CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism In India Questions and Answers

Read the extract and answer the questions that follows:
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. How could noncooperation become a movement? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement. Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals.
They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non- Cooperation programme was adopted.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

1. The Cogress Session at Nagpur was held in ________ .
(a) September 1920
(b) April 1919
(c) November 1920
(d) December 1920
Answer : D

2. The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in _______ .
(a) April 1919
(b) January 1921
(c) December 1920
(d) January 1924
Answer : B

3. Which of the following options best describe the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Rowlatt Act
(b) Jalliawala Bagh Massacre
(c) Swadeshi and Boycott
(d) Salt March
Answer : C

4. Which of the following option is the reason of the participation of Muslims in the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Repressive plantation system.
(b) Defending Khalifa’s temporal power.
(c) Restriction to use forest produce.
(d) All of the above.
Answer : B

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follows :
In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.
On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declare, revealed the most oppressive face  of British rule.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

1. Which of the following options was the reason for suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
(a) Chauri Chaura incident
(b) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
(c) Kakori conspiracy case
(d) All of the above
Answer : A

2. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement :
(a) Simon Commission
(b) Lahore Congress
(c) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(d) Dandi March
Answer : D

3. In which of the following years the Swaraj Party was formed?
(a) 1929
(b) 1923
(c) 1931
(d) 1932
Answer : B

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.
On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declare,revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

1. In which session of Congress, the Non- Cooperation Movement was adopted?
Answer : The Non-Cooperation movement was adopted in the Nagpur session of Congress in 1920.

2. Due to which incident Mahatma Gandhi Call off the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer : In 1922, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar at Chauri Chaura turned into a violent clash with the police. 
Hearing this incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non- Cooperation Movement.

3. What was the role of the women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer : The women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What was ‘Kheda Movement’?
Answer : The Kheda Movement was the second Satyagraha Movement that took place in 1917 at Kheda district in Gujarat, India

Question. What was Gandhiji’s reaction on Rowlatt Act ?
Answer : Gandhiji aimed to start a non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws that could initiate with a strike on 6th April, 1919.

Question. When was the Gandhi Irwin Pact signed ?
Answer : The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Lord Irwin on March 5, 1931.

Question. Why were people in rural areas angry with Britishers ?
Answer : There was a prevalence of conscription system or forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas, culminating in acute dearth of food, accompanied by influenza epidemic.

Question. Why was martial law imposed in Amritsar ?
Answer : Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Gandhiji was not allowed to enter Delhi. On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession that culminated widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations, so martial law was imposed.

Question. Why did people gather in Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919 ?
Answer : In order to attend Baisakhi festival, a crowd of villagers assembled at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13th April, 1919.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi want to join Khilafat issue ?
Answer : In order to spawn communal harmony, Mahatma Gandhi aimed to join Khilafat issue.

Question. What was ‘Champaran Movement’ ?
Answer : The Champaran Movement was the first Satyagraha Movement that took place in 1916 at Champaran district in Bihar, India.

Question. What did the British government do to repress the Rowlatt Satyagrahis ?
Answer : Satyagrahis were compelled to rub their noses on the ground, squat on the streets and do salaam to all Britishers.

Question. Unfold the stages of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer : (i) Started with the surrender of titles that government awarded.
(ii) Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.

Question. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement called off by Gandhiji ?
Answer : Due to the violence in Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question. What is meant by Satyagraha ?
Answer : Satyagraha is the non-violent way of mass agitation against the oppressor. The notion of Satyagraha underscored the power of truth.

Question. Who headed the ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’ ?
Answer : Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra headed the ‘Awadh Kisan Sabha’

Question. Why was Simon Commission rejected in India ?
Answer : The Simon Commission was rejected in India because it did not have a single Indian member.

Question. Who was Baba Ramchandra ?
Answer : Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, was the leader of the peasants’ movement in Awadh.

Question. What were the demands of peasants in Awadh ?
Answer : The peasants of Awadh demanded lessening of revenues, elimination of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Question. How Simon Commission was greeted in India ?
Answer : When Simon Commission entered India in 1928, it was welcomed with the roaring slogan with a black flag, ‘Go back, Simon’.

Question. Name two prominent industrialists of the earlytwentieth century.
Answer : Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla were the two prominent industrialists of the earlytwentieth century.

Question. What do you know about Alluri Sitaram Raju ?
Answer : Alluri Sitaram Raju was the pioneer of Andhra Pradesh. He could make astrological predictions and heal people. 

Question. Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj‘.
Answer : The book ‘Hind Swaraj was written by Mahatma Gandhi.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India.
Answer : The implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India are discussed below : Economic
(i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing
taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(ii) Through the war years prices increased—doubled between 1913 and 1918—leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
(iii) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Political
(i) Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
(ii) The failure of the crops in many parts of India had created food shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
(iii) There was the outbreak of the great influenza epidemic. Millions of people perished due to influenza and starvation.
Conclusion : As a result nationalist movements grew in the country.

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Answer : In response to the nationalist movement in India, the newly elected Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. This was a genuine reaction of Indians as the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British. This made Indian nationalists angry and it was decided to make demonstration wherever it would go.

Question. Why was Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement for several reasons. Three crucial reasons were:
(i) Rowlatt Act (1919): This Act hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi objected to such unjust laws and wanted non-violent civil disobedience against it.
(ii) To address the wrong-doing at Jallianwala Bagh incident: On 13 April 1919, General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire, killing thousands of innocent men, women and children who had gathered for the annual Baisakhi fair and a peaceful protest against government’s new repressive measures. The satyagrahis and various protesters were humiliated and treated badly by the Britishers.
(iii) To support the Khilafat Movement: Gandhi ji
saw the opportunity of uniting the Muslims and Hindus through the Non-Cooperation Movement by taking up the Khilafat issue. Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the First World War and there were rumours of harsh peace treaty. A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay by brothers like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali and Gandhiji discussed with them about a united mass action in support of Khilafat and swaraj.

Question. Why did the different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain.
Answer : On the call of Gandhiji, different social groups joined the Civil Disobedience Movement . However, they had different reasons which are as follows:
(i) Rich peasant communities : The Patidars of Gujarat, the Jats of Uttar Pradesh and other rich peasants were the producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. They supported the movement enthusiastically and saw the fight for swaraj as a struggle against high revenues.
(ii) Poor peasants : As the depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.
(iii) The business classes : During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and become powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign
goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. They supported the movement by giving financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
(iv) Industrial workers : As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. But in spite of that, some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.
(v) Women : Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Question. How did icons and symbols advocate nationalism ?
Answer : The icons and symbols that propagated nationalism are enumerated as follows :
(i) With the subsequent development of national movement, nationalist leaders became acquainted with icons and symbols in uniting people and fostering a feeling of nationalism in them.
(ii) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
(iii) By 1921, Gandhiji designed the theme of the Swaraj flag that unite all castes, communities and ethnicities in one thread. It also represented the Gandhian motto of self-help.

Question. Why did Gandhiji launch the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : There were several reasons for Gandhissji to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. Three main reasons were:
(i) The Simon Commission was set in response to the nationalist movement and was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. However, this commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.
(ii) In October 1929, Lord Irwin, the viceroy made a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss the future constitution. This did not satisfy the radicals within the Congress.
(iii) Gandhiji declared that the tax on salt by the British government and its monopoly over the production as the most oppressive rule of the British as it was one of the most essential items of food.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer : During the Non-Cooperation Movement, the peasants of Awadh suffered tremendous problems. These problems are enumerated as follows :
(i) Talukdars and Landlords demanded excessive high rents and an array of other taxes from the peasants.
(ii) Peasants were involved in begar (labour without payment). They worked at the farms of landlords.
(iii) As tenants, the peasants barely had any security of tenure. Therefore, the peasant movement in Awadh demanded lowering of revenue load, elimination of begar and social boycott of dominating landlords.

Question. Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer : Three reasons by which the affluent peasant communities took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement are enumerated as follows :
(i) Being producers of cash crops, they were dismayed by the global economic depression and subsequent falling prices of 1930s.
(ii) As their cash income abated, they found it difficult
to meet the revenue demand of government.
(iii) There was a popular resentment among the rich peasants and they enthusiastically bolstered the movement.

Question. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle. [2017 (Delhi)]
Answer : The folklore is constructed in reminiscence of the golden tradition and history of India. The contribution
of these folklores can be enumerated as :
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and icons were important in fostering nationalist sentiment.
(ii) Identity of the country was tantamount to the image of Bharat Mata composed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
(iii) In the 1870s, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay composed ‘Vande Mataram’ (Hail Motherland) as a hymn to the motherland.
(iv) Notion of nationalism was formed through a movement that revived Indian Folklore culture.

Question. What were the circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident ? Describe in brief the reaction of the people immediately after the incident.
Answer : The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British government despite the unified opposition of the Indian members. This Act empowered the government to subdue political activities and detain any person without trial for two years. Gandhiji launched nonviolent civil disobedience against unjust laws. Rallies were organised in varied cities. Enraged by the popular revolt, British administration imposed martial law in Amritsar. On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer killed innocent people who assembled in Jallianwala Bagh. The news spread like a wildfire. As a matter of fact, hundreds and thousands of people took to the streets and there were strikes, clashes and mass protest.

Question. Who launched the Khilafat Movement ? Why was the movement launched ?
Answer : The Khilafat Movement was initiated by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji treated this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under a unified umbrella. At the Calcutta Session of Congress in September 1920, Mahatma Gandhi pleaded with other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement. The Khilafat Movement (1919- 24) was a pan-Islamic, political protest movement initiated by Muslims in British India. It influenced the British government and shielded the Ottoman Empire during the post First World War. The First World War ended with the discomfiture of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be subdued. A Khilafat Committee was established in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders imposed pressure on the British
Government to treat Turkey in better ways. 

Question. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non- Cooperation Movement in Februagy 1922?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi aimed to call off Non-Cooperation Movement because the movement adopted a violent
turn at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh. At this place,
people set the police station ablaze in which 22 policemen were burnt alive. GandhiJi wanted to cease violence at any cost.

Question. “Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagarha emphasized the Power of truth and the need to search for truth.” In the light of this statement asses the contribution of Gandhiji towards satyagraha. [2017 (C) Delhi]
Answer : (i) It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(ii) Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(iii) People, including the oppressor, had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence.
(iv) By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Question. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act ?
Answer : The Rowlatt Act was initiated in 1919. The Imperial Legislative Council passed the act despite the opposition from Indian members. Under this act, the police could arrest anybody without trial for two years. Under the aegis of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress condemned the act as Black Act. The provisions of the act outraged Indians. Meetings were conducted and processions adopted. It was the first time when the Indian jointly opposed the British men.

Question. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ 
Answer : The role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ is discussed below :
(i) The poor peasantry was consists of small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords.
(ii) As the Depression continued and cash incomes diminish, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent and wanted to remitted it.
(iii) Apart, they were asked to pay more taxes when they could hardly afford to meet their ends.
(iv) This all infuriated the poor peasants and they came in large numbers to support the Civil Disobedience Movement as ‘no rent campaign’.
(v) It was because of them that Civil Disobedience Movement could become a mass movement.

Question. Analyse any three reasons for slow down of Non- Cooperation Movement in cities.
Answer : The Non-Cooperation Movement initiated with the participation of middle class stratum in cities and gained momentum. In the cities, the pace of movement subsequently slowed down. The few reasons are enumerated as follows :
(i) Khadi cloth was relatively more expensive than mass produced mill clothes. As a matter of fact, poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a serious problem as substitute Indian institutions were unavailable.
(iii) Students and teachers began to take positions in colonial government schools. At the same time, lawyers resumed work in government courts.

Question. Read the sources given below and answer the question that follows.
Source A - The Rowlatt Act Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch nationwide Satyagraha against the Proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Source B- Swaraj in the Plantations For plantations workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
Source C- The Limits of Civil Disobedience Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj. One such group was the nation’s
untouchables.’ who from around the 1930s had began to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatonis, the conservatives high caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.
Answer : Source A - The Rowlett Act
20.1 Why did Indian members of Imperial Legislative Council opposed the Rowlatt Act.
Answer : Indian members of Imperial Legislative Council  Opposed the Rowlatt Act because it allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. 
Source B - Swaraj in the Plantations
20.2 What was the notion of swaraj for plantation workers in Assam?
Answer : For plantation workers, the notion of swaraj was to let them free from the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 according to which, they were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without the permission. 
Source C-The Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement.
20.3 Why dalits did not want to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer : Dalits did not want to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement because the Congress had
ignored the dalits for long as it did not want to offend the conservative high caste Hindus.

Question. What is meant by the idea Satyagraha?
Answer :  Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Through non-violent methods a Satyagraha could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to win.

Question. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer : • The image of Germania was the symbol of German nation whereas; the image of Bharat Mata was the symbol of Indian nation.
• Both images inspired nationalists who worked very hard to unify their respective countries and to attain a liberal nation.
• The image of Bharat Mata is different from that of Germania in the sense that former reflects the religious basis of its making.
• The image of Bharat Mata painted by Abanindranath Tagore is bestowed with learning, food, clothing and some ascetic quality also. Another painting of Bharat Mata in which we find Mata holding Trishul and standing beside a lion and an elephant – symbols of power and authority. This image appears to be more akin to the image of Germania where she holds a sword and a shield.

Question. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921.
Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer : The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers.
• The middle class joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.
• The peasants took part in the movement because they hoped they would be saved from the oppressive landlords, high taxes taken by the colonial government.
• Plantation workers took part in the agitation hoping they would get the right to move freely in and outside the plantations and get land in their own villages.

Question. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer : Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.