traditionally they kept long hair.
III. It is not easy to give up one’s traditions and customs but sometimes we are forced to submit keeping in view the political situation and the best in community interest.

Question. The famous blind poet Ngyuyen Dinh Chieu bemoaned what was happening to his country.
I would rather face eternal darkness
Then see the faces of traitors
I would rather see no man
Then encounter one man’s suffering
I would rather see nothing
Than witness the dismembering of the country in decline.
(a) What are feelings of the author in the above stanza?
(b) What values of the above paragraph inculcates?
Answer : I. he detests the foreigners who had made his country a slave country. Since the poet is blind, he does not want to see any foreigner in his country and be a witness to the dismemberments of the country.
II. The values are love for the country, chauvinism, loyalty, etc. patriotism.

Question. What was the ‘Go East Movement’? In what way did it motivate the students?
Answer : Go East Movement became popular in the early 20th century. In 1907-08, some 300 Vietnamese students went to study in japan. For many of them the main motive was to drive away the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and reestablish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French. These nationalists wanted foreign help and arms and they appealed to japan for help who were fellow Asians and had defeated Russia in 1907,

Question. A common description of woman in Vietnam was ‘A rosy cheeked woman, here I am fighting side by side with men. The prison is my school. The sword is my child, the gun is my husband’.
(a) Why were women described in this manner in the above paragraph?
(b) What values the above paragraph inculcates?
Answer : I. the woman fought, shoulder to shoulder with men to resist the Americans. They fought heroically in the war and their efforts did not go in vain.
II. (a). courage, gender equality
(b). desire to lay down your life for the mother country.
(c). no sacrifice is greater than to die for the country when situation demands.