CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism In India Worksheet

The economic and political impact of World War I on Indians

➢ The British government increased taxes to cover the costs incurred in the war.
➢ Customs duties were increased and income tax was introduced.
➢ During the war, the prices doubled which caused difficulties.
➢ The soldiers were forcibly recruited in the villages, causing anger among the people.
➢ In 1918–19 and 1920–21, the crop was damaged in many parts of the country leading to food shortage.

The idea of satyagraha
➢ Satyagraha means the urge for truth.
➢ According to Gandhiji that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
➢ Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Movements by Gandhiji before the Non-Cooperation Movement or after coming to India in 1915
➢ In 1917, he first agitated against the plantation system for plantation laborers in the Champaran district.
➢ Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
➢ In 1918, he organised the Satyagraha movement for the cotton textile mill workers of Ahmedabad.

The Rowlatt Act
➢ Encouraged by the success of his three movements, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha movement against the Rowlatt Act in 1919 as this law was passed in hurry.
➢ All political activities were banned through this law.
➢ Political prisoners could be kept in jail without trial for up to 2 years.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
➢ On 13 April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
➢ On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures.
➢ This ground was closed from all sides.
➢ Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
➢ General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points.
➢ After this, his soldiers fired indiscriminately on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed.
➢ General Dyer did this to instill a sense of terror in the satyagrahis.

The decision of the Non-cooperation Khilafat movement
➢ Mahatma Gandhi felt that no nationwide movement could be conducted without bringing Hindu Muslims closer to each other.
➢ Due to the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the First World War, it was rumored that a very strict peace treaty would be imposed on the Ottoman emperor.
➢ In this connection, Khilafat Committee was formed in Mumbai and the Shaukat Ali and Mohammed Ali brothers discussed joint action with Mahatma Gandhi on this issue.
➢ In his book Hind Swaraj, written in 1909, Gandhiji wrote that British rule was established only with the cooperation of Indians.
➢ If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.
➢ At the Congress session in Nagpur in December 1920, all the leaders agreed to this movement and in January 1921 started the Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement.

Beginning of Non-cooperation-Khilafat movement and the impact of the movement

Impact of movement in cities Social Impact
➢ The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
➢ Thousands of students left schools and colleges.
➢ Headmasters and teachers resigned
➢ Lawyers gave up their legal practices

Economic impact
➢ Foreign goods were boycotted.
➢ Liquor shops picketed.
➢ Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

Slowing of movement
➢ Establishment of alternative Indian institutions was necessary for the success of the movement so that they could be used in place of British institutions.
➢ So, students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
➢ Khadi cloth was often more expensive and poor people could not afford to buy it. So, they started using cheap foreign cloth made by machines.

Rebellion in the Countryside
➢ Farmers in the villages were living a very pathetic condition. During the British rule, the zamindars in the villages had imposed too much tax on the farmers.
➢ Farmers had to work on their fields without pay.
➢ Their leases as tenants were not fixed. So, they used to evict them from the lease at any time.
➢ Baba Ramchandra, who had previously worked as an indentured laborer, formed a Kisan Sabha along with Pandit Nehru and started a movement in the villages.
➢ In the villages, the farmers decided to discontinue the nai – dhobi facilities of the landlords.
➢ They understood that this movement means that no taxes were to be paid and the land was to be redistributed among the poor.
➢ Therefore, they took the path of violence and looted the land and grain stock of the landlords.

Rebellion in the jungles
➢ The tribal people were upset and angry with the British government banning the entry of people into big forests.
➢ They revolted when the government forced them to forcibly construct road construction.
➢ Their leader's name was Alluri Sitaram Raju, who described himself as an avatar of God.
➢ He inspired people to wear Khadi and quit alcohol as he was very much influenced by Gandhiji's ideas.
➢ The tribals understood the meaning of this movement that the forests are now their own, they have the right over them as before.
➢ The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Alluri Sitaram Raju was hanged in 1924.

Swaraj in the Plantations
➢ Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
➢ For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
➢ When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers refused to obey the orders of their officers.
➢ They left the plantations and headed home. They believed that everyone would be given land in their own villages.
➢ They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police.

Withdrawal of non-cooperation movement
➢ In February 1922, a peaceful procession passing through the market at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh turned into a violent confrontation with the police.
➢ On hearing about this incident, Gandhiji announced the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Oppose of the Simon Commission
➢ The new Government of Britain created a commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon to study and suggest the constitutional system in India.
➢ When the Simon Commission reached India in 1928, they were opposed to the slogan 'Simon Go Back' as there was not a single Indian member in this commission.

1930: Demand for Purna Swaraj
➢ To pacify the Simon Commission's protest, Lord Irwin assured to listen to Congress leaders at the Round Table Conference in London.
➢ Congress leaders were not satisfied with this proposal.
➢ In December 1929, the Lahore session of the Congress under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru accepted the demand for Purna Swaraj and it was decided that on 26 January 1930, an oath of struggle for Purna Swaraj would be taken.
➢ For this reason, 26 January is very important in our Indian history.

The Salt movement and Civil Disobedience movement
➢ On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji wrote a letter of 11 demands to Lord Irwin. This included demands from industrialists to peasants.
➢ The most important of these demands was about the abolition of the "salt tax" because salt was an integral part of food, which the rich and poor people used equally.
➢ When his demands were not fulfilled till 11 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 of his trusted volunteers.
➢ After traveling 10 miles for 24 days, on 6 April 1930, Gandhiji broke the salt law by going to a place called Dandi.
➢ Simultaneously, the Civil Disobedience Movement also started.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact
➢ On 5 March 1931, Gandhiji signed an agreement with Lord Irwin by withdrawing the Civil Disobedience Movement.
➢ In this agreement Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Second Round Table conference in London. Instead, the government agreed to release political prisoners.
➢ In December 1931, this conversation broke down and Gandhiji had to return disappointed.
➢ Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression, he started the movement once again.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question. The ‘Simon Commission’ was boycotted because
(a) there was no British Member in the Commission.
(b) it demanded separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.
(c) there was no Indian Member in the Commission.
(d) it favoured the Muslims over the Hindus
Answer : C

Question. When did the Jallianwalla Bagh incident take place?
(a) On 13 April 1919
(b) On 15 August 1919
(c) On 27 October 1919
(d) On 10 March 1919

Answer : A

Question. What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh? (a) Satyagraha Movement
(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement
(c) Non-Violent Movement
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

Question. Under the presidency of Jawahahar Lal Nehru, the Lahore Congress Session of 1929 formalised the demand of
(a) abolition of Salt Tax
(b) ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or complete independence
(c) boycott of Simon Commission
(d) separate electorate for ‘dalits’
Answer : B

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question : What do you know about the Rowlatt Act of 1919?
Answer :  This Act had been passed through the imperial legislative council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners.

Question : Who wrote Vande Mataram? What is it?
Answer : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Vande Mataram. It is a hymn to the motherland.

Question : With what purpose did the Simon Commission arrive in India?
Answer :  The Simon Commission arrived in India with the purpose of looking into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggesting changes.

Question : Why did Mahatma Gandhi organise the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar?
Answer :  Mahatma Gandhi organised the Champaran Satyagraha in order to voice against the oppressive indigo plantation system.

Question : During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tri colour flag was designed. It had eight lotuses. What did they represent?
Answer :  The eight lotuses represented provinces of British India.

Question : Why was a Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay in March 1919?
Answer :  It was formed to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers.

Question : Give one reason why the Non-cooperation movement gradually slowed down in the cities.
Answer :  Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. Hence they could not boycott mill cloth for a long time.

Question : What were the demands of the Awadh peasants?
Answer :  Their demands included—
(i) reduction of revenue
(ii) abolition of begar
(iii) social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Question : Name the colours which were used by Gandhiji in the Swaraj flag.
Answer :  Red, Green and white.

Question : What, according to Mahatma Gandhi, revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule?
Answer :  The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule.

Question : Why did the tribal peasant participate in the Non-cooperation movement?
Answer :  They participated in Gandhiji’s Non-cooperation movement because the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing them from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fruits and fuelwood.

Question : Why was a Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay in March 1919?
Answer :  It was formed to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers.

Question : Describe any three features of Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930. 
Answer :  The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of M.K. Gandhi, in the year 1930. It was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to defy the laws made by the British. Gandhiji started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) from his ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and openly violating the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water. Three features of this movement were.
(i) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
(ii) In many places forest people violated forest laws—going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
(iii) Women participated in the movement on a large scale.

Question : Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
                                  Or
Analyse any four features of the Gudem rebellion of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer :  The Gudem rebellion spread in response to Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement.
The four features of this rebellion are:
(i) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
(ii) The hill people got enraged when the colonial government prevented them from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
(iii) They considered Sitaram Raju as an incarnation of God inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement, Raju persuaded the Gudem rebels to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(iv) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Question : Describe the portrait of Bharat Mata and also its different image forms.
Answer :  Prints and symbols played a vital role in evoking the feeling of nationalism, unity and sense of collective belonging. Symbols in figures or images helped people to identify the nation. Keeping the same in mind, the image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Afterwards Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. He made it an ascetic figure—calm, composed, divine and spiritual. The image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

Question : Give a brief description of Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha Movements which he organised in various places after arriving in India from South Africa.
Or
Name the two main ‘Satyagraha Movement’ organised by Mahatma Gandhi Successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917.
Answer : After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several Satyagraha Movements in various places:
(i) Champaran: In 1917 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the exploitative plantation system.
(ii) Kheda: In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha Movement in support of the Kheda peasants in Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue collection.
(iii) Ahmedabad: In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise Satyagraha Movement among the workers of cotton mills.

Question : Mention any three efforts made by Gandhiji to get Harijans their rights.
Answer :  Mahatma Gandhi called the ‘untouchables’ Harijans, or ‘the children of God’ and organised Satyagraha to allow Harijans’ entry into temples.
(i) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers).
(ii) He fought for their rights to use the public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
(iii) He convinced upper castes to change their hearts and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.

Question : Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive ‘Salt’ as a powerful symbol that unite the nation?
Or
Why did the Indians oppose the tax on salt in 1930?
Answer :  (i) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike and was one of the most essential food items.
(ii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of the British.
(iii) Mahatma thought that an ordinary thing like salt could give the movement a grand success which would ultimately dethrone the foreign rule.

Question : The First World War created a new economic and political situation. Explain.
Answer :  The First World War created a new political and economic situation in India.
(i) It led to huge increase in defense expenditure, Custom duties were raised, income tax was introduced to finance the war.
(ii) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread resentment.
(iii) Prices of essential commodities doubled between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship to the common people.
(iv) In 1918-19, 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute food shortage.
(v) Influenza epidemic spread. According to the census in 1921, 12-13 million people perished due to famines and epidemics.

Question : Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer :  As a woman it was a proud moment for me to participate in Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience Movement. It was a time when women were kept inside walls. Though I had got good education, I was not allowed to take part in social or political activities. At the call of Gandhiji, I couldn’t resist myself. Revolting against my family traditions, I became an active member of the movement. I organised the women of my locality and began the activities of the movement. I was full of nationalistic fervour. It was the most memorable and proud phase of my life.

Question : Mention three main proposals with reference to the Non-cooperation Movement as suggested by Mahatma Gandhiji.
Answer :  The three main proposals were:
(i) Boycott of Council elections
(ii) Surrender of titles, honours and honorary posts.
(iii) Boycott of legal practices by the lawyers.
(iv) Boycott of government controlled schools and colleges.
(v) Boycott of British goods including mass-produced mill-cloth.

Question : The Non-Cooperation Movement significantly affected the British economy. Then why did it fail later?
Or
Describe briefly any three economic effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Or
What were the factors responsible for gradual slow down of the Non-Cooperation Movement? 
Or
Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowdown in the cities? Give three reasons.
Answer :  The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy of the British.
(i) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore.
(ii) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
(iii) People began discarding imported clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes (Khadi).
(iv) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
But this movement gradually slowed down for several reasons.
(i) Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth. It was not realistic for the poor Indians to afford it.
(ii) Many elated people had left their jobs to support the Non-Cooperation Movement. But soon the problem of unemployment came before them because of the dearth of Indian institutions. So, students and teachers began turning back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
Workers, industrialists, peasants, traders had inferred Gandhiji’s notion of ‘Swaraj’ differently. They started using violence to get their demands fulfilled. Gandhiji never approved violent means to achieve goals. Hence, he got disheartened.

Question : (i) Explain the Poona Pact of 1932.
(ii) What were the apprehension Gandhiji had regarding the grant of separate electorates to the dalits?
                                  Or
When and why was the Poona Pact signed?
Answer :  (i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorate for dalits.
(ii) When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast into death because he became apprehensive regarding the grant of separate electorates to the dalits.
(iii) Gandhiji believed that grant of separate electorates would weaken the national movement and slow down the process of integration of dalits into the mainstream of society.
(iv) Poona Pact was signed in 1932 between the two leaders B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhiji to resolve the question of separate electorates for dalits. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question : Method of reinterpretation of history was followed to encourage nationalism. Discuss.
                                Or
How was history re-interested in creating a feeling of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Answer : (i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.
(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished.
(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised.
(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians.
(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

Question : Describe the portrait of Bharat Mata and also its different image forms.
Answer :  Prints and symbols played a vital role in evoking the feeling of nationalism, unity and sense of collective belonging. Symbols in figures or images helped people to identify the nation. Keeping the same in mind, the image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Afterwards Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. He made it an ascetic figure—calm, composed, divine and spiritual. The image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

Question : How did women in India respond to Mahatma Gandhi’s call for Civil Disobedience Movement?
Or
Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer :  Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(i) During the Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches, boycott of foreign clothes and liquor shops and the manufacture of salt.
(ii) Many women even went to jail.
(iii) In urban areas women came from high caste families.
(iv) In rural areas women who participated belonged to rich peasant households.
(v) Women were moved by Gandhi’s call to see the service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. So they responded by giving their whole hearted participation.
(vi) Though for a long-time Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the party.

Question : Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
(b) The Simon Commission.
Answer :  (a) 14 April, Amritsar (By HT Correspondent)
Today I visited the Jallianwalla Bagh here. Yesterday this place had witnessed the ghastly scene which exposed cruelty of the colonial government in India. A crowd had gathered here to listen to their leaders who were to attend the meeting to show their protest against the repressive laws. Suddenly, General Dyer came with armed troops and closed the only exit and ordered the troops to fire on the crowd. Hundreds of innocent people were killed. This agitated Indian minds resulting in strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on
government buildings.
(b) 4 February 1928, Bengal (By TOI Correspondent)
A Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon set up in India in 1928 is in response to the nationalist movement and to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But the commission has only British members, no Indian members. This was followed by a strike in Bengal on February 3rd, 1928. So when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. To pacify Indians, the Viceroy Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929 ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference was held to discuss a future constitution.

Question : (i) Explain the Poona Pact of 1932.
(ii) What were the apprehension Gandhiji had regarding the grant of separate electorates to the dalits?
Or
When and why was the Poona Pact signed?
Answer :  (i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorate for dalits.
(ii) When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast into death because he became apprehensive regarding the grant of separate electorates to the dalits.
(iii) Gandhiji believed that grant of separate electorates would weaken the national movement and slow down the process of integration of dalits into the mainstream of society.
(iv) Poona Pact was signed in 1932 between the two leaders B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhiji to resolve the question of separate electorates for dalits. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question :  List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921.Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer : Different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 are given below:
(i) Teachers and students
(ii) Merchants and traders
(iii) Lawyers
(iv) Countryside peasants
(v) Tribal peasants
(vi) Plantation workers in Assam
(vii) Nai and Dhobi.
(i) Teachers and students: Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges. Headmasters and teachers resigned.
(iv) Countryside peasants: In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents from peasants, and a number of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord’s farms without wages. These peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. In several places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
(vi) Plantation workers in Assam: For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It also meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

Question : Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement? How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer :  Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The March was over 240 miles and volunteers walked for 24 days. On 6th April, 1930, they reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the salt law and manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movements in the following manners:

Question : Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas. 
Answer :  (i) Alluri Sitaram Raju was a great follower of Gandhiji. When the colonial government began forcing the hill people to contribute begar for road building, they revolted. Here, came Alluri Sitaram Raju to lead them against the British. He was an interesting figure who claimed that he had a variety of special powers.
(ii) He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. captivated by him, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God.
(iii) Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. He said that he was inspired by the Non-cooperation Movement and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(iv) The rebels under his leadership, attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj. But unfortunately Raju was captured and executed in 1924.

Question : How culture played a vital role in awakening of the feeling of nationalism?
Answer :  Culture played a significant role in awakening the feeling of nationalism:
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a vital role in evoking the feelings of nationalism, unity and sense of collective belonging.
(ii) Symbols in figures or images helped people to identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be usually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(iii) In the 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
(iv) Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. He made it an ascetic figure: calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Devotion to this mother figure came to the open as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(v) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and started the movement for folk revival.
(vi) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
(vii) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed consisting of eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(viii) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Question :  Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania.
Answer : 

Source based questions :

Read the given text and answer the following questions:
Megha has taken a loan of Rs 5 lakhs from the bank to purchase a house. The annual interest rate on the loan is 12 percent and the loan is to be repaid in 10 years in monthly installments. Megha had to submit to the bank,documents showing her employment records and salary before the bank agreed to give her the loan. The bank retained as collateral the papers of the new house, which will be returned to Megha only when she repays the entire loan with interest.

Question: Define collateral?
Answer : Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.

Read the given text and answer the following questions:
In recent years, the central and state governments in India are taking special steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India. Industrial zones, called Special Economic Zones (SEZs), are being set up. SEZs are to have world class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.
Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.
The companies in the organized sector have to obey certain rules that aim to protect the workers’ rights. In the recent years, the government has allowed companies to ignore many of these. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers ‘flexibly’ for short periods when there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
However, still not satisfied, foreign companies are demanding more flexibility in labour laws.

Question: What is SEZ (Special Economic Zone)?
Answer : Special Economic Zone are industrial zones setup by government to direct foreign companies to invest in India.

Read the given text and answer the following questions:
Ever since humans appeared on the earth, they have used different means of communication. But, the pace of change, has been rapid in modern times. Long distance communication is far easier without physical movement of the communicator or receiver. Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of 4 communication in the country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport. To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

Question: Examine the role of the Indian postal network. 
Answer : It has helped the country to engage in communication and social-economic development.
(ii) It provides various facilities like speed post, business post, registered post, ordinary post.
(iii) Any other relevant point (Any one)

Question: Analyse the significance of communication for a nation. 
Answer : This is the age of communication using the telephone, television, films, and the Internet.
(ii) Even books, magazines and newspapers are important means of communication. (iii) Various means of communication have connected the world closer (iv) It is the source of entertainment and knowledge. (v) Any other relevant point (Any one)

Case based

1. Read the source given below and answer the question that follows.

Source: The Movement in the Towns
The movement started with middle-class participation in thecities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schoolsand colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyersgave up their legal practices. The council elections wereboycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the JusticeParty, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering thecouncil was one way of gaining some power-something thatusually only Brahmans had access to.The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were moredramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted. The import of foreigncloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from102 crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused totrade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycottmovement spread, and people began discarding importedclothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indiantextile mills and handlooms went up.

Question. Explain the role of ‘Justice Party in boycotting of Councilelections’.
Answer. The Justice Party members were non-Brahmans and sofar had not been able to win elections,as the Brahmancandidates always won. They thought it was a goldenopportunity for them to enter the councils. So, they decidednot to boycott council elections.

Question. How was the effect of ‘non-cooperation on the economicfront dramatic’?
Answer. The effects of Non-Cooperation on the economic frontwere more dramatic because the movement was startedwith middle class participation in the cities. Thousands ofstudents left government schools and colleges,headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave uptheir legal practice.

Question. Explain the effect of ‘Boycott Movement on foreign textiletrade’.
Answer. The effects of ‘Boycott Movement’ on foreign textiletrade were that the foreign goods were boycotted, liquorshops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonefires.