CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Making of a Global World Worksheet

Objective Type Questions

Question. These are a good example of vibrant premodern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world :
(a) Spaghetti and potato
(b) Silk routes
(c) Conquest and disease
(d) Dandi March
Answer : B

Question. The First World War was fought between :
(a) Allies and Central Powers
(b) Allies and Axis Powers
(c) Japan and America
(d) China and India
Answer : A

Question. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in :
(a) 1923
(b) 1929
(c) 1930
(d) 1947
Answer : D

Question. These were among the world’s richest countries until well into the eighteenth century :
(a) Japan and America
(b) Singapore and Taiwan
(c) Germany and Britain
(d) China and India
Answer : D

Question. The Bretton Woods Conference established the :
(a) Quit India Movement
(b) Indian textile industries
(c) Silk routes
(d) International Monetary Fund
Answer : D

Question. Indentured labour migration was abolished in :
(a) 1919
(b) 1920
(c) 1921
(d) 1930
Answer : C

Question. This was the world’s first mass-produced car :
(a) T-Model Ford
(b) Hindustan Ambassador
(c) Chevrolet
(d) Mitsubishi
Answer : D

Question. The Great Depression began around :
(a) 1919
(b) 1921
(c) 1929
(d) 1950
Answer : C

Question. A fast-spreading disease of cattle plague having a terrifying impact on people’s livelihood and the local economy in Africa in the 1890s :
(a) Spaghetti
(b) Rinderpest
(c) Rastafarianism
(d) G-77
Answer : B

Question. Which out of the following was beyond the reach of the poor in 18th century Europe?
(a) Bread
(b) Meat
(c) Potatoes the above
(d) None of above
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following was not a destination for Indian indentured migrants?
(a) Caribbean islands
(b) Fiji
(c) South Africa
(d) Nigeria
Answer : D

Question. Many expeditions set off in search of El Dorado, the fabled city of ______.
(a) Silver
(b) Emerald
(c) Diamonds
(d) Gold
Answer : D

Question. Which country passed the ‘Corn Laws’ to restrict the import of corn?
(a) France
(b) Great Britain
(c) Spain
(d) USA
Answer : B

Question. Demand for ______ led to the migration of people to America and Australia.
(a) Capital
(b) Raw materials
(c) Labour
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer : C

Question. One of the oldest livestock markets in ________ was at Smithfield.
(a) London
(b) Liverpool
(c) Manchester
(d) Edinburg
Answer : A

Question. The loss of _______ destroyed African livelihoods.
(a) Cattle
(b) Human lives
(c) Land
(d) Forests
Answer : A

Question. The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the _____.
(a) Caribbean Islands
(b) Fiji
(c) Mauritius
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question. Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of_________
(a) Bihar
(b) Eastern Uttar Pradesh
(c) Central India
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question. Migrants from ______ went to Ceylon and Malaya.
(a) Andhra Pradesh
( b) Odisha
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Karnatak
Answer : C

Question. Arrange the followings in the correct sequence:
(i) Rinderpest arrived in Africa
(ii) Rise of mass production and consumption in USA
(iii) The Great Depression
(iv) Bretton Woods Agreement
Options-
(a) (ii)-(i)-(iii)-(iv)
(b) (i)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)
(c) (i)-(iii)-(ii)-(iv)
(s) (iii)-(i)-(ii)-(iv)
Answer : B

Question. 

Which of the following option best depicts the above image?
(A) Female working for food
(B) Child labour
(C) The Irish Potato Famine
(D) Poverty in Europe
Answer : C

 

Question. Correct following statement and rewrite :
Along the route, the Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on, Japanese preachers travelled.
Answer : Along the routes the Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on Muslim preachers travelled.

Question. Complete the following :
Several silk routes helped in linking Asia with___.
Answer : Europe and northern Africa.

Question. Identify the person with the help of following features:
l He was a journalist and explorer
l He was sent to Africa by the New York Herald
l His explorations helped to conquer Africa
Answer : Sir Henry Morton Stanley

Question. Noodles: China, Pasta: Italy, Potato: _______ .
Answer : Americas

Question. Complete the following table:

Answer :

 

Source/Extract Based Questions

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:
When we talk of ‘globalization’ we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see the making of the global world has a long history – of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think about the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged. All through history, human societies have become steadily more interlinked. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilizations with present-day West Asia. For more than millennia, cowries from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa. The long-distance spread of diseasecarrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh century. By the thirteenth century it had become an unmistakable link.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

1.1 What is the most common perception about ‘globalization’?
(a) Removal of trade boundaries
(b) Development of transportations to travel globally
(c) Invention of multimedia to connect the world
(d) Global changes taken place in 20th century
Answer : A

1.2 Which of the following was not the objective behind making a global world?
(a) To gain knowledge
(b) To transport goods
(c) To find the sources of livelihood
(d) To spread disease-carrying germs
Answer : A

1.3 In ancient time ‘cowries’ were used as—
(a) To know direction during long sea voyages
(b) A transport medium to cross mountains
(c) A medium of exchange used by traders
(d) To call those who fled from Maldives to China
Answer : A

1.4 Find out the wrong statement from the following:
(a) The traces of globalization can be found way back from 3000 BC
(b) During ancient time silk-route played important role to connect Europe and Asia
(c) Several aspects of human life have helped in the making of a global world
(d) The process of globalization has always positive outcomes for humanity
Answer : D

 

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 per cent. The growth was also mostly stable, without large fluctuations. For much of this period the unemployment rate, for example, averaged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries.
These decades also saw the worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore, they invested vast amounts of capital, importing industrial plant and equipment featuring modern technology.
When the Second World War ended, large parts of the world were still under European colonial rule. 
Over the next two decades most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free, independent nations. They were, however, overburdened by poverty and a lack of resources, and their economies and societies were handicapped by long period of colonial rule.

9.1 When the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed?
Answer : The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.

9.2 What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? What was the main aim of the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer : (i) IMF (International Monetary Fund) and The World Bank are referred as the Bretton Woods Institutions.
(ii) The main aim of the Bretton Woods Agreement was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

9.3 How did the world trade grew with the help of Bretton Woods Institutions?
Answer : (i) The Western industrial nations and countries like Japan had grown their trade and income by drawing the loans from the Bretton Woods Institutions. (ii) World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent and incomes at nearly 5 per cent between 1950 and 1970.

 

Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow:
Source A- Late Nineteenth Century Colonialism
Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century. But this was not only a period of expanding trade and increased prosperity. It is important to realise that there was a darker side to this process. In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. Late nineteenth-century European conquests produced many painful economic, social and ecological changes through which the colonised societies were brought into the world economy.
Source B- Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. This is a good example of the widespread European imperial impact on colonised societies. It shows how in this era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people and their relations with the rest of the world.
Source C- Indentured Labour Migration from India
The example of indentured labour migration from India also illustrates the two-sided nature of the nineteenthcentury world. It was a world of faster economic growth as well as great misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others, technological advances in some areas and new forms of coercion in others.

Source A- Late Nineteenth Century Colonialism
12.1 What was the darker side of colonization?
Answer : Colonization led to loss of freedoms and livelihoods for millions of people living in the colonies.

Source B- Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
12.2 What were the effects of rinderpest in Africa?
Answer : Rinderpest killed almost 90 per cent of the cattle in Africa that ruined the African livelihood.

Source C- Indentured Labour Migration from India
12.3 What was indentured labour? What were the destinations of Indian indentured labourers?
Answer : (i) In the indentured labour system, a bonded labourer under contract had to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
(ii) The main destinations of Indian indentured labourer were the Caribbean islands, Mauritius and Fiji.

 

True Or False

Question. The prices of meat increased after the introduction of refrigerated ships. (True/False)
Answer : False

Question. Nineteenth century indenture has been described as a ‘new system of slavery’. (True/False)
Answer : True

Question. After the ‘Corn Laws’ were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. (True/False) 
Answer : True

Question. The silk routes are known to have existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost till the eighteenth century. (True/False)
Answer : False

Question. The US became a colonial power in the eighteenth century. (True/False)
Answer : False

 

Match the following :

 

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : There was a collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and the introduction of a system of floating exchange rates.
Reason : From the 1960s, the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the US’s finances and competitive strength. It could not command confidence as the world’s principal currency.
Answer : (a) The reason explains why the system of fixed exchange rates collapsed, and is true.

Question. Assertion : The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions which transformed the nineteenth-century world.
Reason : Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport.
Answer : (a) Technological advances were often the result of larger, social, political and economic factors, like colonisation. Thus reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of Antarctica was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century.
Reason : The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was the germs such as those of Swine Flu that they carried on their person.
Answer : (d) The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century. The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon but they carried germs of small pox on themselves. Thus, both the assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion : ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience.
Reason : Some of the Naipaul’s early novels capture their sense of loss and alienation.
Answer : (b) The reason and assertion do not match each other.\

Question. Assertion : When the supply of wheat was disrupted during the First World War, wheat production in Canada, America and Australia expanded dramatically.
Reason : Before the First World War, Asia was a major supplier of wheat in the world market.
Answer : (c) Before the First World War, Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market. Thus the reason is false.

Question. Assertion : Over the nineteenth century, British manufacturers flooded the Indian market.
Reason : The value of Indian exports to Britain was much higher than the value of British imports to India.
Answer : (c) The value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India.
Therefore, Assertion is true but reason is false.

Question. Assertion : During the Great Depression, agricultural regions and communities were worst affected.
Reason : The fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that in the prices of industrial goods.
Answer : (a) The reason explains the assertion.

Question. Assertion : The First World War involved the world’s leading industrial nations which harnessed the vast powers of modern industry to inflict the greatest possible destruction of enemies.
Reason : It was the first modern industrial war, which saw the use of robots and satellites on a massive scale.
Answer : (c) It was the first modern industrial war, which saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc. on a massive scale. Therefore, the assertion is true but reason is false.

 

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What kind of cultural exchanges were made through ‘Silk Route’ ?
Answer : ‘Silk Route’ was a popular network as it was frequented by the Christian missionaries, Muslim and Buddhist preachers.

Question. How did Rinderpest reach Africa ?
Answer : Rinderpest was borne by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers in East Africa.

Question. What was Paper Partition ? 
Answer : In 1885, the major European powers assembled in Berlin to divide the countries of Africa between them. 
This event was called Paper Partition.

Question. What were ‘Silk Routes’ ?
Answer : Silk routes were dynamic pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.

Question. What was Rastafarianism ?
Answer : Rastafarianism meant a protest religion that reflected social and cultural connections with Indian emigrants in the Caribbean region.

Question. How were jute producers of Bengal affected by the economic crisis ?
Answer : Due to economic crisis, the price of raw jute declined by more than 60 per cent as gunny bags exports collapsed.

Question. Name the two hostile groups of Second World War.
Answer : Axis Powers : Germany, Italy and Japan.
Allied Powers : France, Britain, USSR, USA, China. 

Question. Who was indentured labourer ? 
Answer : Indentured labourer signifies a ‘bonded labourer’ who obtained contract to work for an employer for a particular period of time.

Question. Who forced the government to abolish Corn Laws ?
Answer : Industrialists and urban dwellers compelled the government to abolish Corn Laws.

Question. Why were indentured labourers hired from India and China ?
Answer : In the nineteenth century, thousands of Indians and Chinese labourers were hired to work on plantations, mines, and roads and railways construction projects as indentured labourers.

Question. Who were Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars ?
Answer : Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars represented banking and trading groups who financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia.

Question. Which important inventions transformed nineteenth century world ?
Answer : The railways, steamships and the telegraph were the significant inventions that transformed the nineteenth century world.

Question. How did British manage opium trade with China ?
Answer : British produced opium in India and exported it to China. Based on the money earned through the sale, it financed its tea and other imports from China.

Question. Why was Britain burdened with huge external debts after World War-I ?
Answer : Britain was encumbered with huge external debts as it had to finance war expenditures that Britain had borrowed liberally from the U.S.

Question. What was economic depression ?
Answer : The Great Depression started in 1929 that led to a massive decline in production, employment, incomes and trade.

Question. What is the rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fiber known as?
Answer : Sericulture

Question. Which European country first conquered America?
Answer : Spanish

Question. What were Canal Colonies?
Answer : Areas irrigated by new canals settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab.

Question. What was Rinderpest?
Answer : Rinderpest was a cattle plague spread in Africa in 1890s killed 90% cattles.

Question. Which one of the following was the world’s first mass produced car?
Answer : Ford car

Question. Why did household incomes decline after the First World War? Give two reasons.
Answer : Death and destruction in World war I, Loss of work force

Question. When was the Breton Woods Conference convened?
Answer : 1944

Question. Define trade surplus.
Answer : When the value of export is more than import, it is called trade surplus.

Question. How the First World War was so horrible a war like none other before.
Answer : Involved many countries of the world and created mass destruction of life and property.

Question. How was the food problem solved in Britain after scrapping of the Corn Laws?
Answer : Import of grains increased from colonies and price reduced.

Short Answers Type Questions

Question. “The multinational companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for investment.” Explain the statement.
Answer : The multinational companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for investment because :
(i) After the Revolution of 1949, China gradually entered the field of world economy. It attracted the foreign MNCs to invest in China.
(ii) China is the most popular country in the world, besides labour they formed a large consumer base.
(iii) Wages in China were relatively low. So, it was great attraction for the MNCs.

Question. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer : In the pre-modern world, the global transfer of disease led to the colonisation of America because the native of the New World were susceptible to diseases brought about by the colonisers. The Europeans were moderately immune to small pox. Being ostensibly cut-off from the rest of the world, the natives of the New World had no protection against serious diseases.
These germs decimated the whole native communities and paved the way for foreign conquests. In principle, weapons and soldiers could easily be destroyed but disease could not be killed with ease.

Question. The silk routes are a good example of trade and cultural link between distant parts of the world. Explain with examples.
Answer : The silk routes were a good examples of trade and cultural link between distant parts of the world, it can be explained as follows :
(i) Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking Asia with Europe and Northern Africa.
(ii) Chinese pottery travelled the same route, as did textile and spices from India.
(iii) Precious metals link gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
(iv) Buddhism emerged from India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk route.

Question. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement ?
Answer : The Bretton Woods Agreement came into vogue in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA. The Bretton Woods System led to the development of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to maintain global economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. These world-class financial and development organizations also handled crucial problems related to external surpluses and deficits of member nations and financed post-war reconstructions.

Question. What attracted the Europeans to Africa ? Give any three reasons.
Answer : Europeans were attracted to Africa for several reasons.
These reasons are enumerated as follows :
(i) Europeans were attracted towards Africa due to its vast minerals and land resources.
(ii) Crop production and plantation opportunities in Africa also attracted them.
(iii) Poor military resistance power of Africa developed an ideal opportunity for Europeans to conquer areas there.

Question. Describe the economic conditions of Britain after the ‘First World War’.
Answer : Britain faced a prolonged crisis after the First World War.
(i) While Britain was at war, industries had developed in Japan and India. After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market, and to compete with Japan internationally.
(ii) Britain had borrowed liberally from the US to finance war expenditures. At the end of the war Britain was burdened with huge external debts.
(iii) When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. In 1921, one out of every five British workers was out of work.

Question. How did Europeans handle the problem of shortage of labour in Africa ?
Answer : The Europeans coped with the growing problem of labour shortage in Africa by following certain steps.
These are enumerated as follows :
(i) Africans were burdened with heavy taxes that could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines.
(ii) Inheritance laws were revised that led to the displacement of peasants from the land. In principle, only one member of the family was allowed to inherit land. As a matter of fact, other members were shoved into the labour market.

Question. What was the impact of colonisation on various colonies ?
Answer : The effects of colonisation on various colonies are enumerated as follows :
(i) Trade flourished and markets expanded in the latenineteenth century. At the same time, colonisation also led to loss of freedom and livelihoods in the colonies.
(ii) European conquests led to economic, social and ecological changes which resulted in the positioning of the colonised societies within the ambit of the world economy.
(iii) Rival European powers in Africa drew up the borders demarcating their respective territories, which is known as paper partition.
(iv) Britain and France wielded control over vast stretches of land in the overseas territories in the late-nineteenth century. Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers.
(v) The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by exercising control over some colonies that were previously occupied by Spain.

Question. Why did the developing countries organise themself in the G-77 ? Give three reasons.
Answer : The reasons for organising the G-77 are enumerated as follows :
(i) Most developing countries barely benefitted from the fast growth the western economies faced in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Therefore, they integrated themselves into a close-knit group, the group of 77 or G-77 to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
(ii) NIEO signifies a system that would give developing countries real control over their natural resources, fair prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in the markets of developed countries.
(iii) G-77 wanted to change into international financial system, which was proposed by the Bretton Woods Conference. Nevertheless, nothing was done to
eradicate poverty and improve the economic condition of the colonies.

Question. Why did the inflow of fine Indian cotton begin to decline in England ?
Answer : Historically, fine cottons produced in India were exported to Europe. The reasons of the decline of the inflow of fine Indian cotton in England were as follows :
(i) The British rule heralded a new epoch of commercialisation and exposure to foreign trade. 
As a matter of fact, Indian hand-spun cotton became extinct due to competition from the British industries.
(ii) Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports to Britain.
Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.
(iii) British manufactures also sought overseas markets for the sale of Manchester and Liverpool made cotton clothes.
(iv) Due to excessive tariff barriers, Indian textiles faced rigid competition in other foreign markets.

Question. How had Indian trade been beneficial for the British during seventeenth century ? Explain.
Answer : The Indian trade had been beneficial for the British during seventeenth century due to following reasons:
(i) Cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre and tea were in demand in Britain and their availability from India enhanced the quality of life for the British.
(ii) Hand-made products came to symbolise refinement and class.
(iii) They were better finished.
(iv) They were individually produced.
(v) They were carefully designed.
(vi) Machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. “Indian trade had played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy.“ Analyze the statement.
Answer : Indian trade has definitely played a crucial role in the late 19th century world economy.
(i) Britain had a trade surplus with India, she used this surplus to balance her trade deficits with other countries.
(ii) Britain‘s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called ‘home charges‘ that included private remittances by British officials and traders, interest payments on India‘s external debts and pensions of the British officials in India.
(iii) In the 19th century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantation in mines and for roads and railways construction projects around the world.
(iv) India also provided raw materials to the developing industries of the world.
(v) India became a major market for the final goods especially for cotton textile industry of Britain.

Question. Describe the impact of Rinderpest on people’s livelihood and local economy in Africa in the 1890s.
Answer : In Africa, in the 1890s, a rapid spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. In the high noon of European imperialism and colonisation, rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.
Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west. It killed 90% of the cattle on the way. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods and heavily affected their economy. Planters, miners and colonial governments now monopolised what resources remained to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.

Question. Describe the role of ‘technology‘ in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century.
Answer : The making of modern global world was characterized by major discoveries and inventions.
Technological inventions helped developing in these ways :
(i) Railways, steamships, telegraphs transformed the trade and led to easy transportation of goods and raw materials.
(ii) Technological advancements stimulated the process of industrialization, which expanded production of goods and trade.
(iii) Refrigerated ships made transportation of perishable products, like meat, over long distances easy.
(iv) There was also development of the Printing Press that lead to print revolution.
(v) Communication was made easy with the invention of telephones, computers and other things like cable, network towers etc.

Question. Discuss the causes and impact of indentured labour migration from India.
Answer : (i) The migration of indentured labourers from India delineates two-sided nature of the nineteenth century world. On one side, it demonstrated the world of faster economic growth, higher incomes and technological advancement for one section of the society. On the other hand, the lower segments of the society were afflicted with poverty, hardship and brutal coercion. The causes of indentured labour migration from India are as follows :
(a) In the nineteenth century, hundreds and thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers immigrated to other parts of the world and worked on plantations, mines, roads and railways construction projects. In India, these indentured workers were hired under contract, which promised them safe passage to India after they had worked five years on the plantation for the employer.
(b) Most Indian indentured workers hailed from the present-day regions of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. In the mid-nineteenth century, these regions experienced many changes, such as cottage industries declined, increase in land rents, lands were cleared for mines and plantations, etc. The lower segments of the society were deeply affected by these changes and their condition was turned into insolvency.
Therefore, they were compelled to migrate to other parts of the world in search for work.
The main destinations of indentured migrants were the Caribbean Islands. Mauritius and Fiji Indentured workers were also employed by the owners of tea plantations in Assam.
(ii) The consequences of migration of indentured labourers from India are as follows :
(a) Many migrants, in despair, took up work and went far afield from their home towns. They wanted to escape poverty, filth and exploitation in their home towns. Subsequently, they understood the graveness of their living and working conditions in the foreign lands. They did not even have legal rights.
(b) The indentured workers discovered their own ways of survival. Many of them escaped into wilderness, though if caught, they faced severe punishment. Many indentured workers developed new variants of individual and collective self-expression, amalgamating different cultures.

Question. Do you think World War-II marked a watershed in the twentieth century ?
Answer : The Second World War started two decades after the end of the First World War. It was fought between the Axis Powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allied Powers (Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the USA.) The Second World War had set another paradigm as it was another instance of ‘industrial war’. The World War-II, doubtlessly, marked a watershed in the twentieth century history of International Relations. It was a catastrophe in human history and all major powers were driven into the whirlpool of the global war. It was a total war like the World War-I, which left both the teams with lasting wounds. The World War-II was fought on a much wider scale and was relatively more violent than the World War-I. The World War-II had set the embryonic stage of the ‘atom bomb‘ culture. The World War-II had greatly upset the balance of power in the world. There was a huge outcry for peace, freedom and domocracy. The world in a state of turbulence as this Great War began a new cold war between USA and USSR. The armed strength of USA was reflected in the World War-II. Thus, the main tussle originated from the World War-II and the world was set in a heated cauldron. The diplomatic equations underwent changes as the world got involved in new forms of battles.
Hence, this war marked a watershed in the history.

Question. What were the harsh repercussions of the Great World War-I of the early-twentieth century ?
Answer : The harsh repercussions of the Great World War-I of the early-twentieth century are as follows :
(i) Depopulation : Tanks and bombs decimated half the population of the world. Therefore, depopulation is the first negative aspect of the Great world Wars.
(ii) Economic dislocation : Economic condition of both the Axis and Allied powers deteriorated during the Great wars. It started to revive in the interregnum phase in the aftermath of the World War- I (1914-19). However, economic dislocations surfaced again during the World War-II.
(iii) High prices of consumer goods : Due to incurrent wars, heavy industries developed in the fringes of the nations. As a matter of fact, the supply of consumer goods became scarce. Due to high demand of these goods, the prices of consumer goods skyrocketed in the market.
(iv) Adverse impact on India : Low agricultural productivity led to the shortage of agricultural goods in the major cities of Allied and Axis Powers. The colonies of England, especially India exported raw materials and agricultural goods to England. Consequently, Indian economy crumbled and fell into a state of complete collapse.

Question. What were the results of ‘shrinking’ of the world from sixteenth century onwards ?
Answer : The ‘shrinking’ of the world from sixteenth century onwards, culminated in many developments. The results are as follows :
(i) The Americas (North, South America and Caribbean Islands) came into the purview of public consciousness.
(ii) The supreme European powers, armed with advanced weapons, colonised the vast swathes of the American landmass.
(iii) The European sailors, mainly Spanish and Portuguese, invented sea trade routes through the Indian Ocean. This led to expansion and re-directing of trade to Europe.
(iv) China, ostensibly cut-off from the whole world, did not forge any commercial contacts with the European powers. As a matter of fact, the center of gravity got drifted from China towards Europe.
(v) The gold and silver mines of South American countries, like Peru and Mexico got exposed to the European powers.
(vi) Smallpox, a pernicious disease, was transmitted into the American continents through European soldiers.

Question. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries.
In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins ? 
Answer : The’ G-77 countries’ represented the group of 77 countries that demanded a new economic international order (NEIO). The New Economic International Order (NIEO) is a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, without being victimized by the agents of neo-colonialism, a new variant of colonialism in trade. Neo-colonialism was practiced by the former colonial powers.
The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank). These two institutions were designed to accomplish the financial needs of industrial and developed countries. They did nothing for the economic growth of former colonies and developing nations.

 

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