CBSE Class 10 History Print Culture And The Modern World Worksheet

CHAPTER: 7: PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

Print Culture and Modern World

Key Points to Remember
• In 1295, Marco Polo, a great Italian explorer, brought the art of wood block Printing from China to Italy.
• Bible was published by Gutenberg in 1448.
• Erasmus, a Latin scholar wrote his book "Adages" in 1508. In his book shows great concern regarding printing.
• In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 thesis theses on Protestant Reformation.
• In 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit Bengal Gazette. He is widely known as Father of print culture in India.
• In 1820, Calcutta Supreme Court passed the Press Control Bill.
• In 1821, "Samvad Kamudi" was published by Raja Ram Mohan Ray.
• In 1822, Gujrati newspaper Bombay Samachar was published.
• In ancient times Manuscript were produced on Vellum and other parchment, on papyrus.
• A parchment made from skin of animals known as Vellum.
• The art of beautiful and stylized writing is known as Calligraphy.
• Platen: In letter place printing, platen is board which is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type.
• Compositor : The person who composes the text for printing.
• Galley : Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
• Ballad : A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung orrec ited.
• Inquisition : A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics.
• Diamond Sutra was the first printed book of Japan which was published in 868 AD.
• Despotism : A system of government in which absolute power is exercised by an Individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks.
• Ulama : Legal Scholar of Islam and Sharia.
• Fatwa : A legal Pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by mufti toclar ify issues on which the law is uncertain.
• Almanac : An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about the movements of the sun.
• In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed. It gave the government extensive 'right to censor reports and editorials in vernacular newspaper.

Key Points:-
• Print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
• China used to recruit bureaucrats through examination. For this reason textbooks were printed in vast number in China. 

Objective type Questions

Question. Vellum is :
(a) metal frame in which the types are laid and the text compressed
(b) a parchment made from the skin of animals
(c) the art of beautiful and stylised writing
(d) a historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited
Answer : B

Question. The earliest print technology was developed in :
(a) China, Japan and Korea
(b) France, China and India
(c) Germany, Korea, Vietnam
(d) China, Japan and Germany
Answer : A

Question. Who were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties ?
(a) Jesuit priests
(b) Hindus
(c) The Ulama
(d) Portuguese missionaries
Answer : C

Question. This city became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools :
(a) Mumbai
(b) Tokyo
(c) Shanghai
(d) New York
Answer : C

Question. He developed the first-known Printing Press in the 1430s :
(a) Martin Luther
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Johann Gutenberg
Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following was NOT the reason for the popularity of scientific ideas among the common people in eighteenth century Europe ?
(a) Printing of idea of Isaac Newton
(b) Development of printing press
(c) Interest of people in science and reason
(d) Traditional aristocratic groups supported it.
Answer : D

Question. Who wrote Ramcharitmanas ?
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Gangadhar Bhattacharya
(c) Kashibaba
(d) Ram Chaddha
Answer : A

Question. Calligraphy is :
(a) the art of making ceramics
(b) the art of making pottery
(c) a style of music
(d) the art of beautiful and stylised writing
Answer : D

Question. When was the Vernacular Press Act passed ?
(a) 1820
(b) 1878
(c) 1857
(d) 1907
Answer : B

Question. It is a historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited :
(a) Taverns
(b) Vellum
(c) Ballad
(d) Galley
Answer : C

Question. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Establishment of Gutenberg Printing Press
(ii) Buddhist missionaries brought hand printing to Japan
(iii) Print came to India
(iv) Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses
Options-
(a) (ii)-(i)-(iv)-(iiii)
(b) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)
(c) (i)-(iii)-(ii)-(iv)
(d) (iii)-(i)-(ii)-(iv)
Answer : A

Question. What was the name of the paper brought out by Balgangadhar Tilak ?
(a) Bombay Samachar
(b) Bengal Gazette
(c) Sambad Kaumudi
(d) Kesari
Answer : D

Question.

What does the above image depict?
(A) Advertisements at a railway station in England
(B) Passengers boarding the train
(C) Craze in using public transport
(D) Invention of railways
Answer : A

Question. Identify the person with the help of following features:
A. Born in Tokyo in 1753
B. Known for his art form called Ukiyo
C. His art influenced artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gough
Answer : Kitagawa Utamaro

Question. First printed bible: Johann Gutenberg, Ninety Five Theses: Martin Luther, _________: CJ. A. Hickey
Answer : Bengal Gazette

Question. Correct the following statement and rewrite : By the 17th century, the use of print diversified in China because of a blooming rural culture.
Answer : By the 17th century, the use of print diversified in China because of a blooming urban culture

Question. Complete the following :
Calligraphy is the art of _____ .
Answer : beautiful and stylised writing

Question. Complete the following table :

Answer :

True or False

Question. Dr.Ambedkar was also known as ‘Periyar’. (True/False)
Answer : False

Question. Those people who believed in the teachings of the Church were known as heretics. (True/False) 
Answer : False

Question. Print popularised the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. Manuscripts in India were cheap and durable. (True/False)
Answer : False

Question. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878. (True/False) 
Answer : True

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : As literacy and schools spread in African countries, there was a virtual reading mania. 
Reason : Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to tribals.
Answer : (d) As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania. Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.

Question. Assertion : The new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology.
Reason : From hand printing there was a gradual shift to mechanical printing.
Answer : (a) The reason thus correctly justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The first book that Gutenberg printed was the Bible. 
Reason : About 500 copies were printed and it took two years to produce them.
Answer : (c) About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. The reason is thus false.

Question. Assertion : Children became an important category of readers.
Reason : Primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century.
Answer : (a) The reason justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
Reason : This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Answer : (a) A printed copy of the Theses was posted on a Church door in Wittenberg. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in large numbers and read widely. The reason thus correctly justifies the assertion.

Question. Assertion : Print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith even among little-educated working people.
Reason : Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Question. Assertion : There was intense controversy between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatory.
Reason : The Deoband Seminary founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in everyday lives, and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines.
Answer : (b) The reason does not justify the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. 
Reason : Chinese paper reached Europe via the silk route.
Answer : (b) Copying was laborious, expensive and timeconsuming. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Therefore, their circulation remained limited. The reason does not explain or justify the assertion.

Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows :
Source – 1 : Religious Reform and Public Debates
There were intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry. In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of argument.
Source–2 : New Forms of Publication
New literary forms also entered the world of reading lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters. In different ways, they reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings, about the political and social rules that shaped such things. 
Source–3 : Women and Print
Since social reforms and novels had already created a great interest in women‘s lives and emotions, there was also an interest in what women would have to say about their own lives.
Source–1 : Religious Reform and Public Debates
(7.1) Evaluate how did the print shape the nature of the debate in the early nineteenth century in India.
Source–2 : New Forms of Publication
(7.2) To What extent do you agree that print opened up new worlds of experience and gave a vivid sense of diversity of human lives ?
Source–3 : Women and Print
(7.3) To what extent did the print culture reflect a great interest in women‘s lives and emotions ? Explain. 
Answer :
(7.1) From the early nineteenth century, there were intensive debates around religious issues.
Different religious groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
(7.2) The print opened up new worlds of experience and a vivid sense of diversity because of following reasons:
(i) It created a new culture of reading because earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
(ii) It created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
(7.3) The print culture reflects a great interest in women’s lives and emotions by following ways :
(i) Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as these were the manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping.
(ii) When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. Some of the best known women novelists were : Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot.

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
For centuries, silk and spices from China flowed into Europe through the silk route. In the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route. Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes. Then, in 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. China already had the technology of woodblock printing. Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him. Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe. Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries which scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities. Merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies. 

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

1. The route known as silk route because:
(a) Silk was the main item exported from Europe to China
(b) Silk was the main item exported from China to Europe
(c) The colour of this route was bright yellow
(d) Travellers were having very smooth journey on this route
Answer : B

2. What is incorrect about Marco Polo?
(a) He was an Italian explorer
(b) He stayed in China for many years
(c) He introduced Chinese printing technology in Europe
(d) Before woodblock printing European were using only metallic printing
Answer : D

3. Find out the incorrect about woodblock printing:
(a) It was invented in China
(b) It helped to spread printed material at cheaper rate
(c) It was very effective on porous sheets
(d) This technology was introduced in Europe by an explorer 
Answer : C

4. Which of the following is not correct about Vellum?
(a) A parchment made from the skin of animals
(b) It was expensive and used only by elite class
(c) The written material of vellum was generally nonserious fictions
(d) After introduction of woodblocks, vellum was also accessible to merchants and students
Answer : D

Read the sources given below and answer the question that follows-
Sources A- The First Printing Book
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From AD 594 onwards, book in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there – against the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy.
Source B- A New Reading Public
With the printing press, a new reading public emerged.
Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease. Books flooded the market, Reaching out to an ever growing readership. Access to book created a new culture of reading. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral culture.
They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited, and folk tales narrated. Knowledge was transferred orally.
People collectively heard a story, or saw a performance.
They did not read a book individually and silently.
Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider selection of people.
If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
Source C- Manuscript, Before The Age of Print
Manuscript, however, were highly expensive and fragile. They had to be handled carefully, and they could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles. So manuscript were not widely used in everyday life. Even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of village primary schools, students very often did not be read texts. They only learnt to write. Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down. Many thus became literate without ever actually reading any kinds of texts.

Sources A- The First Printing Book
1. Which three countries developed earliest print technology?
Answer : China, Japan and Korea.

Source B- A New Reading Public
2. What was the change brought about by innovation of printing ?
Answer : With the innovation of printing, cost of books were reduced. Now books could reach out to wider selection of people. Hence flooded the market.

Source C- Manuscript, Before The Age of Print
3. Write any one character of manuscripts because of which printed books replaced them.
Answer : Manuscripts were highly expensive and could not be read easily and these were not afforded by everyone and subsequently replaced by printed books.

Match the following :

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question. What were almanacs ?
Answer : The almanacs were the annual publications that reflected on astronomical data, movements of the sun and the moon, timings of full tides and eclipses and the significance of day-to-day life of people.

Question. How had hand printing technology introduced in Japan? 
Answer : Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing technology in Japan around 768-770 AD.

Question. How many copies of the Bible were printed by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe ?
Answer : About 180 copies of the Bible were printed by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe.

Question. How was Biliotheque Bleue different from Penny Chapbooks ?
Answer : Biliotheque Bleue represented low priced small books printed in France with cheap blue cover. On the other hand, Penny Chapbooks were sold by petty peddlers called Chapmen in England.

Question. Who invented printing press and when ?
Answer : Printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the year 1430.

Question. Who wrote ‘My Childhood and My University’ ?
Answer : The twentieth century Russian revolutionary author Maxim Gorky wrote ‘My Childhood and My University’.

Question. Who was Johannes Gutenberg ?
Answer : Johannes Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and he invented the first printing press in Germany, Europe.

Question. Why was printing of textbooks sponsored by the Imperial State in China ? 
Answer : The printing of textbooks were sponsored by the Imperial State in China because China possessed a large bureaucratic system, which recruited their personnel through civil service examinations. That is why, textbooks were printed in large numbers to provide them study material.

Question. What was woodblock printing ?
Answer : It is a variant of printing where paper is rubbed against the inked surface of woodblocks.

Question. What led to the schism within the Catholic Church and the birth of the Protestant Reformation movement in Germany ?
Answer : Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses culminated in the division within the Catholic Church and the development of the Protestant Reformation Movement in Germany.

Question. Why could manuscripts not satisfy the increasing demand for books in Europe during fourteenth century?
Answer : The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.

Question. What was represented in caricatures and cartoons in India ?
Answer : Some caricatures sneered at the educated Indians’ obsession with the western taste and clothes, while others expressed the fear of social change.

Question. How did print popularise the ideas of enlightenment thinkers in France ?
Answer : By attacking the sacred authority of the church and the despotic powers of the state, the print propagated the notions of enlightenment thinkers in France.

Question. What were the drawbacks of manuscripts ?
Answer : (i) Fragility, (ii) Awkward to handle and (iii) Lack of mobility.

Question. Who was Menocchio ?
Answer : Menocchio was an Italian mill worker who was tried by the Inquisition for his heretical views on religion.

Question. What was typical about women novelists ?
Answer : The writings of women novelists were characteristic of their will power, strength of personality and empowerment.

Question. How many sheets could be printed by the powerdriven cylindrical press ?
Answer : The power-driven cylindrical press could print 8,000 sheets per hour.

Question. Who brought Printing to Europe?
Answer : Yohana Gutenberg

Question. Which was the first book printed by Gutenberg?
Answer : Bible

Question. When the first paperback edition of books published?
Answer : With the start of Great Depession

Question. Name the book sold by traveling paddler?
Answer : Penny Chapbook

Question. Which of the reading source is famous among Women?
Answer : Penny Magazines

Question. Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was modeled on which Act?
Answer : Irish Press laws

Question. Name the oldest printed book of Japan.
Answer : Diamond Sutra

Question. In which countries first printing was developed?
Answer : China, Japan and Korea

Question. Which reformer is responsible for Protestant Reformation?
Answer : Martin Luther

Question. Who Wrote "Gulamgiri"?
Answer : JyotibaPhule (1871)

Question. Who brought wood Block Printing to Europe?
Answer : Marco Polo

Question. When and Who brought Print technology to India?
Answer : Sixteenth century, Portuguese

Question. Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one. Who spoke these words?
Answer : Martin Luther

Question. The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ by Tulsidas came out in which year?
Answer : Calcutta, 1810

Question. Name two Persian newspaper published in 1822?
Answer : Jam — I — Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Who brought the printing technology to British India and how ?
Answer : (i) James Augustus Hickey started to edit the ‘Bengal Gazatte’, a weekly magazine.
(ii) It was a private English magazine and barely carried any British influence on it. With the help of this magazine, printing was introduced to India.
(iii) Hickey published an array of advertisements on import and sale of slaves. He also revealed hidden secrets of the Company’s officials in India. Angered by this act, the Governor General of India, Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey’s magazine.

Question. How had the Imperial State in China been the major producer of printed material for a long time? Explain with examples.
Answer : From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper invented there against the inked surface of woodblocks. The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print. By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. Women, revolutionaries, poets and even merchants used print in everyday life.

Question. Give reasons for the statement : ‘Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295’.
Answer : In the aftermath of 1295, the Italian explorer Marco Polo returned from his long stay in China. The concept of woodblock printing became popular in Europe after his return.

Question. Write the name of any two women writers of India in nineteenth century and highlights their contribution.
Answer : The two influential Indian women writers in the nineteenth century were Kailashbashini Debi and Rashsundari Debi.
(i) Kailashbashini Debi : She was a Bengali women who started writing books from 1860s, underscoring the vivid experiences of women. She reflected on women’s imprisonment at home and their glaring hardships in their lifetime. She showed that women were treated harshly by new people
(ii) Rashsundari Debi : She was a young married women who learned to read and write from the secrecy of her Kitchen. After acquiring the art of writing, she delineated her life story in the form of autobiography called Amar Jiban (My life) in Bengali language.

Question. Write briefly on the Vernacular Press Act. (NCERT)
Answer : Proposed by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton (1876- 80), the Vernacular Press Act was passed on 1878. It was modelled on the Irish Press laws. Due to the prevalence of this Act, the government wielded control over the vernacular press. The Government possessed the right to censor reports and editorials of the vernacular press.
If report was found to be seditious, The newspaper was warned. However, if the newspaper shunned the warning and continued the activity, then the press would be confiscated.

Question. How did print culture affect women in the nineteenth century ?
Answer : (i) Women held an important position in the history of India as prominent readers and writers.
(ii) The Penny magazines were particularly meant for women. These were manuals that educate women on proper decorum and house keeping facilities.
(iii) When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers.
(iv) Many prominent novelists like Jane Austan, the Bronte Sisters and George Eliot started to be define a new type of women; as a person with strong will, manifesting the strength of personality and thinking capacities

Question. Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate discussion.’’ Analyse the statement in the context of religion in Europe.
Answer : Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
(i) Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas. Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action.
(ii) Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds.
(iii) It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.

Question. Write short notes to show what you know about the Gutenberg Press.
Answer : The Gutenberg Press was a developed from of the olive press. The lead moulds were used for casting the metal types of the letters. By 1448, Johannes Gutenberg perfected the printing system. The Bible was the first book printed by Johannes Gutenberg. Within three years, Gutenberg produce 180 copies of the Holy Bible. At the same time, the borders of the book were illuminated manually by the artists. Therefore everybody possessed unique piece of the Bible.

Question. Why did British government curb the freedom of the Indian press after the revolt of 1857 ?
Answer : The British government curbed the freedom of the Indian press after the revolt of 1857 because the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native‘ press.
As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures for string control.

Question. Write a note on Erasmus’s idea of a printed book.
Answer : Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He strongly objected to the printing of books. In his opinion, most printed books were slanderous, irreligious and provoking. With the subsequent expansion of printing, ideas of enlightened thinkers attracted the mass and they started to see the world thorough the lens of logic.
These printed books were spreading heretical ideas that opposed the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
According to Erasmus, such printed books debased the value of handwritten manuscripts.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Why did the Roman Catholic Church begin keeping an Index of Prohibited Books from the mid-sixteenth century ? Explain by giving five reasons.
Answer : The Roman Catholic Church kept an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century. The reasons are as follows :
(i) It was felt that if there was no control over the printed materials, then rebellious and irrational thoughts might permeate.
(ii) Many monarchs thoughts that if there is no control, then printed books could lead to rebellions against the state authorities.
(iii) Many religious prerogatives feared that printed materials could make the people rebel against their christened religions.
(iv) The Roman Catholic Church wielded control over publishers and book retailers. The Church began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books.
(v) In the same way, many writers and artists felt that if nobody exercised control on the printed materials, then the prerogatives of the precious publications would be perished.

Question. Describe three shortcomings of manuscripts that were overcome by the printing press.
Answer : The three drawbacks of manuscripts that were challenged by the printing press are enumerated as follows :
(i) It is noted that expert manual writers took enormous time to copy manuscripts. The process was expensive and burdensome. However, the printing press did not take much time to produce many copies of books.
(ii) Copying manuscripts was really an extravagant affair and it was mostly preferred by the aristocratic sections of the society. Handwritten manuscripts represented status symbol. The printing press reduces the cost of books extensively and made them accessible to common people.
(iii) Carrying handwritten manuscripts was extremely cumbersome and entailed the risk of getting destroyed or mutilated. Printed books could be carried, handled and transferred with ease.

Question. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer : Print culture culminated in the development of nationalism in India. The points are as follows :
(i) Print culture resulted in publication of most papers in vernacular languages. Many journals were published after 1870.
(ii) These journal and newspapers published cartoons and caricatures refuting the imperial rule and gave comments on social and political issues. The vernacular newspapers such as Kesari and Maratha in Marathi languages were overtly nationalist and reflected on colonial misrule and stimulated nationalist current.
(iii) The British government advocated repressive policies that led to militant protest. Tilak was incarcerated for reporting on repressive measures in his Kesari in 1908. It resulted in widespread resentment.
(iv) Print culture encouraged the leaders to pass on the ideas to people across the nation. This initiative brought them closer and assisted in the development of nationalism.

Question. How were ideas and information written before the age of print in India ? How did the printing technique begin in India ?
Answer : In the ancient period, India witnessed a very opulent and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and other local languages. Manuscripts were written on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were illuminated with floral patterns by artists. Gita Govinda was written on palm leaves in a artistic format by Jayadeva. Some works represented beautiful calligraphy such as the fourteenth century poet Hafiz’s work called the Diwan. These manuscripts were preserved by sewing the pages together or pressing between wooden covers. These manuscripts could not be carried everywhere with ease. They were very expensive and fragile. The manuscripts were preferred by the elite sections. Even in schools, students became educated without perusing any kinds of literary texts as scripts were written in variegated styles. Teachers gave dictations from the excerpts of the literary texts and students wrote them down. The printing press first came to Goa with the Protestant Missionaries in the mid-16th century from Portugal. They printed several tracts in Konkani and Tamil languages. In 1674, 50 books were printed in Konkani language. The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin and the first Malayalam book surfaced in 1713. By 1710, the Dutch missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts. From 1780s, James Augustus Hickey started the era of English printing. He began to edit Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine and revealed many secrets of the Company’s senior officials. By the close of the eighteenth century, an array of journals appeared. Indians came to the forefront of publishing industry. Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Raja Rammohan Roy, brought out the Bengal Gazette.

Question. Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism ?
Answer : In 18th century, many people felt that print culture would definitely bring enlightenment and cease despotism. The reasons are enumerated as follows :
(i) Dissemination of new ideas : After the advent of the print culture, the notions of scientists and philosophers reached the masses at large. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were collated and published. This phase signaled the growth of enlightenment and fanned the flames of print revolution.
(ii) Books as means of progress : By the close of the eighteenth century, books became the medium of progress and enlightenment. They started to spread new ideas and opinions that enthralled the audience. People became voracious readers and they began to see the world through the prism of logic and rationality.
(iii) Writings of scholars : The writings of eminent thinkers and philosophers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine and Voltaire were also widely printed and circulated. Their writings became popular among the masses at large. Thus, their notions about science, rationality and reasoning entered the corpus of literature.
(iv) Scientific discoveries : The cartographers began to curate authentic maps and scientific diagrams. These maps and scientific illustrations were widely printed. They could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.
(v) A new culture of dialogue and debate : The printing press was deemed to be the potential medium of progress and enlightenment. The press engendered strong public opinions and ideas. Many historians opined that the print culture spawned conditions for the growth of enlightenment and the cessation of despotism in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789.

Question. What was the attitude of people in India in the nineteenth century towards women reading ? How did women respond to this ?
Answer : Common prejudices permeated the native landscape. The attitude of people towards woman reading was not favourable. It was not that the conservative Hindus would favour the education of women. At the same time, the Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances. However, there was a ray of hope in the dismal picture. There were some notable women who transgressed such prohibitions and carved out a unique space for themselves in the history of India. A Muslim girl in north India defied here family and learned to read and write in Urdu in
utmost secrecy. Rashsundari Debi, a young married woman hailing from an orthodox family, learnt to read secretly in her kitchen. Subsequently, she documented her life story in a form of autobiography in Bengali language. A few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi penned down the tragic experiences of native women in her books. In the 1860s, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra depicted the miserable plight of upper caste women in their writings. 
In Punjab, the folk literature projected women as docile and obedient wives. For instance, Ram Chaddha wrote Istri Dharm Vichar that emphasised on the changing equations between men and women. The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets or chapbooks with the same message. In Bengal, - an entire area in print and popular culture. Battala was the hub of printing popular books and magazines. They were subsidised editions of religious texts, scriptures as well as seditious literature. The education of women was not encouraged by the majority as Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain reported in her address to Bengal Women’s Educated Conference. In this way, women valiantly responded to the attitude of people towards reading in the nineteenth century. Many women defied the norms of the stigmatised society and exercised in the art of penmanship. Thus, they came out bravely and proved their mettle.

Question. "Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295" Explain.
Answer : Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295 because:
• This technique was with China first.
• Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought this knowledge with himself.
• Now Italian began producing books with Wood Block.
• Soon the technology spread in other parts of world.

Question. Print Culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred? Give reasons.
Answer : • Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate
• By the 1780 there was on outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticized their morality.

Question. What are manuscript? Discuss their limitations.
Answer : Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
• Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
• They have to be handle carefully.
• They could not be read easily.

Question. Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities, but also connected communities and people in different parts of India." Elucidate.
Answer : It created new platform for expression of ideas.
• It is the cheapest and most simplest way of communication.
• It brought about the problems of Indian Masses.
• A large number of religious book were being transmitted to Indian Masses.

Question. Discuss the role of print culture in encouraging the role of Nationalism in India.
Answer : • Despite repression nationalist newspaper were reaching every nook and corner of the country.
• They brought to light the misrule of the British.
• Revolutionary Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the newspaper named Kesari.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was imprisoned in 1908 which led to widespread protest all over India.

Question. Why printed books became popular among less literate people?
Answer : • Those who could not read at least can listen and enjoy.
• Folk songs and folk lore were published.
• Illustrated books were published.
• These were read out at rural meetings pubs etc.

Question. Why was Vernacular Press Act passed in India?
Answer : • As Vernacular newspaper became more assertive the colonial government sought to crush it.
• In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed.
• From now on the government can track the vernacular newspapers.

Question. The division within the Catholic Church was brought about by Print revolution. Discuss.
Answer : • Religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing Roman Catholic Church.
• A printed copy of these was posted on the church door in Wittenberg.
• It challenged the church to debate its ideas.

Question. What was the reaction of society towards women literacy? How women reacted ?
Answer : • Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home.
• They were sent to women schools at city and towns.
• Educated women encourage education for girls.

Question. What methods were adopted to popularize printed books among people?
Answer : • Cheap books were being sold at Madras so that poor people were also buy read.
• Lending library were setup.
• Paperback edition of novels were printed to make them affordable to the masses.
• Literacy Rate was increased in Labour Class.
• It helps to send the message of Nationalism to masses

Question. Explain the effect of print revolution?
Answer : Printing reduces the cost of books,the time and labour required to produce each book came down.
-Multiple copies could be produce easily.
-circulation of ideas and open new world of debate and discussion.
-Brought new intellectual atmosphere, helped spread the new ideas that led to reformation.
-Indivisual interpretation of faith even among little educated people.
-The writing of enlightened thinkers helped in French revolution.

Question. Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Answer : Rebellious and irreligious thoghts might spread.
-The authority of valuable literaturebwould be destroyed.
-it could encourage the revolution against political system and religious institution.
-Ex-In Europe,writings of enlightened authors helped in french revolution and started debate on the teachings of the church.
-in India,print encouraged the reading of religious texts in the vernacular languages.Debates were began on Sati and widow marriage etc.

Question. Describe the drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts in comparison to printed materials?
Answer : handwritten manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile while printed materials were cheap and easy to carry.
-Handwritten manuscripts had to be handlled carefully and could not be carried around.
-They could not be read easily as the scripts were in different style too.

Question. Why couldn't the production of handwritten manuscripts satisfy the ever increasing demand for books? Give the reasons?
Answer : copying was an expensive,laborious and time consuming business. -Manuscripts were fragile and difficult to handle.
-Not easily carried around or read easily.

Question. Explain the factors that helped in the rise of print culture in Europe?
Answer : Handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books.
-copying was an expensive,laborious and time consuming business.
-manuscripts were fragile that’s why circulation was limited.
-Woodblock were used for printing by early 15" century but this couldn’tcater to the ever increasing demand for print materials.
-Need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of books.

Question. What steps were taken by the British to curb the freedom of press in India?
Answer : After the revolt of 1857 ,enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the native press.
-The Venacular Press Act, 1878 was passed. it provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports in the vernacular press.
-Government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers.
-when a report was judged as seditious, newspaper was warned and if the warning was ignored the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.

Question. What were the impact of print culture on Indian women? Explain with example.
Answer : Print enabled women to read in silence,discuss and debate among the like minded persons. - Women express themselves and shape their ideas. -It connects women across caste religion or class.
-many women writes their experiances and stories . -Many liberal husband and fathers allowed their wife and daughters to study.
-many liberal husband & fathers allowed their wife and daughter to study. 

 More Questions and Answers for NCERT Class 10 Print culture and the Modern World........

Question. “From the late 19th century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays.” Support the statement by giving example.
Answer : From the late 19th century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written. (i) Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of low caste, started protest movement. He wrote about the injustice of the caste system in his Gulamgiri. (ii) B. R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E. V. Ramaswamy in Madras wrote powerfully on caste. Their writing were read by people all over India. (iii) Local protest movements and sets also created a lot of journals and tracts. (iv) Kashibaba a Kanpur millworker wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade ka Sawal'. (v) Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves. (vi) Workers were overburdened and lacked the education to write much but they kept reading.

Question. Explain the meaning of the term ‘Calligraphy’.
Answer : Calligraphy is a visual art of giving form to signs and writing or lettering in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful manner the art of producing it with a pen or brush. 

Question. Which of the following newspapers was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak? (a) Kesari (b) Jansattu (c) Statesman (d) Amirta Bazaar Patrika
Answer :(a) Keshri 

Question. What was woodblock printing and where did it develop first? Mention its two main features.
Answer : (i) The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. (ii) From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper, against the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. (iii) Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy on the woodblock. 

Question. Evaluate the role of print in connecting various communities in different parts of India.
Answer : (i) In Bengal as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments. (ii) To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday spoken language of ordinary people. (iii) Ram Mohan Roy published the 'Sambad Kaumudi' from 1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the 'Samachar Chandrika' to oppose his opinion. (iv) A wider range of people could not participate in these public discussions and express their views but they read the opinions. (v) New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions. (vi) Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities. 

Question. What is Calligraphy?
Answer : Diamond Sutra

Question. Describe the attitude of liberal and conservative Indians towards women's reading.
Answer : (i) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their women folk at home and sent them to schools. (ii) Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading romantic books. Kailashbashini Devi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour. 

Question. Explain the reasons favouring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China.
Answer : (i) From 594 A.D. the books were printed in China by pressing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks. (ii) The imperial court got many textbooks printed for the Civil Services Examination and remained the target user of printed books in China. (iii) By the 17th century urban culture developed in China and it added merchants, wives of rich men, scholars and officials who not only started reading printed books but also began to write their autobiographies. (iv) In the late 19th century, the western powers established mechanical printing press in Shanghai and shifted to mechanical printing.

Question. “Print not only stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India”. Examine the statement.
Answer :(i) Religious texts, reached a wide circle of people encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions. (ii) Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another creating pan-Indian identities. (iii) Spread of ideas through printed texts and newspapers led to widespread participation of Indians. (iv) Print propagated opinion against social evils like sati, child marriage and the purdah system. (v) New ideas emerged through the clashes of opinions.

Question. What were penny chapbooks?
Answer : Penny chapbooks were an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe produced cheaply. Chapbooks were commonly small, paper covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8, 12, 16 and 24 pages.

Question. What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in the 19th century India? Describe. 5.9 Print and Censorship
Answer : Effects of Print culture on poor people : (i) Cheap small books were brought to the markets in Madras and were then sold. (ii) Public libraries were set up from early 20th century expanding the access to books. (iii) Issues to caste discrimination were written by Ambedkar, Jyotiba Phule and it was read by people. ‘Gulamgiri’ of Jyotiba Phule exposed the ill treatment given to the low castes. (iv) Local protest movements and sets criticised ancient scriptures. (v) Workers in factories wrote and published to show links between caste and class exploitation. (vi) Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves.

Question. Mention any three reasons for the limited circulation of manuscripts in Europe before Marco Polo introduced the printing technology.
Answer : The circulation of manuscript remained limited because : (i) The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. (ii) Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. (iii) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily.

Question. Why did Roman Catholic church impose control over publishers and book sellers?
Answer : The Roman Catholic Church imposed control over publishers and booksellers because scholars and writers started interpreting religious books, which everyone could read and understand. The public started questioning the Church authorities regarding the rules and regulations imposed and the religious beliefs. The Church wanted to maintain its supremacy and prevent people from questioning them, imposed control over booksellers and publishers.

Question. Examine the role of missionaries in the growth of press in India.
Answer : (i) The printing press first came to Goa in Western India through Portuguese missionaries in mid 16th century. (ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several texts and nearly 50 books were printed in Konkani. (iii) Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin. (iv) The first Malayalam book was printed in 1713. (v) The Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts.

Question. How did the printed books of India attract the poor class as readers in the 19th century? Explain.
Answer : Sources of Attraction : (i) Very cheap small books were brought to market in the 19th century. (ii) Public libraries were set up to give an easy access to books to those who could not buy. (iii) Kashibaba of Kanpur published ‘Chhote Aur Bade ka Sawal’ where caste and class exploitation were linked. (iv) Sacchi Kavitayen, the poems of another Kanpur millworker who wrote under the pen name of Sudarshan Chakra also attracted the mill workers towards reading printed books since they could see their lives and suffering reflected in such books.

Question. How did Governor General Willian Bentinck react to the petition filed by editors of English and vernacular newspapers?
Answer : In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor- General William Bentinck agreed to revise press laws.

Question. ‘Access to books created a new culture of reading’. Support the statement giving three examples. 5.5 The Nineteenth Century
Answer : The new reading culture developed with the increased access to books due to: Books became available to almost everyone in the society as a result of the printing invention. This automatically meant that anyone could read a book whenever they wanted. Novels and creative story books were quite entertaining and many people soon developed the habit of reading them. Since the books were very accessible, the literacy level went up as many people wanted to be able to read the books as everyone else did.

Question. What is meant by the print revolution? Explain its significance.
Answer : With the invention of printing press, the printing of books started at a large scale. it was called the Print Revolution. Significance : (i) With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. (ii) Printing reduced the cost of books. (iii) Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever growing readership.

Question. Who were the Ulama? 
Answer : They were legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia, which is a body of Islamic law.

Question. Why did British Government curb the freedom of the Indian press after the revolt of 1857?
Answer : After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of press changed. Enraged English officials clamped down the Indian press because of their nationalists activities. (i) In 1887, the Vernacular Press Act was passed. It provided the government extensive right to censor reports. (ii) The government kept regular track of the Vernacular newspaper, when a report was judged as seditious the newspaper was warned, the press was liable to be seized and machinery could be confiscated.

Question. How did Gutenberg personalise the printed books? Explain.
Answer : (i) Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns. (ii) Books printed for rich had blank space left for decoration. (iii) Each buyer could choose the design. (iv) Verses were highlighted with hand and with colours.

Question. What restrictions were imposed by the Vernacular Press Act on the Indian Press? Explain.
Answer : (i) The Vernacular Press Act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular press. (ii) The government kept regular track of the Vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. (iii) When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. (iv) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery could be confiscated. 

Question. Enumerate any three features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in India.
Answer : Three features of handwritten manuscripts: (i) Before the age of print everything had to be written by hand. (ii) Handwritten manuscripts were expensive and it was a laborious and time consuming business. (iii) Skilled hand writers could not meet the ever increasing demand for books. (iv) As initially paper was not available, bark of trees, palm leaves, vellum, etc. were used to write manuscripts

Question. How did print help to spread new ideas that led to the Reformation in Europe?
Answer : (i) In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 'Ninety Five Theses’ criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. (ii) Due to writings of Martin Luther, the church got divided and a new Protestant reformation had started. (iii) Several scholars, think that print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to reformation.

Question. Evaluate the efforts made by the British in India to impose censorship on the press.
Answer : (i) By the 1820's, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the country began encouraging publication of newspaper that would celebrate British Rule. (ii) In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and Vernacular newspapers, Governor General Bantick agreed to revise press laws. (iii) In 1878, the Vernacular press Act was passed, modeled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive right to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular Press. From now the government kept regular track of the Vernacular newspaper published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned and if the warning was ignored the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery could be confiscated.

Question. What led the colonial government to pass the Vernacular press Act in 1878? How did it affect the vernacular newspapers?
Answer : (i) The Vernacular Press Act was passed because the vernacular newspapers were assertively nationalist. They openly criticized and debated the government policies. (ii) The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was passed which empowered the government to censor reports and editorials. (iii) The government kept a regular tract of vernacular newspapers. If a report was judged seditious, the newspaper was warned and if warning was ignored, appropriate actions were taken.

Question. How had the Imperial State in China been the major producer of printed material for a long time? Explain with examples.
Answer : The Imperial state of China for a long time was the major producer of printed material. This was China had a large bureaucracy. The Chinese civil services examinations required the use of large number or text books for its preparation in the recruitment process. Thus, large number of books and other study materials were printed under the sponsorship of the Imperial state. From the 16th century onwards the number of examination candidates went up and thus the volume of print also increased.
Thus, printing of books started rapidly all over the nation. This was further accelerated by authors and rich merchants.                                                                                                                                                                

Question. Trace the earliest development of Printing technology in China from 594A.D.
Answer : 1. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing.
2. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.
3. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’were made which was folded and stitched at the side.
4. Text books for the civil service examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
5. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.The Chinese Buddhist Missionaries also have contributed to the development of print.

Question. Describe the development of print materials in urban China in the seventeenth century.
                                            OR
How did the use of print diversify in the 17th Century China?
Answer : 1. By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Print was no longer used just by scholar officials.
2. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
3. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
4. Many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
5. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late nineteenth century as Western powers established their outposts in China.
6. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools.

Question. Discuss the development of printing in Japan. 
Answer : 1. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770.
2. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
3. In Medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
4. In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo (later to be known as Tokyo), illustrated collections of paintings depicted an elegant urban culture.

Question. How did the use of paper and print reach Europe?
Answer : 1. For centuries, silk and spices from China flowed into Europe through the silk routeand in the eleventh century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route.Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
2. In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. He brought the knowledge of Woodblock printing to Europe.
3. Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe, because handwritten works were expensive merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies.

Question. Describe three short comings of manuscripts that were overcome by the printing press.
                                                                OR
Woodblocks printing became more and more popular in Europe. Give reasons.
Answer : 1. The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books.
2. Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily. Their circulation therefore remained limited.
3. With the growing demand for books, woodblock printing graduallybecame more and more popular.By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures etc.

Question. Describe how Johann Gutenbergdeveloped Printing Press technology? 
Answer : 1. Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricultural estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.
2. Drawing on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted the existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
3. Johann Guttenberg developed the first –known printing press in the 1430s.By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system. The first book he printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them.

Question. Explain briefly the ‘Print Revolution’ in Europe.
Answer : 1. In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries.
2. The second half of the fifteenth century saw 20 million copies of printed books flooding the markets in Europe.
3. The number of printed books went up in the sixteenth century to about 200 million copies. This shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the printrevolution.
4. Print influenced the perceptions of people on religion, society and politics and opened up new ways of looking at things.
5. Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.

Question. How did a reading public emerge in Europe in the place of a hearing public?
                                                                OR
How did oral culture enter print and how was print material orally transmitted? Explain any three points.
Answer : 1. Printing Press reduced the cost of printing. With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership. Access to books created a new culture of reading.
2. Printed books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
3. For the common people, the printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales illustrated with pictures. These were read and recited at villages and taverns in towns.

Question. “Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and those who did also had fears about it”. Comment.
                                                                      OR
Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Support your answer with suitable reasons.
Answer : 1. Many were apprehensive of the effects that, the easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds.
2. It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed.
3. Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists, this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had began to circulate. Example: Martin Luther- Ninety Five Thesis,Menocchio-the Italian Miller& Erasmus –Adages 

Question. What were the new forms of popular literature in print that appeared in 17th century Europe to target new audiences?
Answer : 1. Booksellers employed peddlers who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale. There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales.
2. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
3. In France, the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’, were low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.
4. Then there were the romances, printed on four to six pages, and the more substantial ‘histories’ which were stories about the past.
5. Books were of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interests.

Question. ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’ Who proclaimed and why?
                                                                                       OR
Why did people in 18th century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism? Explain with example.
Answer : 1. Louise-Sebastian Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth-century of France proclaimed this.
2. By the mid-eighteenth century, there was a common conviction that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism and tyranny, and herald a time when reason and intellect would rule. French Revolution.
3. In many of Mercier’s novels, the heroes are transformed by acts of reading and he was convinced that the power of print would bring enlightenment and destroy the basis of despotism. So Mercier proclaimed: ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’

Question. ‘Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently’. Explain the statement.
Answer : 1. There can be no doubt that print helps the spread of ideas. But the argument is that people did not read just one kind of literature.
2. If they read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau, they were also exposed to monarchical and Church propaganda. They were not influenced directly by everything they read or saw.
3. According to some historians the French revolutionaries accepted some ideas and
rejected others. They interpreted things their own way. Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently.

Question. “The nineteenth century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe, bringing in large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers”. Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer : Children:
1. Production of school books became important for book publishing industry.
2. A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857.
3. Printing Houses published new and old stories and fairy tales targeting children, editing them and making then suitable for them. Example: Grimm Brothers
Women:
4. Women became important as readers and writers. Penny magazines were meant for women.
5. The writing of 19th century defined women with will, strength of personality and power to think.
6. Jane Austin, Bronte Sisters and George Eliot were prominent Novelists.
Workers:
7. Lending libraries became instrumental in reading culture of lower-middle class.
8. Self educated middle class people wrote for themselves.
9. Workers wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

Question. Point out the strategies developed by the printers to sell their products.
Answer : 1. Nineteenth-century periodicals serialized important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.
2. In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the ‘Shilling Series’.
3. The ‘dust cover’ or the book jacket is also a twentieth-century innovation.
4. With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers feared a decline in book purchases. To sustain buying, they brought out cheap ‘paperback’ editions

Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 10 History Print Culture And The Modern World Worksheet