CBSE Class 10 Geography Manufacturing Industries Worksheet Set A

16. Classify industries according to their main role.
Answer : According to their main role, industries are of two types:
(i) Basic or Key: Industries which supply their raw materials to manufacture other goods.
Example: Iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer: Industries produce goods for direct use by consumers.
Example: Sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines etc.

17. Describe any three main features of chemical industry.
Answer : The three main features of chemical industry are:
(i) It is fast growing and diversifying industry and contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.
(ii) It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size.
(iii) It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.

18. Give a flow chart which shows the process of manufacturing aluminium.
Answer :

19. Why is the cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Answer : The cotton textile industry is the largest industry in India today. There are several reasons behind it. Three of them are given below:
(i) These are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country. About 80% of these are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sectors. Apart from these, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms.
(ii) The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
(iii) This industry has a close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

20. In which sector do manufacturing industries fall?
Answer : Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.

21. Classify industries on the basis of the source of raw materials. Give example.
Answer : On the basis of source of raw materials used, industries are classified into—
(i) Agro–based industries (ii) Mineral–based industries
(i) Agro–based industries are based on agricultural raw materials, for example, cotton, juite, silk, woollen, sugar and edible oil.
(ii) Mineral–based industries use minerals and metals as raw materials, for example iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

22. Which sector is considered to be the backbone of development?
Answer : Manufacturing sector is considered to be the backbone of development.

23. On the basis of reading of the graph, answer the following questions:

(i) What was the status of India and China in steel production in the 1950s?
(ii) What is the status of China today?
(iii) Which country was the largest exporter of steel in the year 2004?
Answer : (i) In the 1950s, India and China produced almost the same quantity of steel.
(ii) Today, China has become the largest producer of steel.
(iii) In the year 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel.

24. What is manufacturing? What is its importance?
Answer : Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.
Importance of manufacturing industries: Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it.
(i) Agricultural development: Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(ii) Industrial development: It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Points to remember for Contemporary India Chapter 06 Manufacturing Industries

Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing industries are known as secondary activities, as these industries manufacture primary material (like cotton fibre) into finished goods (like textiles)

Importance of Manufacturing
Manufacturing sector is very important and is considered as the backbone of economic development because
• Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which form the backbone of our economy.
• Manufacturing also reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty as it creates jobs and more income. It also aims at bringing down regional differences by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings foreign exchange.

Agriculture and Industries
Agriculture and industries depend upon each other. On one hand many industries like sugar, textile, etc depend on agricultural products like, cotton is the rawmaterial in cotton textilemills. On the other hand, many industrial products like fertilisers, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, tractors, machines and tools help in increasing agricultural productivity.

Contribution of Industry to National Economy
During the last 20 years, the share of the manufacturing sector has stayed at 17 % of GDP. This is much lower than some East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 %. The desired growth rate is expected to be 12% in the next decade which has been 7% in the last decade.
To develop the sector of manufacturing industries, government has set-up the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)1. The objective is to bring appropriate policy to improve productivity to achieve desired growth rate.

Industrial Location
The location of an industry is influenced by Government policies, availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market facilities.
The features that influence the ideal location of an industry are
• Decision to locate factory at site.
• Cost of obtaining raw materials at site.
• Cost of Production at site.
• Cost of distribution of production.

Industry-Market Linkage
Industry and market are closely linked with each other. A number of factors/ components which link these, are
• Money is needed to buy inputs for production. After selling the finished products in the market manufacturers/ industrialists also gain profit in the form of money.
• Inputs (like raw materials/component parts) are needed to produce goods in industries.
• Land, labour, capital, entrepreneur and infrastructure are the factory of production.
• A good network of transport is needed to supply rawmaterials from source region to factories and finished products to markets.
• Factories are setup to produce different products outputs.
• After manufacturing the finished goods a well developed market is needed to sell these goods.

Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Industrialisation and urbanisation depend upon each other.
Industries are located around the cities where there are market of industrial goods and services like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial services are available.
During pre-independence era manufacturing units were located near the sea ports for overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai. Many industries tends to come together to make use of advantages offered by urban centres known as Agglomeration Economies.

Classification of Industries
Industries are classified on the basis of the following criteria
(i) On the Basis of Source of Raw Materials used
• Agro-based industries e.g., cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oil.
• Mineral-based industries e.g., iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
(ii) On the Basis of Role Played by them
• Basic or key industries which supply their products as raw materials to other industries to manufacture other goods. For example, iron and steel, copper smelting4, aluminium smelting.
• Consumer industries which produce goods for direct consumer use. For example, sugar, paper, toothpaste, sewing machines, fans, etc.
(iii) On the Basis of Capital Investment
• Small scale industries industries with maximum investment upto 1 crore.
• Large scale industries industries with investment above 1 crore.
(iv) On the Basis of Ownership
• Public Sector which are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g. BHEL, SAIL, etc
• Private sector which are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd, Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector venture which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals e.g. Oil India Ltd.
• Cooperative sector which are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources (capital, raw materials, labour) and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.
(v) On the Basis of the Bulk and Weight of Raw Material and Finished Goods
• Heavy industries in which large machines and heavy or bulky raw materials are used to produce products, including capital goods like automobiles and construction machinery. For example - Iron and steel industry.
• Light Industries in which light raw materials are used to produce light utility goods, e.g. electrical industries, toy industry.

Types of Industries on the Basis of Material Used
On the basis of materials used the industries are classified into agro-based and mineral based industries.

Agro-Based Industries
Industries that are based on agricultural raw materials belong to this category, e.g. cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.

Textile Industry
This industry contributes significantly to industrial production. It is the only industry in the country that is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products, everything is done in India.

Cotton Textiles
In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and weaving in handlooms5. The first textile mill was setup in Mumbai in 1854, by which the handlooms were replaced by Powerlooms6. This industry is mainly located in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
Khadi7 handlooms provide large scale employment to weavers and support cottage industries. Cotton goods are exported to Japan, USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and several African countries. India has significantly increased its production of good quality long staple cotton.
The challenges related to this industry are
• This industry faces challenges in the form of outdated machinery, irregular power supply, competition from synthetic fibres and low output of labour.
• Exporting of yarn does not provides as much income as exporting of fabrics. Suppose that yarn is sold at ₹ 85 per kg, but if it is sold as trouser it fetches ` 800 per kg. Value is added at every stage from fibre to yarn to fabric and to garment.

Jute Textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. It stands second in the jute export after Bangladesh. After partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India, but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan). Jute industry is located along the Hugli river in West Bengal.
The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.
The factors responsible for the location of jute mills in Hugli basin are
• Proximity of the jute producing areas reduces the cost of transportation.
• Inexpensive water transport and network of railways, roadways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
• Abundant water supply from nearby rivers for processing raw jute.
• Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining areas i.e. Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
• Kolkata is a large urban centre which provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods from Hugli.

The challenges faced by the industry include less demand and stiff competition in the international market from synthetic fibres and from other jute growing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Brazil and Egypt.
India has to diversify its jute products to capture the main markets of jute which are USA, UK Canada, Ghana, Saudi Arabia and Australia.

Sugar Industry
India stands second in the world in sugar production and the first in the production of gur and khandsari. Sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh sixty per cent sugar mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to concentrate in the Southern and Western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content and cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
Major challenges to this industry include the seasonal nature of the industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of by-products like baggase. The raw material is bulky making its transportation difficult and the sucrose content keeps on decreasing with time.

Mineral Based Industries
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

Iron and Steel Industry
It is a basic industry as heavy, medium and light industries depend on it for machines and electrical goods. It is also considered heavy industry as raw material and finished goods are both heavy and bulky and involves heavy transportation cost. It is a public sector industry.
This industry manufactures steel which is needed in making of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic and scientific equipments and consumer goods.
India ranked second in the production of crude steel in the world with 111 million tonnes in 2019. China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of steel but its production was equal to India in 1950.

India is the largest producer of sponge iron. But its per capita consumption was only 74.3 kg per annum in 2019 against 229.3 kg of world average. India has many integrated steel plants.
They are large and handle everything in one complex. India also has many units of mini steel plants. They produce mild and alloy steel.
In India, most of the public sector undertakings trade their steel through Steel Authority of India. Factors which are responsible for location of iron and steel industry at one place are
• Close proximity to the areas where raw materials are found to reduce the transportation cost.
• Availability of cheap labour.
• Regular supply of water and power.
• Nearness to the markets where finished products can be sold.
• Close to sea ports for export facilities.
Chota Nagpur plateau region has maximum concentration of iron and steel industries due to having most of these factors.

Processes of Manufacture of Steel
In order to manufacture steel, iron ore, coking coal and limestone are needed in the ratio of approx. 4 : 2 : 1. Manganese is also required to harden the steel. 
The challenges due to which India is not able to perform to its full potential in this industry are
• Limited availability and high cost of coking coal.
• Poor infrastructure
• Lower labour productivity
• Irregular supply of energy

Aluminium Smelting
It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
Bauxite is the basic raw material of this industry which is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. Aluminium has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in different industries. The factors responsible for the location of this Industry are regular supply of electricity and availability of raw material at minimum cost.
In India, aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Chemical Industries
In India, the chemical industry is fast growing and diversifying in nature. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Chemical industry has two sectors namely organic and inorganic sectors.
Organic sector produces organic chemicals. These chemicals include petrochemicals. Petrochemicals are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. Inorganic sector produces inorganic chemicals. These chemicals include sulphuric acid used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents paper) and caustic soda.
These chemical plants are located all over the country.

Fertiliser Industry
This industry produces a number of different fertilisers. These fertilisers include nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP). It also produces complex fertilisers which are produced by Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P) and Potash (K). India imports potash from other countries. It is because the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.
The Green Revolution provided a boost to this industry in the country. Around half of the fertiliser production is done by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.
Other important producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Cement Industry
The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. After independence the industry flourished in India. Cement is the basic requirement for construction activities like building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and other commercial establishments. The factors needed to set up cement industry in a place are
• Availability of bulky and heavy raw materials such as limestone, silica and gypsum.
• Availability of coal and electric power to run the Industry and good transport network, such as rail transport.
• The cement industry has established its plants in Gujarat because the state provides access to the market in the Gulf countries.
• Indian cement industry has found its market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia. The country also has large domestic demands for cement.

Automobile Industry
This industry provides quick transportation vehicles for goods and passengers. In India, there are centers for manufacture of trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles.
The industry is located around Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Delhi and Bengaluru.

Information Technology (IT) and Electronics Industry
It covers products from transistor sets to televisions, telephones, cellphones, telephone exchanges, radars, computers and other equipment required by the telecommunication and computer industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Although industries have contributed significantly to India’s economic growth and development but their waste products have caused environmental degradation. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution i.e. air, water, land and noise.

Air Pollution
It is caused by the presence of high proportion of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, air borne particulate matter like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick klins, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories.
It adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water Pollution
It is caused when organic and inorganic untreated industrial wastes and affluents are discharged into rivers. Textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries are the main industries causing water pollution.
It threatens plant, aquatic and human life. Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are major solid wastes in India.

Thermal Pollution
This occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
Soil becomes polluted when harmful chemicals, industrial affluents, glass, packaging salts and garbage are dumped into the soil. Chemicals get absorb in the soil, making the soil useless.

NTPC
National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification 14001 for developing Environment Management Systems. Major task of NTPC is to set up power plants by conserving the natural environment and resources like air, water, oil gas, coal and other fuels. This is possible through
• Optimum utilisation of equipments, adopting latest techniques and upgrading old equipment wherever possible.
• Minimising waste generation in thermal power plants by adopting ash utilisation techniques.
• Development of green belts by afforestation to maintain ecological balance.
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
• Installing facilities for ecological monitoring, review and online database management in all the power stations.

Noise Pollution
Noise from industrial and construction activities, machinery, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills, etc. contribute to noise pollution.
This type of pollution results in hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure and physiological effects such as stress and irritation.

Control of Environmental Degradation
Some suggestions to minimise the industrial pollution of freshwater are
• Minimising water usage by reusing and recycling waste water in two or more successive stages.
• Rainwater harvesting to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water and industrial wastes before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
This can be done in three phases
(i) Primary treatment by mechanical means (i.e. screening, grinding, flocculation10 and sedimentation.)
(ii) Secondary treatment by biological processes. Such as planting trees, rain water harvesting.
(iii) Tertiary treatment by chemical, physical and biological processes like recycling of waste water, in sewage treatment plants.
Note Sewage treatment plant under Yamuna Action Plan is located at Faridabad.
General measures to minimise environmental pollution are
• Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industries needs to be regulated legally.
• Generators and other machinery should be fitted with silencers and other noise absorbing materials to reduce their sound.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
• Use of oil or gas instead of coal to reduce smoke emission from factories.
• Redesigning of machinery to increase their efficiency in using energy.
• Promote sustainable development by integrating economic development goals with environmental construction.