CBSE Class 10 Geography Manufacturing Industries Worksheet Set B

Important Questions NCERT Class 10 Social Science Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

MCQ

Question. Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Aluminum
(b) Cement
(c) Plastic
(d) Automobile
Answer. B

Question. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC
Answer. B

Question. Whjch one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminum smelting
(b) Cement
(c) Paper
(d) Steel
Answer. A

Question. Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computers etc?
(a) Steel
(b) Electronic
(c) Aluminium smelting
(d) Information Technology
Answer. B

Question. Most of the integrated steel plants in India are located in :-
(a) Malwa Plateau
(b) Bundelkhand Plateau
(c) Meghalaya Plateau
(d) Chotanagpur Plateau
Answer. D

Question. Tools, implements, fertilisers, tractors, etc are supplied by:
(a) Government
(b) Industry
(c) People
(d) None of these
Answer. B

Question. Which are the two prime factors for the location of aluminium industry?
(a) Market and cheap labour
(b) Transport network and unlimited water supply
(c) Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material
(d) None of the above
Answer. C

Question. _________pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(a) Thermal
(b) Industrial
(c) Noise
(d) Air
Answer. A

Question. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods at second place as an exporter after _________.
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) China
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer. A

Question. Which one of the following organizations is responsible for the marketing of steel of the public sector undertaking?
(a) TISCO
(b) IISCO
(c) BHEL
(d) SAIL
Answer. D

Question. Iron and steel is a………
Answer : Basic industry

Question. Durgapur is situated in…………
Answer : West Bengal

Question. Chemical industries usually are located near
Answer : Oil refineries

Question. STP is the Abbreviation of………….
Answer : Software Technology Park

Question. NTPC is the Abbreviation of
Answer : National Thermal Power Corporation

Question. Atomic power plant causes
Answer : Heat Pollution

Question. Manufacturing industries includes
Answer : Sugar Production

Question. Manufacturing industries includes
Answer : Converting raw material into ready good

Question. "Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of a country." Support the statement with examples.
Answer. Industrial sector provides the basic inputs to the agricultural sector such as tractors, harvesting machines, fertilizers etc., that make the basic inputs for the sector. It helps in modernization of the agricultural activity. The industrial sector provides employment to a large number of people and improves their economic status. These people in turn are able to buy more of the agricultural products such as food items, clothes etc. Thus the industrial sector improves employment. Because of industrial sector value is added to goods. The country can export products instead of raw materials.

Question. Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy.
Answer. (i) It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
(ii) It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 6th place in the world.
(iii) It consists both large and small scale manufacturing units.
(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sector. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints, etc.
(v) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer with value addition.

Question. "The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries." Support the statement with arguments.
Answer. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of an economy because of the following reasons :
(a) Utilization of Natural Resources: Utilization of huge volume of natural resources has become possible with the development of industries in the country.
(b) Balanced Sectoral Development: Growth of Industrialization in the country can attain balanced sectoral development and it can reduce the too much dependence of the economy on the agricultural sector.
(c) Enhanced Capital Formation: Increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in the rate of capital formation in the country.
(d) Increase in National Income and Foreign Exchange:- Industries contribute a good portion of the total national income of our country.
(e) Increase in Job Opportunities: It Increases the job opportunities for a large section of population of the country.
(f ) Development of Industries brings down regional economic and social disparities as incomes rise and people from different strata of the society work together.

Question. Name three states where spinning of yarn continues to be centralised.
Answer. Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Question. How many jute mills are there in India? Where are most of them located?
Answer. There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of them are located in west Bengal, mainly along the banks of the High river, in a narrow belt.

Question. What is the key to the success of IT Industry in India?
Answer. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to success of IT industry in India.

Question. What is NTPC?
Answer. NTPC i.e. National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporations in India.

Question. Mention one challenge faced by the jute industry.
Answer. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitions like Bangladesh.

Question. How many sugar mills are there in India? Where are they located?
Answer. There are over 460 super mills in India. They are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Question. What is steel used for?
Answer. Steel is used for manufacturing a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Question. What is regarded as the index of a country’s development?
Answer. Production and consumption of steel is regarded as the index of a country’s development.

Question. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
Answer. Cement is used for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. These industries use bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Question. Why does the textile industry occupy a unique position in the Indian economy?
Answer. (i) The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production. i.e. 14%.
(ii) 35 million persons are directly engaged in this industry. Thus, it is the second largest industry after agriculture in employment generation.
(iii) It contributes 4% towards GDP.
(iv) It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.

Question. What were the major objections of the National Jute Policy 2005? Why has been the internal demand for jute on the increase?
Answer. In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the following objectives:
(i) To increase productivity
(ii) To improve quality
(iii) To ensure good prices to the jute farmers
(iv) To enhance the field per hectare
The internal demand for jute has been on the increase because of the following reasons:
(i) The Government of India has made the use of jute packaging mandating.
(ii) The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Question. Explain any three factors that affect the location of industries in a region.
Answer. The location of industries are influenced by several factors:
1. Availability of Raw Material: The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity.
2. Favourable Climate: The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its growth and functioning. For instance, in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.
3. Market: Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to sell-off the finished goods are likely to have more industries.

Question. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
Answer. Environmental Degradation can be controlled by adopting these steps:
(a) Water should be reused and recycled to minimise the use of water.
(b) Rainwater should be harvested to meet water requirements.
(c) Use of oil or gas should be made instead of coal in factories to reduce smoke.
(d) Generators should be fitted with silencers to reduce noise pollution.
(e) Earplugs and earphones can also be used to save oneself from the side effects of noise pollution.
(f) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(g) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally

Question. What are the major challenges of the sugar industry in India?
Answer. The major challenges of the sugar industry in India are given below:
(i) The sugar industry is seasonal in nature.
(ii) The methods of production are old and inefficient.
(iii) Transport delay in reaching came to factories.
(iv) There is a need to maximise the use of baggase.

Question. How do industries pollute air and water? Explain with examples.
Answer. Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Air and water pollution is prominent of them all.
(a) Air Pollution: Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air is very dangerous. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(b) Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. They make the river water polluted. The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Rainwater takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water also.

Question. What are the different ways in which the industries are classified?
Answer. The different ways in which industries are classified:
(i) On the basis of source of raw materials are classified:
• Agro based industries
• Mineral based industries
(ii) On the basis of their main role
• Basic or key industries
• Consumer industries
(iii) On the basis of capital investment
• Small scale industries
• Large scale industries
(iv) On the basis of ownership
• Public sector
• Private sector
• Joint sector
• Cooperative sector
(v) Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished products
• Heavy industries
• Light industries

Question. “The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.” Justify the statement.
Answer. The textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy, because it contributes :
(i) Significantly to industrial production (14 percent).
(ii) It generates employment (35 million persons directly).
(iii) Earns foreign exchange (about 24.6 percent).
(iv) It contributes to a larger amount towards GDP (4 percent)
(v) Only industry in the country which is self- reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Question. Explain any three problems faced by Iron and Steel Industry in India.
Answer. (a) High cost and limited availability of coking coal.
(b) Lower productivity of labor.
(c) Poor transport infrastructure.
(d) Irregular supply of electricity.

Question. "Production and consumption of Steel is often regarded as the index of a country's development". Examine the statement.
Answer. (i) Steel production is the backbone of any country's economy since it is the basic unit for the development of the nation.
(ii) Almost every industry depends on iron and steel for its manufacturing and production.
(iii) In today's era of globalisation, consumption of goods is increasing. Thus, it can be concluded that growth in production of steel is regarded as the index of country's development.

Question. Which value is associated with the hand-spun Khadi
Answer. The hand-spun Khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Question. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into public and private sectors?
Answer. The industrial sector is classified into public and private sectors on the basis of ownerships of enterprises.

Question. Write about information technology and electronics industry.
                                Or
What role does the IT sector play in the Indian economy?
Answer. (i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, papers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industries. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.
Other centres are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
(ii) 18 Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.
(iii) This industry has played a significant role in generating employment. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number has been increasing fast year after year.
(iv) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(v) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of Information Technology industry in the country.

Question. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.” Explain.

                               Or
Explain with examples, how industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture.
                               Or
How are agriculture and industries interdependent on each other? Explain.
Answer. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. This can be proved with the help of the following three examples.
(i) The agro-industries have enhanced agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iii) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes efficient.

Question. What is the objective of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)?
Answer. The objective of NMcc is to improve the productivity of the manufacturing sector. 

Question. What do you mean by an agro-based industry? Give two examples.
Answer. The industry that gets its raw materials from agriculture is known as an agrobased industry. Examples — cotton, woollen.

Question. How do industries pollute air? Explain ill effects of pollution.
Answer. The air we breathe gets polluted by the smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
Ill Effects of Pollution:
(i) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. We can mention here the tragedy of the Bhopal Gas. It occurred in 1984 but its ill-effects can be seen even today.
(ii) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Question. Give some examples of minerals-based industries.
Answer. Examples of mineral based industries – iron and steel, cement, aluminium, petrochemicals.

Question. (i) Mention the two industries that are supported by the cotton textile industry.
                                  Or
(ii) What are the major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India?
Answer. (i) The two industries that are supported by the cotton textile industry are:
• Spinning
• Dyeing
(ii) The major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India are:
• Power supply is erratic.
• Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
• The output of labour is low.
• This industry faces stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry.

Question. Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers:

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called.
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
Answer.1. AGROBASED
2. SUGARCANE
3. JUTE
4. IRON STEEL
5. BHILAI
6. VARANASI

Question. Describe the role of industries in the development of agriculture.
Answer. Role of industries in the development of agriculture:
(I) Provides agricultural tools and machines.
(II) Increase agriculture and industrial production
(III) Mechanization of agriculture
(IV) Eradication of unemployment

Question. “Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand.” Validate the statement.
Answer. After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanization follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs, housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city.

Question. Highlight any three challenges faced by jute industry.
Answer. (I) stiff competition with Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand in the international market.
(II) There is competition with synthetic fibre that is cheaper.
(III) There is also a concern about increasing productivity and improving the quality of jute products.

Question. What are the challenges faced by the sugar industry?
Answer. (I) The industry is seasonal, so getting labour becomes difficult.
(II) India is still using old and inefficient methods of production, thereby, affecting it’s production.
(III) There is a need to maximise the use of baggase to face the problem of power breakup.

Question. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways.
Answer. I. Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing.
II. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
III. Treating hot water and effluent before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Question. “Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.” Examine the statement.
Answer. (I) Iron and steel Industry is the basic industry. Since all the other industries- heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
(II) steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.
(III) It is also needed as construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Question. Examine the impact of liberalization on automobile industry in India.
Answer. (I) Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of goods, services and passengers.
(II) Foreign direct investment has given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question. Differentiate between ago based and mineral-based industries.
Answer :
➢ Agro based industries are those industries in which agricultural products are used as raw materials. e.g. cotton, jute, silk, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are agro-based industries where as Mineral-based industries are those industries in which minerals are used as raw materials. Iron and Steel, Cement and Chemical industries are mineral-based industries.

Question. How are industries classified according to their main role in economy?
Answer :
i. Basic or key Industries: These industries provide basic materials for other industries like iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting.
ii. Consumer industries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers. E.g. sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machine, fans etc.

Question. Describe the importance of cotton textile industries in India? Where is it distributed?
Answer : Importance:
(a) It is the largest industry in India. It gives employment to over 1.5 million people, which is about 20% of the industrial labour force in India.
(b) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 79% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors.
(c) This industry support many other industries like chemical and dyes, packing material and engineering works.
Distribution:
(a) There are about 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country as on 30th November 2011 , of this 80% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and cooperative sectors.
(b) Cotton textile industries are spread over 80 towns and cities in India, but most of them are concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(c) While spinning continued to be concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu weaving is in decentralized sector.

Question. State any two factors contributed towards the localization of cotton textile mills in India. Examine
some of the problems faced by the cotton textile industries today.
Answer :
(a) Wide demand or market and it is one of the traditional occupation.
(b) Better transport facilities including accessible port facilities,
(c) Adequate banking facilities and moist climate.
(d) Availability of raw cotton, electricity, labour and capital contributed towards the localization of cotton textile industries in India
(e) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 80% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co- operative sectors.
Problems faced by the cotton textile industries:
(a) Scarcity of good quality of cotton.
(b) Obsolete machinery.
(c) Erratic powers supply.
(d) Low productivity of labour and
(e) Stiff competitions with synthetic fibre industry are the problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India.

Question. Why are the jute textile mills concentrated along the Hughli River? Explain by giving four examples.
What are the challenges facing jute industry in India?
Answer :
(a) Jute producing areas are located at the bank of the river Hughli and the textile mills should be closer to the producing areas.
(b) Hughli River is used for inexpensive transportation supported by a good network of railways and roadways to help movement of raw materials and finished products.
(c) Jute mills required a lot of water for processing jute. It is available here.
(d) Cheap labour is available in West Bengal and the neighbouring states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(e) Banking facilities are adequate.
(f) Port facility and banking facilities are also available in West Bengal.
Challenges of jute industries:
(a) Demand for jute carpets and packing materials declined in the international market.
(b) Cost of production has increased.
(c) Stiff competition in international markets especially from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand reduced overall demand for Indian jute products.
(d) Synthetic substitutes also posing threat to jute industry.

Question. Why are sugar industries located near to sugarcane producing areas? Why are sugar industries migrating to South India? Name the sugar producing states in India.
Answer :
➢ Sugar industries are based on sugarcane as the raw material, which is very heavy. So industries are close to its producing areas.
➢ More over sugarcane is a perishable and weight losing products.
➢ It should be processed without delay to prevent losing of sugar content.
➢ Therefore, industries are located very close to its producing areas.
Sugar industries are migrating to South India due to the following reasons:
i. The sugar content in the sugarcane in south India is more than that of north India. So it is more profitable there.
ii. The cooler climate in this region ensures a longer crushing season.
iii. The cooperative societies are more successful in south India.
iv. Sugarcane requires a lot of water for its processing. It is available in south India.
v. Sugar industry is a labour intensive industry it requires a lot of cheap labour, which is available in south India. Hence, sugar industry is migrating to south India.
(a) There are over 662 sugar mills in the country in 2010-11. About 60% of them are located in Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh also produce sugar.

Question. Why are iron and steel plants located in the north eastern and southern part of Indian Peninsula?
Or
What are the relative advantage of the Chhotanagpur plateau for the development of iron and steel industry?
Answer :
• Iron and steel industry requires low cost iron ore, high-grade coal, limestone and manganese ore as raw materials.
• It also demands cheap labour and wide market. These are available in the north eastern and southern part of Indian peninsula.
• Since raw materials and finished products are heavy good transport system is required for its distribution.
• These areas have inland waterways and good network of roads. Except Vishakapatanam steel plants, all steel plants are located to in the mineral rich northeastern and southern part of Indian peninsula.
• These industries make use of sea ports of the Indian peninsula like, Haldia, Paradip, Vishakapatnam,Chennai etc.

Question. What is manufacturing? What is the importance of manufacturing?
Or Why is manufacturing considered the backbone of economic development of the country?
Answer :
(i) Production of goods in large number by using machines is called manufacturing.
(ii) Raw materials are converted into usable goods in this process.
(iii) We manufacture cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane, paper from wood etc.
➢ The importance of manufacturing is the following:
(i) Industries play an important role in the economy of a country. The economic strength of a country is judged by the development of manufacturing industries.
(ii) Industries provide employment opportunities and reduce poverty in India. Thus, solve unemployment problem. It helps reduce dependence of people on agriculture and provide them job in secondary and tertiary activities.
(iii) Industries bring foreign exchange. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(iv) It provides tools and implements for agriculture.
(v) It brings down regional differences by establishing industries to tribal and backward areas.

Question. How are industries and agriculture complimentary to each other?
Answer :
i. The industries in India have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. It supplies irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, machines and tools, and pipes to farmers, thus increases its efficiency.
ii. Agriculture provides raw materials to agro based industries. It provides jute for jute industries, cotton for cotton textile industries, and sugar cane for sugar industries.

Question. Name the physical and human factors that affect location of industries.
Or Explain any four factors which influence the industrial location.
Answer :
i. Availability of raw materials, power resources, water facilities, and favourable climatic condition are the physical factors that affect the location of industries.
ii. The human factors that control the location of industries are labourers, transport facilities,market, capital, banking facilities and government policies.
iii. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.
iv. Least cost of production, Government policies and availability of specialized labour also influence location of industries.

Question. On what bases are industries classified? Industries are classified on the following basis:
Answer :
(i) Number of labourers employed or on the bases of capital investment - large scale or small scale industries.
(ii) Source of raw material used- agro based or mineral based industries.
(iii) Nature or type of raw material used. Or based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods- light or heavy industries.
(iv) Ownership of industries- public, private, joint, or co-operative industries
(v) According to their main role in the economy – basic industries or consumer industries.

Question. How are industries classified based on ownership?
Answer : Based on owner ship, industries are classified as the following:
(a) Private companies: It is completely owned and controlled by private individuals. e.g. Bajaj Auto,Tata Iron & Steel Company, Maruti Udyog Ltd., Bata Shoe Company (BSC), Bombay Dyeing, Mahindra & Mahindra etc.
(b) Public sector industries: These are owned and controlled by the government. e.g. Bhilai Steel
Plant, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited(BHEL) , H.M.T (Hindusthan Machine Tools) , Steel Authority of India
Limited (SAIL) etc.
(c) Joint sector industries: These are owned and controlled by both government and private individuals jointly on a share basis. e.g. Oil India Ltd.
(d) Co-operative sector industries: These are owned collectively by people on voluntary membership. Democratic set up, service motive, and equality of opportunity are its features. e.g. Milk marketing federations and sugar industries are normally under co- operative sector.

Question. How are industries classified based on capital investment?
Answer :
(i) Industries are classified into small scale and large scale industries based on the capital investment.
(ii) Large-scale industries employ large number of labourers whereas small-scale industry employ a small number of people.
(iii) Large-scale industries produce both capital goods and consumer goods. But small-scale industries generally produce consumer goods only.
(iv) Latest machines, tools and equipments and huge capital are used in large-scale industries where as in small-scale industries small capital less than one crore and simple machines are used.
(v) Manufacturing of cotton textiles is a large-scale industry and preparation of Gur and Khandsari is a small-scale industry.

Question. ”The challenge of sustainable development requires control over industrial pollution.” Substantiate the statement with examples.
Answer. (I)On one hand, industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion, on the other hand, these are also the cause of environmental degradation which prompt to the different type of air and water pollution.
(II)There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable model.
(III) Industries must produce eco- friendly products and dump waste responsibly.
(IV) Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.
(V) Industries must use reuse- recycle -reduce approach for sustainable development.

Question. Describe any three factors affecting location of industry in a region.
Answer. Factors required to set up an industry:
(I) Availability of raw materials: Raw materials should be easily available from nearby areas only.
(II) Labour: labour should be skilled and easily available from the neighbouring areas only.
(III) Power supply: without power supply an industry cannot run, so it should also be available as per the requirements.
(IV) Market: If it is heavy material and a perishable good, market for the sale of the goods should also be available in a nearby area only.

Question. Why are jute mills concentrated along the Hoogly river? Explain giving reasons.
Answer. Reasons for concentration of jute mills along the Hooghly River:
(I) West Bengal is the storehouse of jute. It produces the highest quantity of jute.
(II) The industry requires a lot of water which is easily available from the Hooghly river.
(III) Cheap labour is easily available because of migrating labour from neighboring states of Bihar and Odisha.
(IV) Inexpensive water transport in the river Hooghly is available.
(V) A large urban sector in Kolkata provides banking, insurance and loan facilities.

Question. Describe the importance of manufacturing industries as a backbone of economic development of the company.
Answer. Importance of manufacturing industries:
(I) Help in modernising agriculture
(II) Eradication of unemployment and poverty.
(III) Expands trade and commerce
(IV) Brings foreign exchange
(V) Increase standard of living and per capita income.
(VI) Self sufficiency.

PASSAGE
Industrial locations are complex in nature .These are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place.
Consequently, manufacturing activities tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factor of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. After an industrial activities starts, urbanization follows. Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of advantage offered by the urban Centre known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industry agglomeration takes place.

Question:-

Question. On what factors is the location of the industry dependent on?
Answer. It is dependent on availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc.

Question. What do you understand by agglomeration economies?
Answer.  Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.

Question. How do industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand?
Answer. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry.