CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Worksheet A

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Summary Class 10 Social Science

1. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The final result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in place of the multinational dynastic empire of Europe.

2. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

3. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates-General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs remembered, all in the name of the nation.

4. The news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe. As a result, people in these cities began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy and spread there the idea of nationalism. The cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw also welcomed the French armies. They began to view the French armies as harbingers of liberty.

5. There were no nation-states in mid-eighteenth-century Europe. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into several kingdoms. Eastern and central Europe was under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. Often, they spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

6. The continent of Europe was dominated by the landed aristocracy. Although it constituted a small group, it was very powerful. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. With industrialization, new social groups which included a working-class population and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals etc. came into being. However, the educated, liberal middle classes began to think of ways to abolish aristocratic privileges.

7. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

8. Napoleon, who ruled France for more than a decade, was defeated by the collective power of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria. Afterwards, the representatives of these European powers met at Vienna in 1815 and drew up the treaty of Vienna with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The main intention was to restore the monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.

9. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and imposed censorship on newspapers, books, plays and songs that reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom. Many liberal-nationalists, therefore, went underground. Secret societies in many European states began to train revolutionaries who aimed at the creation of nation-states.

10. One such revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini who hailed from Italy. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. Afterwards he founded two more underground societies whose members were young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.

11. Revolutions led by the liberal-nationalists spread in many regions of Europe. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830 as a result of which the Bourbon kings were overthrown and a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head was installed. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

12. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe gave rise to a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks. In 1832, the Treaty of Constantinople took place which finally recognized Greece as an independent nation.

13. Culture also played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. Language too contributed a lot in the development of nationalist sentiments.

14. With an enormous increase in population in the nineteenth century Europe led to widespread poverty in town and country. In 1848, the poor people of Paris came out on the roads forcing Louis Philippe to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. National workshops to provide employment were set up.

15. Revolutions were also started by the educated middle classes belonging to Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles. Monarchs now began to realize that cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

16. As nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, in 1848 they tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck played an important role in this process. After the completion of the unification, the Prussian King, William I was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871.

17. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form.

18. Chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont named Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.

19. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by him, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded; in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.

20. In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.

21. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. The new British nation was forged through the j propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the New Britain – the British flag, the j national anthem, the English language etc. were actively promoted.

22. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries began to represent a country as if it were a person.

23. Nations were then portrayed as female figures. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation as a concrete form. Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. In France, she was christened Marianne which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Similarly, Germania; became the allegory of the German nation.

24. By the last quarter of the nineteenth-century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. During this period, nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.

25. It was this sentiment that led Europe to disaster in 1914 when the First World War broke out. However, the 19th century also witnessed the growth of anti-imperial movements in different parts of the world.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Absolutist: The term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and repressive.

Utopian: A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

Suffrage: The right to vote.

Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.

Feminist: Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social, economic and political equality of the genders.

Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.

Ethnic: Relates to a common racial, tribal, or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims.

Allegory: Expression of an abstract idea such as greed, envy, freedom, liberty through a person or a thing.

Feudalism: A social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

Nationalism: Devotion for one’s own nation’s interests over those of all other nations

Notes of History Class 10 Chapter 1 Time Period

1797: Italy invaded, beginning of Napoleonic wars

1804-15: Siberian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire

1815: Congress of Vienna

1821-29: Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire

1830-31: Belgian Revolution

1830-31: Revolution in Poland and Lithuania

1846: Uprising in Greater Poland

1848: Nationalist revolts in Hungary, Italy and Germany

1859-61: Italy unified

1866-71: Germany unified
 

Question : Which new name was given to ‘The Estates General’?
Answer. National Assembly

Question : Which new social groups emerged after industrial revolution?
Answer. A working class population and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen and professionals.

Question : What is the origin of the word ‘Liberalism’? What did it mean?
Answer. Liberalism originates from ‘liber’ means free. Liberalism stood for a representative government through parliament and the constitution.

Question : Why was Zollverein formed?
Answer. to manage tarrifs and economic policies within their territories.

Question : Which countries met at Treaty of Vienna?
Answer. Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia on 25 March 1815

Question : Who hosted the Treaty of Vienna?
Answer. Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

Question : What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815?
Answer. To undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars, to re-establish conservative regions in Europe.

Question : Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
Answer. A revolutionary, founder of Young Italy and Young Europe.

Question : Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?
Answer. Young Italy and Young Europe

Question : Who was Otto von Bismarck?
Answer. Chief Minister of Prussia

Question : Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861?
Answer. Victor Emanuel II

Question : What was the Allegory of Germany?
Answer. Germenia

Question : Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.
Answer. Duke Metternich

Question : Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Answer. Kaiser William I

Question : Who was the called the Bismarck of Italy?
Answer. Garibaldi

Question : Name the French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a new world. 
Ans- The French engraver and draughtsman Frederic Sorrieu composed a series of four prints which visualised his dream of a new world. 

Question :  What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?  
Ans- The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to make a France a nation and liberate the people by creating the feeling of a collective identity. 

Question :  Who had hosted the meeting of representatives of European powers at Vienna in 1815?  
Ans- The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich had hosted the meeting of representatives of European powers at Vienna in 1815. 

Question :  Who was Johann Gottfried Herder?  
Ans- Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher, poet and literary critic who claimed that real German culture was to be discovered among the common people (das volk).

Question : Which three issues were visualized by Frederic Sorrieu?  
Ans-Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dreams of a world.

i. The first print of the series shows the people of Europe and America of the ages and social classes marching in a long train. They are offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
ii. His second vision named utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identify through their flags and national costume.
iii. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. His work shows his dream on democratic and social republics. 

Question :  "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe." Support the statement with arguments.  
Ans- The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
i. Enormous increase in population: The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
ii. Unemployment and Migration: In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
iii. Stiff competition from imports: Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England,where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.
iv. Widespread pauperism: The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. 

Question. What do you mean by conservatism? highlight the main features of the beliefs.*
Answer. Conservatism
I.Conservatism was a political philosophy that emphasised the importance of the tradition and Customs.
II. It also preferred gradual development to quick change.
● Features of the believers of conservatism
▪They believed in established, traditional Institutions of state and Society.
▪They believed monarchy, the Church, property and family should be preserved.
▪They did not propose a return to the society of Pre-Revolutionary days.
▪In fact,They wanted the modernization and strengthen the traditional institutions.
▪They also wanted to modernise the Army, Bureaucracy and economy too.

Question. How did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) come into being?
OR Describe the main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
OR Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the 'Vienna treaty'?
Answer. Treaty of Vienna
▪Britain,Russia, Prussia and Austria had collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815.
▪They met to draw up a settlement for Europe at Vienna.
▪The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich.
● The main clauses (Objects) of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were :
▪They undid most of the changes that had done during Napoleonic wars.
▪The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power.
▪France lost the territories which had annexed under Napoleon.
▪Some states were setup to prevent French expansion in future.
▪German confederation of 39 States was left untouched.
▪The main intention was to restore the monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.

Question. What kinds of conservative regimes was setup in 1815? What did liberal think about them?
Answer.
▪Conservative regimes were autocratic set up in 1815.
▪They sought to repress activities that was against monarchical government.
▪Most of them imposed censorship on newspapers, books and songs.
▪They repressed the ideas of liberty and freedom of French Revolution.
● View of liberal-nationalists for conservatives.
▪The memory of the French Revolution continued to inspire liberals.
▪They criticized conservatives for banning freedom of press.

Question. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? What was his role in the unification of Italy?*
Answer. Giuseppe Mazzini
▪He was an Italian Revolutionary.
▪He played an important role in promoting the idea of unification of Italian state.
▪He was born in Genoa in 1807.
▪He became a member of a secret society of the carbonari.
▪He was sent into exile in 1831 at the age of 24.
▪He founded two secret societies, first young Italy in Marseilles and young Europe in Berne.
▪Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.
● Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy.
▪He believed that God had intended Nations to be the natural units of mankind.
▪So,Italy could not continue to be a Patchwork of small states and kingdom.
▪He wanted to be forged Italy in a single unified. republic.

Question. Explain the statement "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold."
Answer.
▪This was the statement of Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
▪This statement shows the importance of France over the world.
▪The first uprising took place against the Bourbon kings in France in July 1830.
▪It sparked an uprising in Brussels.
▪Result was that Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
▪So, once Metternich remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold."

Question. How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feeling among the educated elite across Europe?
Answer. Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
▪The Greeks were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe.
▪They started a struggle for their Independence in 1821.
▪Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in different countries.
▪Even the West European countries sympathised with the Greek and their ancient culture.
▪Poets and artists also admired Greece as the cradle of the Europe.
▪They also mobilised public opinion to support Greek struggle against a Muslim empire.
▪Finally, Greece became an independent Nation through a treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
● Note :- The English poet Lord Byron organised funds for the Greek War of independence and later he went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

Question. How did romanticism seek to develop a particular form of Nationalist sentiment during 18th century?
/OR Explain the role of romanticism in national feeling.
/OR "The development of nationalism did not come about only through war and territorial expansion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation." Elaborate upon the statement.
Answer. Romanticism : A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
▪Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation apart from war and territorialexpansion.
▪Art and poetry, stories & music. They all helped us to express nationalist feelings.
▪Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage.
▪It criticised glorification of reason and science.
▪It focused on emotions and mystical feelings.
▪It also emphasised on vernacular language and collection of folklore to carry the nationalist message.

Question. Explain the ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries.
/OR How were the feelings of nationalism kept alive by the people of Poland?
Answer.
▪Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by the great powers- Russia, Prussia and Austria.
▪It lost national identity and didn't exist as an independent state.
▪In such situations, Polish people used their culture, music and language to keep alive their nationalist feelings.
▪Karol Kurpinski staged his Polish operas and music for national struggle.
▪The Polish people used dances like "polonaise" and "mazurka" making them nationalist symbols.
▪The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russia dominance.

Question. Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Answer.
▪Language played an important role in developing nationalist feelings.
▪In Russian dominance, Russian was imposed everywhere and Polish was forced out of schools.
▪After this, Many clrgys started using Polish as a weapon of national protest.
▪Popular traditions too played an important role in creating the idea of nation.
▪Art, poetry, stories and music all helped us to express and shape nationalist feelings.

Question. Describe any three Economic Hardship faced by Europe In the 1830s.
/OR Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s.
/OR The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. Explain how?
/OR "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe." Support the statement with arguments.
Answer. Economic hardship faced by Europe in the 1830s
▪There was enormous increase in population all over the Europe.
▪In most countries there were more job seekers than employment.
▪Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of work.
▪In towns, small producers faced tough competition of cheap machine-made goods from England.
▪In some regions of Europe, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues.
▪The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty in town and countryside.

Question. What conditions prevailed in 1848 France?
Answer.
▪It was food shortage and widespread unemployment in 1848.
▪It brought the population of Paris on the roads.
▪Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee (run away).
▪A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
▪It granted right to vote to all adult males above the age of 21 and right to work.
▪National workshops were set up to provide employment.

Question. Describe the Silesian weavers' uprising.
Answer. Silesian weavers' uprising.
▪In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors.
▪Contractors supplied raw materials to the weavers and got finished goods.
▪But suddenly, they reduced their payments.
▪A crowd of weavers marched toward the houses of contractors.
▪They smashed their window glasses and looted the supply of cloth.
▪As a result, the contractors fled away from their houses.
●Note :- Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

Question. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals?*
Answer.
▪The idea of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism in 19th century Europe.
▪A revolution led by the educated middle classes started in the year 1848.
▪People rejected monarchy and established a republic based on universal right to vote.
▪In other parts of the Europe, people were demanding constitution with national unification.
▪They wanted a nation-state based on parliament, constitution and freedom of the press and association.

Question. Write down the significance of Frankfurt parliament.
/OR Write a note on Frankfurt parliament.
Answer. Frankfurt Parliament
▪In German regions, associations of liberal middle class professionals came together in the city of Frankfurt.
▪They decided to vote for the all German National Assembly.
▪831 elected representatives marched towards Frankfurt parliament on 18th May,1848.
▪They drafted a constitution for a German Nation.
▪This nation was a monarchical based on Parliamentary rule.

Question. How did women retaliate for their rights in Germany?
/OR Writhe a note on "The role of women in nationalist struggle."
Answer.The role of women in nationalist struggle
▪An important role was played by women in the national struggle all over the world.
▪A large number of women participated activitely in the liberal movement.
▪They formed their own political associations and founded newspapers.
▪They took part in political meetings and demonstrations.
Despite that, they were denied the right to vote.
▪Though they were given either very little or no political rights.
▪For example, women were admitted only as observers standing in visitors' gallery in the Frankfurt parliament.

Question. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
/OR Examine the 'Nation State Building' process in Germany after 1848.
Answer. German Unification
▪ Nationalism moved away with the ideas of democracy and revolution in Europe after 1848.
▪Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament in 1848.
▪This nation-building process was repressed by monarchy supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
▪After this, the chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck took the leadership of German unification.
▪Bismarck was the architect of this process and took the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
▪Prussia won three wars against Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and completed the process of unification.
▪The Prussian king, William I was declared German Emperor in January 1871.

Question. Briefly explain the process of unification of Italy.
/OR Examine the 'Nation State Building' process of Italy.
Answer. Unification of Italy
▪Political Fragmentation :- Italy was also politically fragmented like Germany. Italy was divided into seven states, of which only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian Prince during middle of 19th century.
▪Role of Mazzini :- Giuseppe Mazzini tried to unite Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called 'Young Italy' to achieve his goal.
▪Role of Count Cavour :- He was the chief minister who led the movement of Italian unification. He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces.
▪Role of Garibaldi :- A large number of armed volunteers joined the war under the leadership of Garibaldi.They defeated the Spanish rulers in South Italy in 1860.
▪At the end, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the King of United Italy in 1861.

Question. How was the history of national unification in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
/OR Write down the Unification process of Britain.
Answer.
▪The formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden revolution in Britain.
▪It was a long process of unification.
▪British were divided into different ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scottish & Irish.
▪All they had their own cultural and political traditions.
▪English nation steadily grew its wealth, importance and power and was able to dominate other nations of the islands.
▪The English parliament had taken power from the monarchy in 1688 and started the process of unification of Britain.
▪By the Act of Union 1707, Scotland merged with Britain which formed Great Britain.
▪A revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in 1798 was repressed by Great Britain and Ireland
forced to be a part of United Kingdom.
▪A new 'British Nation' was came with the domination of English culture.
▪Union Jack as the British Flag, God Save Our Noble King as national anthem and English language were the symbols of the new Britain or UK.

Question. What do you understand by the term 'allegory'? How did the female figure become an allegory of a nation?
Answer. Allegory :- When an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. It is called an allegory.
▪It is the personification of a country.
▪It is difficult to give a face to a nation in comparison to represent a ruler through a portrait or statue.
▪Artist in the 18th and 19th centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.
▪They represented a country as if it were a person.
▪Nations were then portrayed as female figures.
▪The female form to personifying the nation did not stand for any particular women in real life.
▪This is how the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

Question :  Explain any three provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code, 1804.  
Ans-The Napoleon Civil Code, 1804, generally known as the Napoleonic Code, has the following provisions: 
i. Simplified administration: Napoleon simplified the administrative divisions,abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
ii. No birth-based privileges: Napoleon abolished all privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. He also secured the right to property. 
iii. Free trade & no guild restrictions: The uniform laws, standardised measurements and currencies boosted free trade. Moreover, removal of guild restrictions that hindered growth of manufacturing was also scrapped by Napoleon.
iv. Improvement of infrastructure: Transport and communication system was improved. 

Question : "A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe."? Which class brought about this change? How did they bring about this change? Explain.  
Answer. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe. This wave of change was brought about by the new middle class.
In the given ways the change was brought about by the new middle class:
i. Formation of the Zollverein in 1834.
ii. The elimination of tariff barriers by the union.
iii. There was a reduction in the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
iv. The formation of a network of railways that further helped mobility and connected economic interests to national unification. 

Question : How would you categories the factors which promoted the building up of the dominance of English ethnic in British Isles?  
Ans-The factors which promoted building up of the dominance of English ethnic in British Isles can be categorised as following:
i. Economic Prosperity: The Industrial revolution helped in the economic prosperity of the English nation. It succeeded in extending its influence over the other nations of the island with the help of trade and wealth. 
ii. English Parliament: The English parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict was the instrument through which a nation state with England at its centre came to be forged. 
iii. The Act of Union 1707: According to this Act, the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed and Scotland was merged into England. British parliament became stronger. 
iv. Majority of English members in the British Parliament: Due to the Act of 1707 United Kingdom was formed and the parliament dominated by the English members. This was a major factor to uplift the identity of British. 
v. Setback to Scotland’s distinctive culture and identity: Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language.

Question :  How did the Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First World War?  
Ans-The Balkan issue became one of the major factors responsible for the First World War in the following ways:

i. Balkans was a region of geographical and ethical variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina,Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as slaves.
ii. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
iii. As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became as area of intense conflict.
iv. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of other. Balkans also became as area of big power rivalry.
v. Each European power such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungry was keen on countering the hold of other powers over Balkans and this led to a series of wars, eventually the First World War.

Q.- Explain the three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.
Ans-During the mid-eighteenth century, a landed aristocracy was dominant class in Europe both politically and socially.
i. The members of this landed aristocracy were united by a common way of life that cut across regional division.
ii. They owned huge properties both in rural and urban areas.
iii. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relations and they wielded much power in their respective countries.

Question : What were the impacts of Treaty of Vienna on European people? 
Ans-Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed
treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following were its impact on the European people:
i. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was prevented.
ii. Prussia was given new important territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was given control of the Northern Italy.
iii. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion ofnSaxony.
iv. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

Question : Explain any four reasons how the initial enthusiasm of the people of France soon turned to hostility after Napoleon's takeover of France. 
Ans-At the very beginning, the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty and fraternity. But the initial enthusiasm soon gave way to hostility. This is because people soon understood that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
The four factors which outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes are:
i. Taxation on people at an increased rate.
ii. Strict censoring of printing media and books.
iii. Conscription on a forced basis into the French Armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition.

Question : Name the Balkan countries. 
Ans- The Balkan nations comprise Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia which are inhabited mostly by the slaves.

Question : Name the painting prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848. 
Ans-  The painting prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848 was ‘The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics-The Pact between Nations’.

Question : What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists? 
Ans- The Freedom of Press was one of the foremost issues addressed by the liberal nationalists.

Question : What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe?
Ans- The French Revolution resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy under King Louis XVI of the Bourbon monarchy to a body of French citizens, thus turning the nation into a Republic

Question : List any three features of the Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code. 
Ans-  Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field to make the whole system more rational and effective. His civil code of 1804 was known as Napoleonic Code.

i. It did away with all the privileges based on birth.
ii. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
iii. It simplified administrative divisions and abolished feudal system. It freed peasants from serfdom and manorial duties.
iv. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen found new-found freedom as guild restrictions were removed in towns also.

Question :  How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe? Explain. 
Ans-  Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment. Economically,liberalism stood for:
i. Freedom of markets.
ii. End of restrictions on state borders on movement of capital and goods.
iii. In 1834, a Zollverein or customs union was formed by Prussia. This was joined by many German states.
iv. This union lowered the number of currencies to two from over thirty and abolished the existing tariff barriers.
v. A network of railways led to great mobility. This also gave an impetus to national unity.

Question : How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during eighteenth century?
Ans-  Romanticism refers to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiments. It aroused the nationalist sentiments in the following ways:

i. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feeling.
ii. Their efforts was to create a sense of shared and collective heritage, a common culture of past, as the basis of nation.
iii. Some German Romantics believed that through folk songs, the true sprit of the nation can be popularized. German culture was to be discovered among the common people.

Question : What were the effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830? 

Ans- The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were as follows:
i. The Bourbon dynasty which was restored in 1815 was overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries.
ii. Louis Philippe became the head of the constitutional monarchy that was installed.
iii. Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands following an uprising in Brussels.

Question : How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815.Explain with examples. 
Ans-  Revolutionaries spread the idea in Europe after 1815 in the following ways:
i. The autocratic rule after 1815 had caused fear of repression so the liberalnationalists started to work underground.
ii. They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
iii. They opposed monarchical forms of governments that were established after the Vienna Congress.
iv. They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation-state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
v. Being a revolutionary was a commitment to struggle for liberty and freedom and they considered nation states necessary for it to happen.
vi. They formed secret societies to spread ideas and train revolutionaries. For eg,Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
vii. Following Mazzini’s model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France,Switzerland and Poland.
viii. Liberalism and nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany.

Question :  "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient." Analyse the statement with arguments. 
Ans-  Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Revolutionary principles of administration by Napoleon are as follows:
i. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 removed privileges by birth. Everyone was equal before the law and got the right to property. The code was used in regions under French control.
ii. Simplified administrative divisions.
iii. Feudal system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
iv. Guild restrictions were removed in towns. Artisan, peasants, businessmen, and workers found new freedom for doing their work.
v. Uniform laws, standardized weights, and measures along with a common currency made exchange and movement of goods far easier.
vi. Transport and communication systems were improved.

Question : Outline the features of Vienna Treaty.

Ans-  The treaty of Vienna was drawn up in 1815 at Vienna, Austria. For this treaty the representatives of European Powers-Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna. The meeting was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The objective of Vienna Congress was undoing most of the changes that had come about in the Europe during the Napoleonic War.

Question :  Compare the views of liberals and conservatives. 

Ans-  The comparison of liberal and conservative views are as follows:

Question :  Name the female allegory who represents France. Describe her main characteristics.

Ans- Marianne was a female allegory who represented France.
Her characteristics are as follows:

i. It represented liberty, justice, and the republic.

ii. These were the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.

iii. The statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind people of the national symbol of unity.

iv. Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850.

v. This figure of ‘Marianne’ gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form which became an allegory of the nation also.

Question : How did Nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. 

Ans- Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:

i. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.

ii. The cultural movement of Romanticism aimed at developing a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally focussed on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings and criticized the glorification of reason and science.

iii. Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the Das Volk. The true spirit of a nation was popularised through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.

iv. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore were used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterates.

Question :  Why were the years of 1830's of great hardship in Europe? Explain any five reasons.

Ans- The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe due to the following reasons:

i. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in population, all over Europe. There was a scarcity of jobs and few employment opportunities

ii. Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.

iii. Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from rural areas where production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops.These products imported from rural areas were obviously cheaper than townmade products.

iv. In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed enormous powers, the peasants groaned under the burden of feudal dues and taxation.

v. Due to population, the demand for food increased. It led to rise in food prices. This increased price along with a year of bond harvests led to widespread pauperism in towns and country.

Question :  How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. 

Ans-  i. In olden times, the best way to present an idea was through symbolic personifications. This was the most common and appealing way to invite people's attention.

ii. From 1789, females appeared in paintings as a symbol of liberty and revolution.Artists, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often made efforts to represent a country as if it were a person. The female figures were chosen to express an abstract idea of a nation. These female figures, thus, became an allegory of the nation.

iii. During the French Revolution, many symbolic personifications of 'Liberty' and 'Reason' appeared. In France, the female figure was christened Marianne, which was characterized by Liberty and the Republic - the red cap. the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne stood in public squares to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.

iv. Statues of Marianne were erected in public places to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.

v. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps,

vi. Similarly, Germania became the symbol of the German nation. This work was done by the artist Philip Veit. He depicted Germania as a female figure standing against a background where beams of sunlight shone through the tricolour fabric of the national flag. In visual representations, Germania wore the crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stood for heroism. Germania became the allegory of the German nation.

vii. During the French Revolution, artists used the formal allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

Question : i. What was the zollverein?
ii. What were its wider implications? 

Ans-i. Zollverein or a customs union was formed at the initiative of Prussia in 1834. It was joined by most of the German States.
ii. The idea of zollverein was aimed at binding the Germans economically into a nation. The Union did away with the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies to only two from over thirty. It helped in awakening and raising national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The people of Germany realised that the only means to engender national feeling was a free economic system.

Question : How Europe was closely allied to the ideology of liberalism? 

Ans- In Europe the educated, liberal middle class spearheaded the nationalist movement.
They stood for the freedom of individual and equality of all before the low. Following were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals:

i. Political ideas -The ideology of liberalism supported the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges. It also advocated for a constitutional and representative government through parliament. It did not stand for the idea of universal suffrage.
ii. Social ideas - They supported freedom for the individual and idea of equality of all before the law.
iii. Economic ideas - There was freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. Zollverein abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies. Introduction of a system of weights and measures also strengthen the ideology of liberalism.

Question : Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

Ans- The nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the eighteenth and nineteenth century in the following ways:

i. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski, kept up the national struggle by staging his polish operas and music.
ii. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist symbols.
iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In 1831, there was a Polish armed rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed.

Question : Identify Napoleon, telling the part played by him in the France. 

Ans- Napoleon was a great French General, who won many battles for the revolutionary France and raised his nation’s prestige. In many parts of Europe, like in the Dutch Republic in Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from the serfdom and the manorial dues.There was a time when he had become a terror for all the European monarchs. But in the end, his limited resources collapsed in the face of fourth coalition of the European nations. He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D. and was sent as a prisoner to spend his last days at the small island of St. Helena where he died in the year 1821 A.D.

Question : Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the unification of Italy. 

Ans-Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy was as follows:

i. Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807.

ii. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

iii. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

iv. He became a member of various secret societies such as Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.

v. He wanted unification with a wider alliance of nations.

vi. He frightened conservatives through the opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics.

vii. He favoured war for the unification of Italy.

viii. He wanted economic development and political dominance.

Question : Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. 

Ans-The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created a sense of collective identity among the French people:

i. They introduced the ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasizing the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.

ii. They choose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the Royal Standard.

iii. Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.

iv. New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation.

v. A centralised system of administration was introduced, uniform laws were made for all citizens.

vi. French language was spoken and written and became a common language in Paris.