CBSE Class 10 Social Science Development Worksheet Set A

Objective Type Questions

Question. Which of the following is true of development?
(a) The notion of development is different for people from different sections of society.
(b) The notion of development can never be conflicting for people from different sections of society.
(c) The notion of development always go hand in hand for industrialists and tribal people.
(d) The notion of development is only associated to higher income.
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following report is published by the UNDP to compare the countries’ education , health and per capita income level standards.
(a) Urban development report
(b) Living index development report
(c) Human development report
(d) Resource development report
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is the best way to measure the development status of a country?
(a) Number of cities in a country
(b) Per capita income
(c) Number of IT sector jobs in a country
(d) Inflation
Answer : B

Question. In addition to the level of income which of the following measures are important for measuring the development status of a nation?
(a) Literacy level and health facilities
(b) Bond prices and stock prices
(c) Inflation level
(d) Interest level
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following is true for a renewable resource?
(a) Renewable resources can never be overused as they are in abundance.
(b) Renewable resources are replenished by the nature over a period of time.
(c) Renewable resources are fixed, and they are bound to get exhausted.
(d) Renewable resources are available only in developed nations.
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is a drawback of using average income as a measure of development?
(a) Average income does not indicate the disparity in income level.
(b) Calculation of average income is a tedious process.
(c) Average income is always lower than the actual income of people.
(d) Average income fails to indicate the economic stability of a country.
Answer : A

Question. Arrange the following state in the order of increasing per capita income.
(i) Bihar (ii) Haryana
(iii) Kerala (iv) Uttar Pradesh
Options –
(a) i-ii-iii-iv
(b) ii-iii-iv-i
(c) ii-iv-iii-i
(d) iii-iv-i-ii
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following question needs to be answered when thinking of national development?
(a) Would a development plan benefit people from suburbs?
(b) Would a development plan include construction of new buildings?
(c) Would a development plan benefit a large or a small number of people?
(d) Would a development plan lead to increased international trade?
Answer : C

Question. Arrange the following countries in the correct increasing sequence of life expectancy at birth as per HDR (Human Development Report) 2018.
(i) Myanmar (ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal (iv) India
Options –
(A) i-ii-iii-iv
(B) ii-iv-i-iii
(C) i-iii-ii-iv
(D) ii-iii-i-iv
Answer : B

Question. What does HDI stands for?
(a) Human Development Index
(b) Human Development Indicator
(c) High Development Index
(d) Hampered Development Index
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following best defines sustainable development?
(a) Sustainable development refers to the promotion of international trade so that the world doesn’t have to face scarcity of resources because of geographical constraints.
(b) Sustainable development refers to ensuring Pareto efficiency in the countries so that resources are optimally allocated, and it is not possible to reallocate resources to make some one better off without making someone else worse off.
(c) Sustainable development refers to meeting human development goals while maintaining the ability of natural systems to provide and replenish natural resources upon which the economy is dependent.
(d) Sustainable development refers to ensuring that no individual, firm or country can become a free rider, i.e., no one can benefit from resources without paying for them.
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following states has the highest per capita income?
(a) Punjab
(b) Bihar
(c) Kerala
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer : A

True or False

Question. Economy is the sum total of all the economic activities of a society. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. Price of the goods and its demand are inversely proportional to each other. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. The country which have a very wide industrial sector based on modern technology are developed country. The people there have high standard of living and better quality of life. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. India is endowed with rich natural resources and huge manpower but due to lack of capital and technology, the resources can’t be exploited and utilized. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. Enterprises are owned by the public sector in order to make profit and ensure economic development. (True/False)
Answer : False

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : The average income of a country is about US$ 12,056; however, the country is still not a developed country.
Reason : The income levels are highly skewed for the country.
Answer : (a) A country can have skewed data of income level, i.e., certain sections of the society are extremely rich; however, a majority of the people are poor. In such a case, the average income is likely to be high for the nation, but the nation cannot be called developed as the income is not distributed in an equitable manner.

Question. Assertion : Different people have different developmental goals.
Reason : The capitalist approach to development is detrimental to poor section of the society.
Answer : (b) Different people have different developmental goals because the notion of development is different for different groups of people.

Question. Assertion : Suppose the literacy rate in a state is 78% and the Net Attendance Ratio in secondary stage is 47%.
Reason : More than half of the students are going to other states for elementary education.
Answer : (c) Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. If the students were going to other states for higher education, the total students available in the state would go down and the Net Attendance Ratio would not be so low. The low Net Attendance Ratio is indicative of students dropping out of elementary school.

Question. Assertion : The crude oil reserves are going down for the entire world, and the countries need to find substitute fuel for crude oil.
Reason : A country that is dependent on imports for crude oil will demand more crude oil in the future.
Answer : (b) The crude oil resource is becoming scarce, and the countries need to resolve the issue as most of the production tasks are dependent on oil. It is obvious that demand for oil will increase in future as the world population is increasing as a result the demand for oil will also increase.

Question. Assertion : A small town has a high rate of robbery; however, a locality in this town has well-maintained law and order.
Reason : The people in the locality are aware of the importance of having security guards, and they collectively pay to have the security guards in the locality.
Answer : (a) It is cheaper to have collective security for the entire locality than having a security man for each house. Also, if people have their personal security guards in certain parts of a locality, the robbery can still happen in houses without a security man Therefore, paying for the collective benefit of the society helps to resolve issues.

Question. Assertion : Non-renewable resources are abundant in nature.
Reason : Non-renewable resources can be replenished over a period of time.
Answer : (d) Non-renewable resources are fixed in amount and will get exhausted after several years of usage.

Question. Assertion : A country that was extremely rich in natural resources has mainly relied on oil extraction for revenue generation for several centuries. However, the scientists predict that the country may become poor in the future if other means of generating income are not devised.
Reason : Oil is a non-renewable resource, and it is likely to get exhausted if not used judiciously.
Answer : (a) If the country has relied on oil extraction for several centuries, it is likely that the country’s oil wells may start drying up as oil is a non-renewable source of energy. So, if the country would not find a substitute method of generating income, then the pressure on oil wells will increase and the country is likely to become poor in absence of oil.

Question. Assertion : Sustainable development is essential for economic growth of the countries.
Reason : Sustainable development ensures that environment friendly measures are adopted for carrying out production processes.
Answer : (a) Sustainable development is essential for economic growth as it involves judicious use of resources which leads to economic growth by reducing wastage.

Question. Assertion : A state has a per capita income of ` 2, 25, 000 per annum. The infant mortality rate in the state is 62%. So, the state cannot be considered a developed state. 
Reason : There are medical facilities in the state, but people fail to take their children to hospital in time.
Answer : (c) The assertion is true; however, the reason is false because if the parents are earning well and medical facilities are available, then they would definitely take their child for timely treatment. Also, some parents may fail to do so, but not so many that the infant mortality rate would be as high as 62%.

Question. Assertion : A high average income is not indicative of the overall well-being or human development in a country.
Reason : Average income does not cover indicators like level of literacy rate, health facilities and public facilities in a country.
Answer : (a) Higher average income is not the only indicator of human development in a country. Factors like level of literacy rate, health facilities and public facilities are also important.

Source/Extract Based Questions

Read the extract given below and answer the following questions.
Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things mentioned above. If it is not obvious to you, then just think of the role of your friends in your life. You may desire the friendship. Similarly, there are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives. These are often ignored. However, it will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not important.
Consider another example. If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

1. Which of the following is the best way to measure the development status of a country?
(a) Number of cities in a country
(b) Per capital income
(c) Number of IT sector jobs in a country
(d) Inflation
Answer : B

2. Which of the following is true for a renewable resource?
(a) Renewable resources can never be overused as they are in abundance.
(b) Renewable resources are replenished by the nature over a period of time.
(c) Renewable resources are fixed, and they are bound to get exhausted.
(d) Renewable resources are available only in developed nations.
Answer : B

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ₹5000. If the income of three families is ₹4000, ₹7000 and ₹3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(a) ₹7500
(b) ₹3000
(c) ₹2000
(d) ₹6000
Answer : D

4. Which of the following is true of development?
(a) The notion of development is different for people from different sections of society.
(b) The notion of development can never be conflicting for people from different sections of society.
(c) The notion of development always go hand in hand for industrialists and tribal people.
(d) The notion of development is only associated to higher income.
Answer : A

Read the extract and answer the questions that follows :
Answer : Sustainability is the capacity to use the resource judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
Every generations wants to get maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources. The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in relation with the future if natural resources are not sustained, development will stagnate after a point of time.

1. What is a Economic development ?
Answer : Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, social and political well being of its people.

2. What is sustainable development ?
Answer : Sustainable development means judicious use of resources for carrying out development activities so that the needs of present generations can be fulfilled without hampering the needs of future generations.

3. Why sustainable development is important issue for development ?
Answer : Issue of sustainable development is important for development because of natural resources are not sustained, development will stagnate after a point of time.

Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1. The passage given above suits which one of the following title?
(a) Wastage of resource
(b) Poor are ignored
(c) Faulty MNC
(d) Save environment
Answer : C

2. Which one of the following statement shows severity of the problem?
(a) A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes.
(b) Waste has been dumped in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast.
(c) The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting and diarrhea.
(d) 7 persons were dead, 20 in hospital and 26,000 treated for symptoms of poisoning.
Answer : D

3. What could the reason of dumping the waste near the living area by MNC?
(a) To fill up land.
(b) To save money by not following proper treatment
(c) Lack of technology
(d) Political pressure
Answer : B

4. After reading the passage, who has been benefitted from not dumping the waste in a proper way?
(a) MNC
(b) People of Abidjan
(c) Local company of Ivory Coast
(d) Government of Ivory Coast
Answer : A

Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. In World Development Reports,brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum.
The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1. The passage given above suits which one of the following title?
(a) Development comparison
(b) Measurement of development
(c) Development
(d) None of the above
Answer : B

2. Which of the following is true of development?
(a) The notion of development is different for people from different sections of society.
(b) The notion of development can never be conflicting for people from different sections of society.
(c) The notion of development always go hand in hand for industrialists and tribal people. 
(d) The notion of development is only associated to higher income.
Answer : A

3. Which of the following is a drawback of using average income as a measure of development?
(a) Average income does not indicate the disparity in income level.
(b) Calculation of average income is a tedious process.
(c) Average income is always lower than the actual income of people.
(d) Average income fails to indicate the economic stability of a country.
Answer : A

4. In addition to the level of income which of the following measures are important for measuring the development status of a nation?
(a) Literacy level and health facilities
(b) Bond prices and stock prices
(c) Inflation level
(d) Interest level
Answer : A

Read the source given below and answer the following questions. 
Once it is realised that even though the level of income is important, yet it is an inadequate measure of the level of development, we begin to think of other criterion. There could be a long list of such criterion but then it would not be so useful. What we need is a small number of the most important things. Health and education indicators are among them. Over the past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development. For instance, Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1. The passage given above suits which one of the following title?
(a) Calculating level of development is complex.
(b) Health and education are important parameters.
(c) HDR is an authentic report.
(d) Money is important aspect of life. 
Answer : B

2. According to the given passage, the role of health and education is equally important as money in our life is evident based on which one of the following statements?
(a) We need is a small number of the most important things.
(b) UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
(c) Level of income is an inadequate measure.
(d) There can be many other criterion like education and health.
Answer : B

3. By publishing HDR, UNDP wants to—
(a) Emphasis on the role of education and health.
(b) Publishes balance development report
(c) Not rely on money as a important aspect of life.
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

4. What according to you, among the options given below, should also be considered in HDR?
(a) Number of holidays given to employ.
(b) Clean and safe environment.
(c) Closeness to market.
(d) Number of bridges and flyovers.
Answer : B

Question :

Which one of the following option best signifies this picture ?
(A) Private Development System
(B) Public Department System
(C) Pure Domestic System
(D) Public Distribution System
Answer : D

Question : Read the given data and find out which country has most equitable distribution of income.

(a) Country A
(b) Country B
(c) Country C
(d) Country D
Answer : A

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question : What does development mean for a landless rural labourer?
Answer : More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for children; there is health facilities, and there is no social discrimination.

Question : Do all people of a country have the same notion of development?
Answer : No. Different persons can have different goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. 

Question : What are the development goals of people other than income?
Answer : Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect for others. 

Question : Which is the most important criterion for comparing development of countries/states?
Answer : Income/ Per capita Income. 

Question : What is meant by total income of a country?
Answer :  Total value of all goods and services produced within a country and the income coming from abroad in a given period of time. 

Question : What is ‘Average Income’ Or ‘Per capita Income’?
Answer : Percapita Income is obtained by dividing the national income by the population of the country.
PCI=TOTAL INCOME OF A COUNTRY TOTAL POPULATION 

Question : What is the main criterion used by World Bank in classifying different countries?
Answer :  1. In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries.
2. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12616 per annum and above in 2012, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 1035 or less are called low-income countries.
3. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2012 was just US$ 1530 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries 

Question : Why children in many parts of India are not able to achieve Secondary education?
Answer : Children are not able to achieve secondary education because; government/ society have not provided adequate facilities. 

Question : Why does Kerala have low infant mortality rate?
Answer : Kerala has low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities. 

Question : What are the criterions used by the Human Development Report published by UNDP to compare countries?
Answer : Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (2011 PPP $), Life Expectancy at birth, Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population. 

Question : What is ‘sustainable development’?
Answer : A development that meets the needs of the present without damaging the environment, and without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Question. Which criterion is used in World Development Report in classifying countries?
Answer : Per Capita Income.

Question : Complete the following table :

Answer : (A)– UNDP
(B)– Health and Education

Question. What is WDR?
Answer : World Development Report.

Question. What are the factors important for development other than income?
Answer : Per Capita Income along with reduction in Infant Mortality Rate, improved literacy rate etc. are other factors important for development

Question. International bank for reconstruction and development is also called as _________ .
Answer : World Bank.

Question. What would a developed country like to achieve ?
Answer : A developed country would like its level of development to go up further or at least be maintained for future generations.

Question. What criterion is used for the comparison of countries ?
Answer : The criterion may depend on the purpose of comparison.

Question. What may be the non-monetary thing people respect more ?
Answer : Apart from monetary benefits, people desire for certain non-material things which may sometimes be more important for people like freedom, security, equal treatment, and respect etc.

Question. Correct the following statement and rewrite.
Infant Mortality Rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of two years.
Answer : Infant Mortality Rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year.

Question. Define the term per capita income.
                    OR
What is per capita income ?
Answer : The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country.

Question. What are renewable resources ?
Answer : Renewable resources are those resources which are generally replenished by nature as the rivers, ponds, crops and plants etc.

Question. If there are four members in a family and their total
income is ₹ 20,000/- what would be the average income of each person ?
Answer : Average income = Total Income / No. of members
                                       = 20000 / 4
                                       = ₹ 5000
Average income of each person will be ₹ 5000.

Question. What is Gross Enrolment Ratio ?
Answer : Gross Enrolment Ratio refers to the number of students enrolled in various levels of educational institutions like enrolment in primary school, secondary school and higher educational institutions.

Question. An indicator of human development is _________ .
                                  OR
The main cause behind environment degradation is _________ .
Answer : Life expectancy.
                   OR
Deforestation and increase in population.

Question. What is Infant Mortality Rate ?
Answer : It is the number of children who die before attaining the age of one year per 1000 live births in a particular year.

Question. What is UNDP?
Answer : United Nations Development Programme.

Question. What is Net Attendance Ratio ?
Answer : Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group

Question. Who publishes the World Development Report?
Answer : World Bank.

Question. What is Life Expectancy at birth ?
Answer : Life Expectancy at birth refers to an average number of years a person is expected to live at the time of his birth.

Question. When is a person considered overweight ?
Answer : When the BMI or Body Mass Index is more than 25 then the person is considered overweight.

Question. What is the total income of a country ?
Answer : The total income of the country refers to the income of all the residents of the country.

Question. Complete the Following :
Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because______.
Answer : It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.

Question. Who publishes the Human Development Report?
Answer : Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Question. How many countries are included in HDI ranking?
Answer : 188 countries are included in HDI ranking.

Question. Define the term Literacy Rate.
                OR
What is Literacy Rate ?
Answer : Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

Question. When is a person considered undernourished ?
Answer : When the BMI or Body Mass Index is less than 18.5 then the person is considered undernourished.

Question. What have the scientists warned of about the development ?
Answer : A number of scientists since the second half of the twentieth century have been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not sustainable.

Question. Correct the following statement and rewrite.
The average income is also called as Gross Domestic Income.
Answer : The average income is also called as per capita income.

Question. Which state has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
Answer : Kerala.

Question. Why is sustainable development essential ? Give one reason.
Answer : Sustainable development aims at economic development without damaging the environment and at the same time conserving for the future generations also. Resources are to be used in such a way that they are not over-exploited and remain intact for future use.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question : “People have conflicting development goals”. Support the statement with examples. 

Answer : Sometimes the developmental goals of people may be conflicting in nature and prove destructive for others.

For example -

a. Construction of dam could be a development goal for the industrialist but it is a conflicting goal as it would affect the lives of the people living in that area as the local people may get displaced and their livelihood may get disrupted.

b. If there is slum near the high rise buildings then the people of that high rise building will have the developmental goal to remove the slum from that locality which will be a conflicting goal as it would displace the slum people.

 

Question : “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well”. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.

Answer :  It is true to say that money in our pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live well because:

a. Money cannot give us a pollution-free environment.

b. It cannot ensure unadulterated medicines to the people.

c. It cannot protect us from infectious diseases.

 

Question : Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab? Explain with three reasons. 

Answer :  Kerala has a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab. The three reasons are:

a. Kerala has better provisions of health facilities and therefore the IMR in Kerala is very low. 

b. Kerala has better educational facilities. Therefore, literacy rate is high there and net attendance ratio is also high.

c. Kerala has better provisions of PDS.

 

Question : Besides income, what are the six other things people may look for growth and development?

Answer : Besides income, freedom, security, respect, equal treatment, friendship and pollution-free environment are the six other things people may look for growth and development.

 

Question : Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to ground water by giving example.

Answer :  Suitable development means development of the present generation by using the earth’s resources as well as the ability to meet the needs of future generation also. For example, ground water is a renewable resources but we are overusing it as compare to its replenish time.

Now people face water crisis due to its indiscriminate use.

 

Question : Study the data given below and answer the questions that follow: 

Some comparative data on Punjab,

 

a. Which state has the highest infant mortality rate?

b. Why does this state have the highest infant mortality rate? Give two reasons.

Answer :  a. Bihar has the highest infant mortality rate.

b. Due to the following two reasons, Bihar has the highest infant mortality rate:

(i) Low income.

(ii) Poor medical facilities.

 

Question : Explain sustainable development. Suggest two measures to ensure sustainable development.

Answer :  Development at present without harming the environment and also keep it safe for the future generation is termed as sustainable development.

a. The two measures to ensure sustainable development are:

b. Judicious use of resources.

c. Stop degrading the natural resources.  

Question. Why do different persons have different notions of development. Explain.
                                                  OR
Why do people’s development goals vary ? Explain with examples.
How can two persons have different development goals? 
Answer : (i) It is because the life situations of different people are different.
(ii) People seek things that are most important for them or which can fulfill their aspirations or desires.
(iii) For example : The developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college, whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.

Question. How is BMI calculated ?
Answer : BMI or Body Mass Index is used to measure the level of nourishment among the adults. This is easy to calculate. For this purpose the weight of a person is measured in kgs. and the height in metres. Then the weight is divided by the square of the height. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person is considered undernourished and if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. This criterion is applicable only on adults and not on growing children.

Question. How some countries are generally called developed and others underdeveloped on the basis of per capita income criterion ?
Answer : The per capita income of a country is an average income that refers to total income per person of a country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. World Bank in its World Development Report uses this criteria to classify countries into the rich and poor countries. The countries achieving equal to or more than a particular level of per capita income are considered rich or developed countries while countries achieving less than that particular level of per capita income are considered poor or underdeveloped countries. The level of per capita income changes from year to year depending on various factors.

Question. What are common development goals ? Give any two suitable examples of common development goals.
Answer : Certain development goals which are common for the masses are called common development goals. These common goals put emphasis on income as well as on other aspects of life. Other aspects of life include equal treatment, freedom, security of life, education, good working environment. Pollution free environment, security of jobs and good social life needed for leading a quality life. Good quality life always depends upon non-material things, role of family and friends in life cannot be replaced by any materialistic things.

Question. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries ? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any ?
Answer : The main criterion used by World Bank to classify different countries is the per capita income of the countries. The countries above a certain level of per capita income are considered as rich countries while the countries below that level are considered poor countries. There are two limitations with this criterion.
The first limitation is that this criterion is very much influenced by the extreme upper and lower values and fails to represent the level of equality of income. Secondly, it does not represent the other indicators of quality of life like level of health and education.

Question. Explain inferences which have been drawn by comparing the development levels of Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar.
Answer : Following inferences can be drawn by comparing the development levels of Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar:
(i) per capita income is not the appropriate criteria to compare development of different regions. (ii) Government must improve healthcare facilities to bring down Infant Mortality Rate. (iii) Government must develop better educational and public amenities.

Question. What is the basis for determining for developmental goals of different people ? Give one example to prove that development for some may cause harm to others.
Answer : (i) Goals of each person or group are determined according to their aspirations. Everyone seeks to achieve the goal that are most important to him/her and which can fulfill their desires and aspirations.
(ii) The goals of a landless labourer and a rich farmer, or the goal of a boy or a girl are bound to be different.
(iii) Sometimes, goals of development of a person or groups may be disastrous for others : e.g., Industrialists may want more dams to generate electricity, but the same dam may submerge the land, disrupting the life of people whose habitat has been submerged.

Question. What are the general desires of normal people ?
Answer : The normal people desires for regular employment, better wages, reasonable price for their crops and various products that raise their standard of living. Apart from monetary benefits, people also desires for non-material and sometimes more important things like freedom, security, equal treatment, and respect etc.

Question. ‘Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the development of a country’. Explain with suitable examples.
Answer : Sustainable development is crucial for development of a country as it:
(i) Promotes use of renewable resources like solar energy, tidal energy, etc
(ii) Puts a check on over usage of resources.
(iii) Promotes protection and conservation of resources for future generation.

Question. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank ?
Answer : The basic difference between the criterion used by the World Bank compare to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is that the World Bank uses the narrow concept while UNDP uses the broad concept of development. The World Bank uses the per capita income criterion to measure the development among the countries while the UNDP uses a combination of the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income to compare level of development among countries. So UNDP uses more comprehensive criteria in comparison to that of World Bank to classify countries on the basis of development.

Question. ‘‘Conflicting goals can be developmental goals.’’ Elaborate with examples.
Answer : (i) At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
(ii) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that she also shares in the household work.
(iii) Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people, who are displaced, such as the tribal.

Question. What significance does the word “Human” connote in the Human Development Report ?
Answer : The pre-fixing of the word “Human” in Human Development Report, an attempt has been made by UNDP to make it clear that what is important in development is what is happening to citizens of a country, to their health, and their well-being.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. What is development ? What goals can be included in development ?
Answer : Development is defined as a situation in which all the aspirations of people get fulfilled. Such kind of development can be attained only when right kind of resources are mobilised in the right manner. It depends on the attitude of the people and right policies of the government. There are many goals which can be included in development:
(i) High per capita income of the country.
(ii) Equitable distribution of income among the people of the country.
(iii) Regular employment for all the persons of the country.
(iv) Availability of quality education for all.
(v) Availability of quality health facilities for all.
(vi) Social security facilities for all the specially abled and old aged people of the country.
(vii) World class infrastructural facilities like safe roads and rail tracks, transportation facilities, communication facilities and availability of electricity for all.
(viii) Balanced regional development so that the backward regions of the country may also participate in the development of the country. 
(ix) Safe and secure environment in which people may grow and enjoy the benefits of development.

Question. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree ? Discuss.
Answer : The Per Capita Income is a simple criterion which is easy to calculate and understand. So it is useful but it is not a comprehensive measure of human development. It only reflects the average income per person of the country but there are two limitations with this criterion. The first limitation is that this criterion is very much influenced by the extreme upper and lower values and fails to represent the level of equality of income. Secondly, it does not represent the other indicators of quality of life like level of health and education which are equally or rather more important objectives for human development on which the magnitude of income depends. Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and better level of education than those of Maharashtra that is why Kerala, though with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra.

Question. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around your surroundings.
Answer : Following are some of the examples of environmental degradation that have been observed in our surroundings :
(i) SMOG : It is the latest environmental problem that has taken place at a large extent in our surroundings. It is the mix of fog and smoke.
The smoke is generated by the vehicles and industries using coal and petroleum products. The dust emerged from the construction activities add fuel to fire. The whole NCR and many parts of India have come under the coverage of smog.
The smog leads to the respiratory problems in people, especially the elders and children which may become acute due to the prolonged exposure to this environmental problem. Even if fog is not present, the air pollution generated by vehicle and industries is at alarming level in our surroundings.
(ii) River Water Pollution : Our rivers have got polluted to a very high extent. So, it not possible for the aquatic system or aquatic life of the river to survive in it. This pollution in the rivers is being caused by the industries and poor drainage and sewage system of the cities situated at the bank of the rivers.
(iii) Fall in the Water Level : The over exploitation of groundwater and irregularity in the rain are resulting into the fall in the groundwater level. Now the multi-story buildings are being built and the industries are being setup in large numbers and the public supply of water from the rivers is getting scanty due to less flow in rivers and expanding of cities to far flung areas. So people are involved in individual groundwater extraction which is resulting into the fall in water level. Their wastage of water is also responsible for fall in water level. In rural areas, the groundwater is being over exploited for agriculture because of poor irrigation system. This is resulting into fall in water level in rural areas.
(iv) Noise Pollution : Noise pollution generated by vehicles, factories is very common in our surroundings.

Question. How is income not a reliable indicator of development ?
Answer : Total income of a country cannot be considered a completely reliable indicator of development since it does not tell about what a person in that country has. Since, the countries have different size of population, and the total income does not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. A country with high income and low population may be better than a country with high income and high population. As the consumption of a person depends on the average earning of a person, we compare the average income or per capita income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population to measure the development of a country. Another factor that the concept of income both the total income or the per capita income do not clarify the distribution of income among the people of the country (X) with very high total and per capita income and high income inequality is worse than a country (Y) with normal total income and per capita income and with equitable income distribution among the common people in country (Y). The country (Y) will have better life in comparison to that of the country (X).

Question. What does HDI stand for ? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990. 
Answer : HDI stands for Human Development Index. The main criteria of measuring HDI (Human Development Index) according to UNDP report of 1990 can be explained as follows :
(i) UNDP published HDI to compare different countries based on educational level, health status of the people and per capita income of the country.
(ii) It (HDI) determines the rank of a country in three areas i.e., life expectancy, educational level and per capita income.
(iii) Improvements has been suggested in calculating HDI.
(iv) Now it is clear that what is important for development is all about health and well being of the people.

Question. Is income a sufficient factor for development ?
What other factors do you think are significant for development ?
Answer : Income is generally considered to be an important factor on which the development of a country’s people depends. It is a general thought that countries with higher income are more developed than those with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income results into more of all those things that the human beings need. But income is not the only factor on which the development and welfare of the people depends. Apart from money there are many other things which are equally desired by the human factors :
(i) Equality of Income : An important factor which is must for development is the equality of income. A country cannot be considered developed if only a section of the society enjoys all the benefits while the other section suffers from poverty.
(ii) Health Facilities : A person can contribute towards any development only when he is healthy. A person’s health is dependent upon the quality of food and the medical facilities available in the country. So the country’s medical system and food distribution need to be very strong and effective so that the benefits of these facilities must reach to the last person.
(iii) Education : Education enhances the understanding of the world around a person. Knowledge makes the discovery of new ideas, items and technology possible which makes the lives of the people easier. Discovery and use of fire, wheel and iron was made possible by knowledge.
(iv) Clean Environment : Clean environment is equally important for people as health is. The absence of clean environment results into poor health which again is worse for the people of any country. 
(v) Security : A person can feel or sense development only when he has the sense of security, internal as well as external.

Question. How is the development of a country measured ?
Answer : The concept of development differs from person to person. So there is always a possibility of difference of opinion on the concept of development. Similarly there are various ways in which the development of a country is measured. Following are the various ways :
(i) Total Income Criterion : For comparing countries, their total income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. It is a general thought that countries with higher income are more developed than those with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income results into more of all those things that thehuman beings need. Whatever people want for the fulfillment of their needs, they will be able to buy with greater income. So total income is one way of measuring the development of the country.
(ii) World Bank or Per Capita Income Criterion : Total income of a country cannot be considered a useful measure since, the countries have different size of populations, and comparing total income will nottell us what an average person is likely to earn. A country with high income and low population may be better than a country with high income and high population. As the welfare of a country depends on the average earning of a person, we compare the average income or per capita income whichis the total income of the country divided by its total population to measure the development of a country. World Bank uses this criterion to measure the development of a country.
(iii) UNDP Criterion : UNDP uses a broader concept of development. The per capita income is a simple criterion which is easy to calculate and understand.
But it is not a comprehensive measure of human development. It only reflects the average income per person of the country. But there are two limitations with this criterion. The first limitation is that this criterion is very much influenced by the extreme upper and lower values and fails to represent the level of equality of income. Secondly, it does not represent the other indicators of quality of life like level of health and education which are equally or rather more important objectives for human development. So, the UNDP uses a criterion which is a combination of the educational levels of the people, their health status and the per capita income of the countries to compare the level of development among countries. So, UNDP uses more comprehensive criteria to classify countries on the basis of development.

Question. What do you understand by the sustainable development ? How can sustainable development be achieved ?
                                                                                 OR
What does sustainability of development mean ? How can sustainable development be achieved ?
Answer : The concept of sustainable development or sustainability underlines the importance of these words-“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it for our children.” So, this concept tells us that the present generation must utilise all the resources in such a judicious manner so that the future generations may also enjoy the benefits of such resources in the same manner as the present generations are enjoying today. Following are certain steps which can be taken to achieve sustainable development :
(i) Judicious Use of Natural Resources : The very first step that can be taken is the judicious use of the natural resources. Natural resources are limited. So they must be utilised by keeping economic priorities in the mind and in such manner which may provide the maximum benefits to the people.
(ii) Penalty for Wastage : Another step that can be taken to stop the wastage of natural resources is to penalise people responsible for wastage of natural resources. For this purpose government must frame necessary policies and implement them so that wastage of at least non-renewable resources may be stopped.
(iii) Alternative Resources : Efforts must be made to generate alternatives of the natural resources.
Though it is very difficult but the technology has made it possible to generate alternative resources. But such technologies must be made commonly available for their maximum use.

Question. Why are better public facilities needed for the development of the country ? Explain four public facilities.
                                                                     OR 
‘‘National development of a country depends on the availability of public facilities.’’ How ?
Answer : Public facilities are the facilities provided by the government either free of cost or at very low pricefor the welfare of people. Development of a country depends upon various facilities which are affordable when provided collectively by the state. Following are some of the public facilities required for development :
(i) Public Distribution System : Public Distribution System of a country distributes food articles to the people of a country. The better the PDS works, the better fed are the people of the country and the nutritional level of the people of the country also improves which ultimately contributes to the development of the country.
(ii) Education Facilities : Educated people are the base of any kind of development. It is the established fact that most developed countries are the most educated countries and the countries with high level of education have high rate of development.
(iii) Health Facilities : A person can contribute towards any development only when he is healthy. A person’s health is dependent upon the quality of food and the medical facilities available in the country. So the country’s medical system and food distribution needs to be very strong and effective so that the benefits of these facilities must reach to the last person.
(iv) Transportation and Communication :
Transportation provides the mobility of resources from one part of the country to the other parts where they are more required. Communication helps in the timely flow of information. This mobility of resources and information is very much required for the balanced development of the country.
(v) Security : Development takes place only in a secure environment. So, a country’s internal and external security is very much required for the development of a country.

Question. Why do we use averages ? Are there any limitations to their use ? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. 
Answer : An average refers to a value which is calculated on the basis of per unit of something. If we take the example of Income than average income will refer to total income per person of a country. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population. It is also called per capita income. The biggest limitation of an average is that this value is very much influenced by the extreme values in the distribution. So, the very high or very low values may influence the average in such a manner which may present a false picture of some phenomena. For example, a group of 4 persons may have annual incomes of ₹ 5 lakhs (first person), ₹ 1 lakh (second person), ₹ 60 thousand (third person) and ₹ 40 thousand (fourth person). Their total income becomes ₹ 7 lakhs while their average income is ₹ 1.75 lakhs per person. Now this average figure does not represent the true picture of earning of any of the member. But averages are easy to calculate and are easily understandable. When calculated over a large number of people, this figure may represent the picture close to the reality. That is why World Bank uses the average income as a parameter to classify the countries into the rich or poor countries and developed and developing countries.

Question. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the disscusion of development ?
Answer : The above statement is absolutely true. We have enough resources to fulfill our needs. Nature has given us sufficient resources to meet all our requirements. But when we start the overexploitation of resources in the name of more profits, more demand, lavish life style or anything else, they start depleting very fast, no matter whether they are renewable or non-renewable resources. For example, now most of people having cars like to go anywhere by car only, no matter the passenger is only a single person in the car. So he likes to use a carrier which is consuming fuel that was sufficient to carry five persons together. It is wastage of a resource. The same is with electricity, water etc. whose wastage we can see in our families, streets and industries etc. Similarly we can see the wastage of fuels on the crossings and in the jams. All this is resulting into the fast depletion of the fossil fuels. The depletion is so fast that at its present rate, the crude oil reserves would last only 53 years more. In the name of development and expanding agriculture, we can see deforestation taking place in all parts of the country. This deforestation has disturbed the ecological balance. That is why we see and hear the news of elephants roaming on the rail tracks and roads while lions entering the modern multistory societies. The same overexploitation and wastage is happening with other natural resources which is absolutely nonsustainable in the future.

Question. Why is sustainability important for development ? Explain.
Answer : The issue of sustainability is important for development because:
(i) With the passage of times the generation changes and with this change society wants more and more benefits from the resources which are present in our nature.
(ii) The increasing needs of people decaying things day by day and excessive use resources is making things worse. If the speed of using resources remains same then the available resources will be exhausted soon and our coming generation will stay deprived from all kind of needs.
(iii) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind the future usage.
(iv) If resources will not be sustained for future then our natural resources will be exhausted after some time and upcoming generations will not be able to take the advantage of these natural resources.
(v) This concept stresses the role of the environment as capital.

Question:  What is the other name of the term ‘Per Capita Income’?