CBSE Class 10 Social Science Development Worksheet Set B

Question : Development of a country can generally be determined by
(a) its per capita income
(b) its average literacy level
(c) health status of its people
(d) all the above
Answer : A

Question : Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Pakistan
Answer : B

Question : Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(a) Rs 7500
(b) Rs 3000
(c) Rs 2000
(d) Rs 6000
Answer : D 

Question : The total income of the country divided by its total population is Called: 
(a) National income
(b) Per capital income
(c) Total income
(d) None of these 
Answer : B  

Question : Which organization publishes the Human Development Report:
(a) WHO
(b) UNDP
(c) WTO
(d) IMF
Answer : B 

Question : Development of a country generally be determined by:
(a) its per capita income
(b) its literacy level
(c) health status of its people
(d) all above
Answer : D  

Question : As per Human Development Report 2006 which neighboring country has the highest income following 
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) India
(c) Pakistan
(d) Nepal
Answer : A 

Short Answer Type Questions

Question : What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer :
The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita income or average income of a person in a country.
Limitations of this criterion: It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries. Two countries with the same per capita income might be very different with regard to income distribution. One might have equitable distribution of income while the other might have great disparities between the rich and the poor.

Question : In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer :
The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that it uses a combination of factors such as health, education and income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.

Question. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree?
Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. However, it would be wrong to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Per capita income is certainly not the only criterion and it has its limitations. But this does not imply that it is not useful at all. To counter the inadequacy of this average, the human development index is used. The human development index uses a combination of development factors (such as health, education, income) for comparison. Thus, per capita income is one of the development factors, and cannot be done away with. Also, per capita income is useful for comparing the money index of states.

Question. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cowdung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out.

Question. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time.
Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved.
This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

Question. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? 
Answer: "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources—renewable and non-renewable ”to satisfy everyone's needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keeping the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided.

Question. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer: Environmental degradation manifests itself in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

Question. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom. 

Answer:
Table 1.6
(i) Per Capita Income in US: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar
(ii) Life Expectancy at birth: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar
(iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Bangladesh
(iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Pakistan
(v) HDI Rank in the world: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Nepal

Question. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions. 

(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer:
(i) The nutritional levels of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh are different. While 22% and 19% men and women respectively are undernourished in Kerala, the respective percentages of male and female undernourshment in Madhya Pradesh are 43% and 42%. This implies that Kerala has more well nourished people than Madhya Pradesh. Also, the undernourishment average for Madhya Pradesh is greater than that for the entire country, while that for Kerala is lower than the national average.
(ii) Despite the presence of adequate food in the country, around 40% of Indians are undernourished. This is because ,of the erratic and unsystematic distribution of food. Some states in the country ensure smooth running of ration shops and other forms of Public Distribution System (PDS). This ensures that no one has to go without food,
especially the poor for whom ration shops provide foodgrains at subsidised rates. However, on account of excess exports and inconsistent food supply to the masses, nearly 40% of the Indian people are undernourished.

Question : Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer :
We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. Even though they are useful for comparison, they may also hide disparities. For example, the infant mortality rate of a country does not differentiate between the male and female infants born in that country. Such an average tells us nothing about whether the number of children dying before the age of one are mostly boys or girls.

Question : Why do different people have different goals for development?
Answer : Different people have different goals for development because:
✓ Different people have different aspiration and desire.
✓ Some may like to have more income and better quality of education for their children, while others may require no social discrimination and high support price for their crops.
✓ So according to the living conditions and the environment in which the person stays, he or she pursue for the goals.
✓ People seek things that are most important for them i.e., that which can fulfill their aspiration or desires.

Question : Why average income is taken into consideration instead of total income while making comparison between countries?
Answer : The total income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. For comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since countries have different population, comparing total income will not tell us what an average people is likely to earn. Hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
So, Average income = Total income
Total population
✓ The average income is also called per capita income.

Question : Write a paragraph on your nation that what should India do, to become a developed country?
Answer :
(i) Control the rate of increasing population.
(ii) Use of latest technology, irrigation facility, chemical fertilizers, and all information should be provided to farmers.
(iii) New economic policy, international trade, liberalization and globalization should be adopted sincerely and effectively.
(iv) Adequate facilities related with infrastructure, education, health, electricity, water, transport etc. should be provided to all people of all regions and areas.

Question : What is the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer : Per capita income is the main criteria used by World Bank.
✓ Limitations of per capita income:
(I) It enables to show how income is distributed among the people of the country.
(II) Cost of pollution is not considered in this average.
(III) Some other important aspects like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio etc. are not considered while calculating per capita income.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

Question. State the three factors other than human income, that are important in life.
Answer: Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.
The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows
♦ Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be able to provide basic facilities to its people.
♦ Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.
♦ Security: More than income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to provides its citizens a sense of security.

Question. Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving example.
Answer: Sustainable development means a development in a manner that satisfies the demands of today without hampering or compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs by utilizing the resources.
In lay man’s language it means using the resources in a manner that you and the future generations can use them tomorrow as well.
It is important because of the reason that we may enjoy the gifts of nature, but cannot think of our generations to live without such benefits. It becomes our duty to use nature for the fulfillment of our needs and not our greed. Our development should not hamper the needs of the future generations.
In the case of groundwater, we have utilized it to the maximum. It is a natural resource which is replenished by nature. People living in the areas with surplus water reserves should take care for its conservation. Efforts should be made not to overuse or degrade the quality of water. Recent evidences show that groundwater is under serious threat of disappearance. If suitable steps are not taken, it can pose serious consequences.

Question. “People have conflicting development goals”. Support the statement with suitable example.
Answer: It is true to say that people have conflicting developmental goals. What may be the development for one may not be for the other. Different people have different interests, life situations and state of mind. They visualize things, actions, etc. according to their level of understanding.
For example, the construction of a flyover to reduce the congestion and traffic jams may be a development goal especially for the daily commuters. But for the construction of the flyover, surrounding houses, shops, etc. need to be demolished which may not be like by the occupants of these shops and houses. This may not be a development goal for them.

Question. Describe any three possible development goals of landless rural labourers.
Answer: The following can be the developmental goals of landless rural labourers.
♦ More days of work with better wages.
♦ Social and economic equality.
♦ Low price food grains.
♦ Better education facilities for their children.

Question. Differentiate between Human Development Report and World Development
Answer: The following are the differences between Human Development Report and World Development Report: 

Question. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.
Answer: Yes, we agree with the statement that money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well because of the following reasons.
♦ Money can buy things that can be one factor on which our life depends like food. But the quality of non-material things like freedom, security and respect cannot be bought with money.
♦ We cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines and peace with money.
♦ Schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. are the facilities which cannot be run individually.
There has to be a collective effort of team work between the government or society in providing these to the general public.

Question. Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab? Explain with three reasons.
Answer: Kerala has a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab even though Punjab has a higher per capita income in comparison to Kerala because of the following reasons.
♦ Education: Kerala has a higher level of literacy rate than Punjab. In fact, the literacy rate of Kerala is the highest in India. In Kerala, the literacy rate is ninety-one per cent which is almost as high as that of China. This is mainly because education has been made available to everyone in Kerala whether they are upper caste or the lower caste. There is no bias in the field of education, which is one of the major reasons why Kerala has a better HDI than Punjab.
♦ Health care: The health care facilities in Kerala are far better than those in Punjab. Kerala has over 2700 government medical hospitals, with 330 beds per 1,00,000 population which is the highest in India, making it achieve a higher ranking in the HDI.
♦ Politics: The political parties in Kerala have taken steps for genuine welfare of the people and have invested intelligently and methodologically in the field of health and education. The government of Kerala has even worked for the land reforms in the State to support the people.

Question. What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor countries? What are the restrictions of such norms?
Answer: Average income or per capita income is the main domain used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor countries. According to the World Bank, income is one of the most important attributes. Countries with average income of USD 12616 per annum and above are called rich countries. Countries with average income of USD 1530 or less are called middle-income countries and countries with average income of USD 1035 or less are called poor countries.
This is based on the conception that the higher the total income of the country, the developed it is.
However, there are certain restrictions to this norm because income, although an important measure for calculating growth and development, is not the only attribute. Over the past few decades, health and education have made an important mark in the development of a country. So, even if the country has high per capita income and literacy rate but does not have good medical facilities, it cannot be considered developed.

Question. Besides income, what are the six other things people may look for growth and development?
Answer: The following are the six things that people may look for growth and development, besides income.
♦ freedom
♦ security
♦ respect
♦ quality of life
♦ health
♦ education

Question. What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic development of a country?
Answer:
Economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base. It is the increase in the growth and welfare of people, improvement of quality. In layman’s language it is a process, which makes people in general, better off by increasing their command over goods and services and by increasing the options open to them. The two bases of measuring economic development of a country are as follows.
♦ HDI (Human Development Index)
♦ Per capita income

Question. What may be the development for one may be the destruction for the other.” Explain the statement with appropriate examples.
Answer: 
Yes, it is true that what may be called development for some may turn out to be destruction for the others.
For example, the Sardar Sarovar dam built over the Narmada river led to a major evacuation of the tribes near the Narmada river and as a result the tribes lost their land and homes. This development of Sardar sarovar dam turned out to be a destruction for the tribes.
Another example, On the border of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, in the Singrauli region, over 200,000 people have been displaced on different occasions. First by the Rihand dam, then by a series of thermal power plants of the National Thermal Power Corporation. Singrauli has illuminated the lives of many in the urban centres, but has seen its natives groping in endless darkness, grappling to overcome the trauma of displacement. So the development in Singrauli led to destruction of its people.
Multinational companies take away the land of the farmers for the construction of industries. It may be beneficial for boosting production but at the same time it causes loss of cultivable land and livelihood of the farmers. Various movements have been launched against the acquisition of land from the farmers.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. What is sustainable development? Suggest any two ways in which resources can be used judiciously.
Answer:
Sustainable development is a pattern of development that promises the use of resources in a way that meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
In basic understanding, like today we are able to use the resources given to us, the future generations should also be able to use them for which we need to keep a tab on our usage and use the resources judiciously.
Today, we need to fuel the concept of sustainable development to make sure that resources are also available for the future generations.
Resources can be used judiciously in the following manner.
♦ Using bicycle or walking for short distances rather than using a two wheeler or four wheeler can help in saving fuel and also will help in reducing air pollution.
♦ Urbanization without deforestation can help us to sustain the natural environment.
♦ By using CNG in place of petrol, we can help in reducing air pollution.
♦ Judiciously using water resources and not polluting them will help us to preserve our water resources.

Question. In what respects is the criterian used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the World Bank in the following ways.
♦ The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and health status of their people. On the their hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.
♦ On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third… whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are divided into three categories:
1. Rich or developed or high-income countries
2. Middle-income or developing countries
3. Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries
♦ The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept of development.

Question. Describe briefly five steps taken by the Indian government for raising the status of women at par with that of men.
Answer: The following steps have been taken by the Indian government for raising the status of women at par with that of men.
(a) Women are given the equal right to vote like those of men.
(b) The government of India has declared dowry as illegal and now no one can force the other party to give dowry.
(c) To impart education to girls various schools and colleges have been opened.
(d) Seats have been reserved for women in the legislatures to enable them to participate in decision making.
(e) Women have been recognised as a separate target group in our development planning, for raising their status at par with that of men. To achieve the above objective the National Commission for women was set up in January 1992.

Question. “Though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development.” Justify the statement.
Answer:
Although the level of income is an important indicator of development, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development because:
(a) it takes into consideration only the monetary view of development.
(b) a high level of income may not satisfy an individual if other aspects like security, freedom, opportunities, welfare, health facilities, education and cleanliness, are absent.
(c) it is perhaps universally accepted that development is not just about income, although income (economic wealth, more generally) has a great deal to do with it.
(d) development is also about the removal of poverty and undernutrition. It is an increase in life expectancy and access to sanitation, clean drinking water and health services. It is the reduction of infant mortality and increased access to knowledge and schooling and literacy, in particular.
(e) it fails as an adequate overall measure and must be supplemented by other indicators directly.

Question. What is Human Development Index? Which organization measures the HDI? Explain the three major indicators of the HDI.
Answer:
Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.
The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows.
♦ Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be able to provide basic facilities to its people.
♦ Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.
♦ Security: More than income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to provides its citizens a sense of security.

Question. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank is classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the World Bank in the following ways.
♦ The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and health status of their people. On the their hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.
♦ On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third… whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are divided into three categories:
1. Rich or developed or high-income countries
2. Middle-income or developing countries
3. Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries
♦ The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept of development.
Limitation: Limitation of this criterion is that average or per capita income is not the only factor important for development. This factor hides the other important factor—distribution of income, which also affects development. Higher average income, along with equitable distribution of income is considered favourable for development.