CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism in India Worksheet Set B

Assertion Reason questions

Directions : In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true

Question. Assertion Gandhiji's idea of 'Satyagraha' emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
Reason Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi could win the battle by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
Reason (R): His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): It was declared that 26th January, 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for Complete Independence.
Reason (R): Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate his abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi decided to take up the Khilafat issue.
Reason (R): He wanted to bring the Muslims into the folder of nationalist movement
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch Civil Disobedience Movement by violating Salt Law.
Reason (R): Salt was used by the poor people.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A): Folklores gave a picture of traditional culture, it helps in discovering a national identity and restoring a sense of pride in one’s past.
Reason (R): Nationalism spreads when people discover some unity that binds them together
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true
Answer : A

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question.  1859 troublesome for Plantation Workers?
Answer : Under this Act, Plantation Workers were not permitted to leave tea-gardens without permission.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?
Answer : Gandhiji felt that the Movement was turning violent in many places.

Question. Why did Indians oppose the 'Simon Commission'? 
Answer : Because there was no Indian Member in the Commission.

Question. Name the writer of the novel 'Anandamath'.
Answer : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. 

Question. Who organised Dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? 
Answer : Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. 

Question. Under which agreement the Indian 'Depressed Classes' got reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils in 1932?
Answer : Poona Pact. 

Question. Name the writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj'.
Answer : The writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj' is Mahatma Gandhi. 

Question. What is meant by Satyagraha? 
Answer : Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. 

Question. Trace the reason because of which Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919.
Answer : To protest against the Rowlatt Act.

Question. What kind of Movement was launched by the tribal Peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer : Militant Guerrilla Movement

Question. Why did Gandhiji take up the Khilafat issue?
Answer : To bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain.
Answer : (i) Against Rowlatt Act
(ii) Jallianwala Bagh incidence
(iii) Khilafat Andolan

Question. ‘The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. This statement can be supported by the following arguments.
♦ For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and to retain a link with the native village.
♦ When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home.
♦ They believed that Gandhi Raj meant that they would be given land in their own villages.
However, due to steamer and railway strike, thousands were stranded on the way.

Question. Why did different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain.
Answer:
Different social groups joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. Three of them are listed below.
♦ Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh – joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops, they were hard-hit by depression and falling prices. For them, Swaraj meant struggle against high revenues.
♦ Poor peasants joined the struggle because they found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
♦ Rich business classes were against colonial policies which restricted trade. They joined the movement because they wanted protection against import of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without constraints.

Question. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyze the reasons.
Answer:
♦ Congress wanted to include the demands of the masses as a whole and not a particular group or class.
♦ If the demand of the workers were included, then industrialists would get offended. The industrialists were supporting the Congress financially. The Congress did not want to alienate the industrialists and create anti-imperialist feelings.
♦ A big portion of the Congress membership and funding came from industrialists and small businessmen.

Question. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer:
At the second Round Table conference, Dr BR Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for dalits. When the British conceded Dr Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji, who was opposed to this, went on a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position by signing a pact in 1932, known as the Poona Pact. The Poona Pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in the provincial and legislative councils but they were to be voted by general electorate.

Question. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of the ‘Swaraj Flag’.
Answer:
By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. The main features of this flag were as follows.
♦ It was a tricolour (saffron, green and white).
♦ It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Question. What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Answer:
♦ During the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.Nationalism in India 39
♦ It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India.
♦ It also had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question. How could non-cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Non-cooperation became a movement in the following ways.
♦ The idea of non-cooperation was first introduced by Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj, where he declared that since the British had established their rule in India with the cooperation of the Indians, it would collapse only when the cooperation was withdrawn.
♦ Initially non-cooperation was to start in stages with the surrender of British honours and titles, boycott of British offices, institutions and foreign goods followed by civil disobedience campaign. Finally at Nagpur session of Congress in 1920, the programme of Non-Cooperation was adopted.
♦ In case the government used repressive methods, a full scale Civil Disobedience campaign would then be launched.
♦ At the same time Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali began touring and mobilising support for the movement.

Question. Explain any three measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Following were the measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act:
♦ Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British decided to clamp down on nationalists.
♦ Local leaders were arrested and Gandhiji was baned from entering Delhi.
♦ There were firing on peaceful procession.
♦ Seeing the situation out of control, Martial law was imposed,

Question. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer:
♦ Satyagraha emphasized on the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
♦ It was a novel method of protesting through mass agitation, without the use of force, the oppressor could be persuaded to see the truth and it will ultimately triumph.
♦ It suggested that in a struggle against injustice, if the cause is right, there was no need for aggression or physical force. Victory could be won by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

Question. How did the industrialists relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
Answer:
♦ During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists made huge profits and emerged as a powerful section. They opposed colonial policies that restricted business
activities because they wanted to expand their business.
♦ They formed Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
♦ They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched and attacked colonial control over the Indian economy. 
♦ They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints
♦ Eminent businessmen like Purshotamdas, Thakurdas and GD Birla also came in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer:
One of the most important features of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. They participated in the movement in the following ways.
♦ During Gandhiji’s salt satyagraha, thousands of women came out of their homes and engaged themselves in various activities.
♦ They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed shops selling foreign goods, liquor, etc.
♦ Many of them were arrested and went to jail.
♦ In urban areas, women from high-caste families whereas in rural areas women from the rich peasant households, inspired by Gandhiji’s call, regarded service to the nation as a sacred duty. 

Question. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Explain.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement slowed down in the cities for various reasons.
♦ Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. So people could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
♦ Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed a problem as there were no alternative national institutions to fulfil the educational needs.
♦ The students and teachers trickled to government schools. The lawyers joined government courts.
With all these, the enthusiasm of people in the cities lost its force.

Question. Who was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day? Why must India sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj? Explain briefly.
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day. India must sever the British connection because the British deprived Indians of their rights and oppressed and exploited them and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually to the fullest.

Question. Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January 1930? Why was the abolition of ‘salt tax’ most stirring demand? Explain.
Answer:
On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji wrote a letter to Lord Irwin, stating eleven demands. Some of the demands were of general nature, others were more specific demands from industrialists to peasants. They were wide ranging demands, so that all classes could identify with them and they could be brought under the common campaign. The most stirring demand was to abolish salt tax.
Salt is item of food, consumed by all sections of the society. It is one of the most essential food item. The tax on salt and government monopoly over its production, showed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question. How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
Answer:
Salt became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because of the following reasons:
♦ Gandhiji found in salt a powerful bond that would unite the nations as it – was consumed by all rich and poor alike.
♦ Gandhiji’s letter to Viceroy Irwin stated eleven demands. Most of them were of general interest but the most stirring was to abolish the salt tax imposed by the colonial government.
♦ Irwin’s unwillingness to negotiate forced Gandhiji to start his salt March which was joined by thousands. It developed the feeling of nationalism.
♦ People in different parts of the country broke salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated infront of government salt factories.
♦ People unitedly followed Gandhiji’s words. They refused to pay taxes, revenues, picketed liquor shops, boycotted foreign clothes, resigned from government jobs violated forest laws.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non- Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh were:
♦ The landlords and talukdars of Awadh demanded exorbitantly high land rent and a number of other cesses from the peasants.
♦ The peasants were compelled to do beggar, that is, they had to work at landlord’s farm without payment.
♦ As tenants, the peasants had no security of tenure and were often evicted from their land, they could not acquire any right over the leased land.

Question. Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
Answer:
The main features of the ‘Salt March’ were:
♦ Gandhiji started the historic Dandi March (Salt March) from Sabarmati Ashram, (Ahmedabad) accompanied by 78 trusted volunteers.
♦ The distance from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal town on the coast of Gujarat was 240 miles.
♦ The volunteers walked for 24 days, 10 miles a days.
♦ Thousands of people came to hear Gandhiji. The explained the meaning of Swaraj to them.
♦ On 6th April, he reached Dandi, violated the salt law and manufactured salt by boiling sea water.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain the reasons.
Answer:
Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 because of the following reasons.
♦ Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent at many places and the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for the mass struggle.
♦ Within the Congress some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in the elections to the provincial councils set up after by the Government of India Act 1919.
♦ The final blow however came after the violent incident in Chauri Chaura in 1922 when a violent mob burnt a police station killing many policemen. Immediately after that, Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments
Answer:
♦ Simon Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The Commission is not have a single Indian member. They were all British.
According to Indians, the commission did not hold any hopes for further constitutional reforms.
♦ Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ and black flags.
♦ All parties including the Congress and Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question. ‘Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
The three attributes of a nation, according to Renan are:
♦ A nation is formed when there is a long past of sacrifices and devotion.
♦ A national ideas comes into existence when there is a heroic past, glory and great men. It is the foundation of nation building.
♦ The people should have the will to work together for a common goal. All these factors give rise to nationalism because people feel they are part of a same nation.

Question. Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience movement against the Rowlatt Act which would start with a hartal on 6 April. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
♦ Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.
♦ Gandhiji was barred from entering Delhi.
♦ On 10 April, the police in Amritsar opened fire upon a peaceful procession which led to widespread attack on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed andn General Dyer took command.

Question. How did colonial government react as the Civil Disobedience Movement spread in the country? Explain any three points.
Answer:
The colonial government reacted to the spread of Civil Disobedience Movement in the following ways:
♦ Prominent Congress leaders such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Gandhiji began to be arrested.
♦ The government used the policy of brutal repression to clamp down the demonstrators.
♦ Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and lakhs of people were arrested.

Question. How was history re-interpreted in creating a feeling of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Answer:
By the end of the 19th century, many Indian felt that people should take pride in their glorious past and started re-interpreting history.
♦ The British saw Indians as backward and primitive people incapable of governing themselves.
The Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
♦ In India, during ancient times there was an all round development in mathematics and science, in art and architecture, religion and philosophy, culture and law. Trade with other countries flourished during ancient times.
♦ The glorious time was followed by period of decline when India was colonised.

Question. How did the peasants who gathered around Nehru near Rae Bareli behave when he addressed them? Explain what Nehru meant when he said, “I needed the lesson more than they.”
Answer:
The peasants gathered around Nehru were calm and peaceful to hear him address them. Nehru meant to say that inspite of brutal and displeased behavior of police, the peasants remained peaceful. On the other hand he had forgotten nonviolence totally at that moment and he was very agitated and disturbed. The peasants taught him a lesson that he was supposed to have being their leader.

Question. How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:
♦ A non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law began.
♦ There were hartals and rallies organised in the whole of the country.
♦ Workers in the railway workshops went on strike.
♦ Shops were closed down in protest. (any three explanation)

Question. ‘Some of the Muslim political organizations in India, were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer:
When Gandhiji called the Civil Disobedience Movement, Muslims were lukewarm in their response due to
♦ The disappointment with Non-Cooperation Movement and how it ended without any concrete outcome.
♦ The Congress had become visibly associated with the Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha, making large sections of Muslims feel alienated.
♦ The relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened as each community began organising religious processions.
♦ In 1927 the Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate a compromise, but some important differences remained unsolved.
♦ Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status of Muslims in India. Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hopes of resolving the issue at the All Party Conference disappeared, when Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise. So when Civil Disobedience began, there was an atmosphere of distrust and
suspicion among the communities and Muslim response was lukewarm.

Question. “A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.” Explain with examples.
Answer: A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence. This statement emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight against the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrahi could win the battle. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressors instead of forcing them to accept truth through the use of violence.

Question. Explain the effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.
Answer:
The effects of worldwide economic depression were:
♦ There was a fall in agricultural prices from 1926 and it collapsed after 1930.
♦ As the demand for agricultural goods fall and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay the revenue.
♦ In the countryside, rich peasant communities were the producers of commercial crops. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.

Question. Describe the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s.
Answer : Role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
(i) Alluri Sitarama Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots.
(ii) The Rebels proclaimed him as an Incarnation of God.
(iii) Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement.
(iv) He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
(v) But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(vi) He used Guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Question. Describe the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer : (i) The Rowlatt Act was effective from 10th March, 1919. In Punjab, the protest movement was vast and strong.
(ii) On 10th April, two renowned leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested and were taken to an unknown place.
(iii) A public meeting was held on 13th April at Jallianwala Bagh in a small park enclosed by buildings on all sides to protest against the arrest.
(iv) General Dyer with his British troops entered the park, closed the entrance of the park and commanded his army to fire on the gathered people without any warning.
(v) The firing lasted for ten minutes and sixteen hundred rounds were fired killing about hundreds people and more than two thousand people were left wounded and unattended.

Question. Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India.
Answer : (i) The war created a new economic and political situation.
(ii) It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans
(iii) To fulfil the loan demands taxes were increased,custom duties were raised. Not only this, a new tax in the form of income tax was also introduced.
(iv) Prices increased, doubling between 1913 and 1918. This hit the common people.
(v) Villagers were asked to supply soldiers and through force recruitment in rural areas.
(vi) During 1918-19, crops failed in many parts of India which created shortage of food.
(vii) Spread of influenza epidemic and death of 12 to 13 million people.

Question. Analyse any three reasons for slow down of Non-Cooperation Movement in cities.
Answer : Reasons for slowing down of Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) The Indians could not boycott for a long time because, Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The Boycott of British institutions posed a problem as alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of British ones.
(iii) Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts in the absence of alternate Indian Institutions.

Question. Explain any three effects of the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ on the economic front.
Answer : Effects of the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’:
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge.
(iii) Import of Foreign cloth halved.
(iv) In many places Merchants and Traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

Question. Discuss the various stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer : Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages:
1st Stage–Surrender of titles that the government awarded.
2nd Stage–Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative, Councils, Schools and Foreign Goods.
3rd Stage–Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

Question. How could Non-Cooperation become a Movement? Give your opinion.
Answer : Non-Cooperation became a Movement as: 
(i) It was the view of Gandhiji that the British Rulewas set in India with the cooperation of Indians
(ii) If Indians refused cooperation, British rule in India would collapse within a year and Swaraj would come.
(iii) Gandhiji proposed that the Movement should unfold in stages.
(iv) In case the Government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience Campaign would be launched.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support of the Movement.
(vi) It should begin with surrender of titles that government awarded and a boycott of civil services, police, courts and legislative councils,schools and foreign goods.

Question. “British rule in India would have collapsed if Indians had not cooperated.” How did this statement help in starting a Mass Movement in India against the British Rule?
Answer : (i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and if Indians had refused to cooperate, British rulein I ndia would have collapsed within a year.
(ii) He proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
(iii) It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had awarded to the Indians
(iv) A boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Assemblies, Schools and Foreign Goods would show their non-cooperation to the British Empire.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience campaign would be launched.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922?
Explain any three reasons.
OR
What were the causes of the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain.
OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain the reasons.
Answer: Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922:
(i) Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places.
(ii) A clash took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.
(iii) A group of volunteers picketing a liquor shop were beaten up by a Police Officer.
(iv) In protest a group of Peasants went to the Police Station, bolted the door and set fire to the Police Station killing 22 Policemen.
(v) The incident shocked Gandhiji and he immediately withdrew the Movement.

Question. “The Plantation Workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj”. Support the statement with arguments.
Answer:“The Plantation Workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj” as:
(i) For Plantation Workers in Assam, Freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
(ii) Swaraj meant retaining a link to the village from which they had come.
(iii) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the Tea gardens without permission.
(iv) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
(v) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the Peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement. 
Answer: Problems faced by the Peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement were:
(i) Talukdars and Landlords posed high rent on land and variety of cesses.
(ii) Various taxes were also implemented on them.
(iii) Peasants had to do begar and work at Landlord’s farm without any payment.
(iv) They had no security of tenure and were evicted regularly.
(v) They had no right over leased land.

Question. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside
Answer: Non-Cooperation Movement spread in the countryside:
(i) In Awadh, Peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here the Movement was against Talukdars and Landlords who demanded from Peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.
(ii) Peasants had to do begar and work at Landlords' farms without any payments. As tenants, they had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted so that they have no right over the leased land.
(iii) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycott of oppressive Landlords. In the meantime, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh.
(iv) The Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up in the villages. The Peasant Movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with.
(v) As the Movement spread, the Houses of Talukdars and Merchants were attacked Bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.

Question. Describe the role of Poor Peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’
Answer: The Peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) because the poor peasantry was not just interested in the lowering of the revenue but also remission of rent as many had rented land and had been unable to pay the rent during the years of depression and decreasing cash incomes. When the movement was called off in 1931, without the revenue rates being revised, the Farmers were highly disappointed. In some parts of the country, they launched ‘no rent’ campaign which was not supported by the congress because this might upset the rich peasant and the landlords. Many of them refused to participate when the movement was re-launched in 1932. These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.

Question. Evaluate the role of Business Classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
Answer: Role of Business classes in 'Civil Disobedience Movement':
(i) The Business class reached against policies that restricted business activities.
(ii) They wanted protection against Imports of Foreign goods and a Rupee-Sterling Foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(iii) In order to organise business interest, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
(iv) They gave financial assistance for the Movement.
(v) They refused to Buy and Sell Imported goods.

Question. “The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.” Support the statement with examples. 
OR
How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement? State any three points of difference. 
Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways: Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) The people were asked not to co-operate with the government.
(ii) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(iii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iv) Foreign clothes were burnt in heap.
(v) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or Finance Foreign Traders.
(vi) Students left the Government - owned schools and colleges.
(vii) Lawyers gave up legal practices. Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) People were asked to break Colonial Laws.
(ii) The Countrymen broke the Salt Law.
(iii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
(iv) Village officials resigned from their jobs.
(v) Forest people violated Forest Rules and Laws. (Any three points of difference to be mentioned)

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Answer: Simon Commission:
(i) The new government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.
(ii) It was set up in response to the Nationalist Movement.
(iii) The Commission was to look into the functioning of the Constitutional System in India and suggest changes.
(iv) The problem was that the Commission didn‘t have a single Indian Member.
(v) When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’.
(vi) All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question. Explain in brief the ‘Dandi March’. OR Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’. 
Answer: (i) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous ‘Salt March’ or ‘Dandi March’ on 11th March, 1930 accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
(ii) The March was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi’s Ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of Dandi.
(iii) On 6th April, 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(iv) This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement. 

Question. What were Mahatma Gandhi‘s views on women‘s participation in the National Movements? 
Answer : (i) According to Gandhiji, the Woman is the companion of man and gifted with equal rights of freedom and liberty.
(ii) The Woman is more fit than a man to take exploration and bolder action in non-violence.
(iii) The Woman is the better half of humanity, not the weaker sex. 

Question. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact‘. 
Answer: The main features of ‘Poona Pact’ were:
(i) The Poona Pact (September 1932) gave Depressed Classes (later to be known as Scheduled Caste) reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative Councils.
(ii) They were to be voted in by the general electorate.
(iii) The Act came into force due to Gandhiji’s fast unto death.
(iv) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s stand. 

Question. How did Women participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. 
Answer: Participation of Women in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Women in large number participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) During Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
(iii) They participated in Protest Marches and manufactured salt.
(iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
(v) Many went to jail.
(vi) They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. 

Question. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of Industrial Workers in its programme of struggle.“ Analyse the reasons. 
Answer: The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle because:
(i) The industrialists came closer to the Congress, but the workers stayed aloof.
(ii) Congress felt this would alienate industrialists.
(iii) It would divide its Anti-Imperial forces.
(iv) Civil Disobedience Movement would be weakened. 

Question. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular symbols, etc., in shaping Nationalism during the freedom struggle. 
Answer: Role of folklore:
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of Nationalism.
(ii) The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
(iii) In the 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ’Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
(iv) The idea of Nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.

Question. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ in 1921? Explain the main features of this ‘Swaraj Flag’.
 OR
Which flag did Gandhiji design in 1921? Mention its special features.
Answer: (i) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag.
(ii) It was a tricolour (red, green and white) flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
(iii) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during Marches became a symbol of defiance. 

Question. What type of flag was designed during the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features. 
Answer: During the “Swadeshi Movement” in Bengal the flag designed was a Tricolour Flag. The two features of the flag were:
(i) The colour of the flag was Red, Green and Yellow.
(ii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces in British India.
(iii) It had a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain the meaning and notion of 'Swaraj' as perceived by the Plantation Workers. How did they respond to the call of the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer: (i) For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(ii) (a) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.
(b) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
(c) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
(d) They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a Railway and Steamer strike, they were caught by the Police and brutally beaten up.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the 'Non- Cooperation Movement'? How did this Movement unite the country? Explain.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi declared that British Rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and if Indians had refused to cooperate, the British rule in India would have collapsed within a year. He proposed that the Non-Cooperation Movement should unfold in stages. (i) It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had awarded to the Indians
(ii) A boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Assemblies, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience campaign would be launched. Unification of the Country:
(i) In many places, Merchants and Traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or invest in foreign trade. Foreign cloth was boycotted.
(ii) Thousands of students left the Governmentcontrolled Schools and Colleges, Headmasters and Teachers resigned, and Lawyers gave up their legal practices. (iii) The Council Elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.

Question. How had the ‘First World War’ created economic problems in India? Explain with examples. 
OR
What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India?
Answer: (i) It created new economic and political problems. The war had led to huge expenditure which was financed by heavy loans and an increase in taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
(ii) The prices had doubled between 1913 and 1918 and the common people underwent great hardships.
(iii) Crops had failed between 1918-19 and 1920- 21 leading to famine and disease. There were epidemics killing between 12-13 million people (Census, 1921).
(iv) People’s hope that the end of the war would bring an end to their misery and near to their goals and this led to their support to the National Movement.
(v) The Muslims were antagonised by the British ill-treatment of the Khalifa, after the First World War.
(vi) Indian villagers were also incensed by the British Government’s forced recruitment of men in the army.
(vii) The Congress and other parties were angry with the British for not consulting them before making India a party on their side against Germany.
(viii) Taking advantage of the First World War, many revolutionary parties cropped up and they incited the people to join the anti-Colonial Movement in India (i.e., the National Movement)

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919)? How was it opposed or organised? Explain. 
Answer: Gandhiji decided to launch a nation-wide Satyagraha:
(i) This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council.
(ii) Indian members opposed the Act.
(iii) It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities.
(iv) It allowed detention of Political Prisoners without trial for two years. (Any two points to be explained.) It opposed in the following ways: (i) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(ii) Workers went on strike.
(iii) Shops were closed.
(iv) Communication, Railway, Telegraphs lines were disrupted. 

Question. How did Colonial Government repress the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. 
Answer: Colonial Government repressed the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’:
(i) The Colonial Government took brutal steps to repress the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) The government began arresting the congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested (April 1930).
 (iv) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar facing armoured cars and police firing, many were killed.
(v) Gandhiji was himself arrested. (vi) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
(vii) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked women and children were beaten.
(viii) About 100,000 people were arrested. 

Question. Describe the Incident and impact of the Jallianwala Bagh. OR Explain the reason and effects of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. 
OR
Explain the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people. 
OR
Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the aftermath. Which basic human rights did the British violate? 
Answer: Incident and Impact of the Jallianwala Bagh: On 13th April, large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. Some of them had come to protest against the government’s new repressive measures and others had come to attend Baisakhi fair. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds to create a feeling of terror. Impact:
(i) As the news spread, crowd took to the streets in North Indian towns.
(ii) There were strikes, clashes with Police.
(iii) Attacks on government buildings.
(iv) The Government responded with brutal repression to terrorise people.
(v) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground.
(vi) People were flogged and villages were bombed.
(vii) The British violated the freedom of speech and expression. 

Question. Describe the development which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement. 
Answer: The following developments took place which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha Movements in various places.
(ii) In 1916, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. 
(iii) Then in 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
(iv) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha Movement amongst Cotton Mill Workers.
(v) In 1919, he decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
(vi) Rallies were organised in various places.
(vii) At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj. 

Question. Define the term 'Civil Disobedience Movement'. Describe the participation of rich and poor peasant communities in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'.
Answer: Civil Disobedience Movement means to disobey the rule of the British Government. Participation of rich and poor peasant communities:
(i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of UP were active in movement.
(ii) Rich peasants participated in the movement as a struggle against high revenue demand.
(iii) Rich peasants organized their community to support Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) The poor peasants participated as they wanted their unpaid rent to be remitted. 
(i) Rich Peasants: Depression and fall in prices affected them badly. They demanded reduction in land revenue. Swaraj meant reduction of taxes for them. They were disappointed when the movement was called off.
(ii) Poor Peasants: Depression affected them badly. They demanded reduction in rent. Swaraj meant reduction of rent for them. They joined Communist and revolutionary movements. 

Question. Who had organized the Dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? Describe his achievements. 
Answer: Depressed Classes Association was organized by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1930. Achievements:
(i) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar raised the demand of separate electorate for Dalits.
(ii) British Government conceded Ambedkar’s demand of separate electorates for Dalits.
(ii) The depressed classes got reservation of seats in Provincial and Central Legislative Councils.
(iv) Ambedkar accepted Gandhiji’s proposal and as a result Poona Pact was signed.
(v) Any other relevant point. 

Question. Why was the ‘Salt March’ considered an effective symbol of resistance against Colonialism? Explain. 
Answer:Salt March: (i) Salt was consumed by all the sections of the society. 
(ii) It was the most essential item of food.
(iii) The tax on salt and the Government Monopoly over production.
(iv) Gandhiji found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(v) On 31st January, 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
(vi) The idea was to make the demands wide ranging, so that all classes within Indian Society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a United Campaign. (vii) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the Salt Tax. 

Question. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer: Congress was reluctant in the participation of Women because:
(i) Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence of Women within the Organization.
(ii) Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. Participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in Protest Marches.
(ii) Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops. (iii) Boycotted foreign goods.
(iv) Many went to jail. (v) Women from High Caste families and from rich peasant households participated.
(vi) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see Service to Nation as a sacred duty of women. 

Question. The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and groups. Give reasons for the participation of the following:
(a) Rich Peasants
(b) Poor Peasants
(c) Business Classes
(d) Industrial Working Classes
(e) Women. 
OR
Why did the different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. 
OR
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.
Answer: The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in Civil Disobedience Movement are as follows:
(a) Rich peasants- Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the Movement because, being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the Trade Depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the Government to reduce the revenue demand made them fight against high revenues.
(b) Poor peasants- Joined the Movement because they found it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the Landlord to be remitted.
(c) Business class- They reacted against Colonial Policies that restricted activities because they were keen on expanding their Business and for this they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel Colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without restrictions.
(d) Industrial working class- They did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Some workers did participate in, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their own Movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
(e) Women- There were large scale participation of women in the Movement. They participated in Protest Marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.

Question. Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of Untouchability.
Answer:Following methods were adopted by Gandhiji to eliminate Untouchability:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if Untouchability was not eliminated.
(ii) He called the ‘Untouchables’ Harijan or the Children of God.
(iii) He organized satyagraha to secure their entry into temples and access to Public well, tanks, Roads and Schools.
(iv) He himself cleaned Toilets to dignify the work of bhangi, the sweepers.
(v) He persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘The Sin of Untouchability’. 

Question. What were the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement? Elaborate.
Answer: Limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Dalit participation was limited. They began organising themselves, demanding Reserved Seats in Educational Institutions and a Separate Electorate. Dr B. R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s proposal and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
(ii) Muslim political groups were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. When the Civil Disobedience Movement started, there was a sudden atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle. Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of Hindu majority. 

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain. 
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension: 
(i) In December, 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
(ii) In India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.
(iv) The Congress had been declared illegal.
(v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, Demonstrations and Boycotts. 

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. 
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off Civil Disobedience Movement because:
(i) Worried by the development of Civil Disobedience Movement, the Colonial Government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places. (iii) When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930, angry crowd demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
(iv) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi was arrested; industrial workers in Sholapur attacked Police Force, Municipal Buildings, Law Courts, Railway Stations and all other structures that symbolised British Rule.
(v) A frightened Government responded with the policy of brutal repression.
(vi) The peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 1 lakh people were arrested. Under these circumstances Mahatma Gandhi called off the Civil Disobedience Movement. 

Question. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples. 
Answer: Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country:
(i) Gandhiji led the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) Thousands in different parts of the country broke the Salt Law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of Government Salt Factories.
(iii) In the country side like the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the Movement.
(iv) As rich peasant communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(v) As the depression continued and cash invoice dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted and thus, they joined the Movement.
(vi) Merchants and Industrialists supported the Movement by giving financial assistance and refused to buy and sell the imported goods.
(vii) The Industrial working class of Nagpur region participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). (viii) Railway workers, Dock workers, Coal-mine workers of Chota Nagpur, etc., participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
(ix) Women also participated in large numbers. 

Question. Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle of India. 
Answer: Significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched against the arrival of the Simon Commission. This continued between 1930 and 1934. 
(ii) Complete Independence was the main aim of Civil Disobedience Movement which formulated this demand in the Lahore Session.
(iii) It was fully fledged Mass Movement.
(iv) Mahatma Gandhi started the famous Salt March.
(v) On 6th April, he ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(vi) This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. 
Answer: The attitude of the Indian merchants and the Industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) During the First World War, Indian Merchants and Industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a Rupee-Sterling Foreign Exchange ratio that would discourage Import.
(iii) To organise business interest they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (in 1920) and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries—FICCI ( in 1927).
(iv) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(v) Most businessmen came to see ‘Swaraj’ as a time when Colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and Trade and Industry would flourish without constraints. (vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
(vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business. 

Question. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging in the nineteenth century India? Explain. 
Answer: (i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised with the image of Bharat Mata.
(ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the Motherland.
(iii) Novel Anandamath.
(iv) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
(vi) Icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of Nationalism.
(vii) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
(viii) Reinterpretation of history to instil a sense of pride in the nation. 

Question. How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century? Explain with examples.
Answer: Collective belongingness:
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of Nationalism.
(ii) Identity of the nation was most often symbolized in a figure or image.
(iii) The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
(iv) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Abanindra Nath Tagore created a picture of Bharat Mata.
(v) Vande Matram as a hymn for the Motherland.
(vi) Folklores and tales gave true picture of Traditional culture.
(vii) Any other relevant point to be explained. 

Question. How was the sense of collective belonging developed during the Freedom Movement? Explain. 
OR
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in the making of Nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
OR
How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of Collective belonging? 
Answer:
(i) This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles and growing anger among people against the Colonial Government.
(ii) But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people‘s imagination:
(a) The identity of the nation symbolised in a figure or image of Bharat Mata created through literature, songs, paintings, etc.
(b) Movement to revive Indian folklore to enhance nationalist sentiments.
(c) Role of icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
(d) Creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. 

Question. ”Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement. 
Answer: Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs helped with promotion of nationalism. Literature also helped to arouse national feelings. The ideas of nationalism also developed through the celebration of regional festivals. As the national movement developed nationalist leaders became more and more of icons and symbols in unifying and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.

Question. Describe the composition of tricolour flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. 
Answer: (i) It was designed in Bengal.
(ii) It was tricolour flag.
(iii) Having red, yellow and green colours.
(iv) It had eight lotuses representing our eight provinces.
(v) A Crescent Moon representing Hindus and Muslims.

Answer: Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 because of the following reasons:

a. The Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council.

b. Indian members unitedly opposed it.

c. It gave government enormous powers to repress political activities.

d. It allowed detention of Indian political prisoners without trials for two years.

e. The Act deprived the Indians of their civil rights.

 

Satyagraha was organised in the following ways:

a. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws.

b. It was started with a 'Hartal' on 6th April.

c. Rallies were organized in various cities.

d. Workers in the railway workshop went on strike.

e. Shops were closed down in protest.

 

Question. Who gave the slogan “Inquilab – Zindabad”? What do you understand by this slogan? 

Answer: 
a. The famous slogan Inquilab Zindabad was given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous slogan inspired the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association particularly Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.

b. It is a Hindustani phrase taken from Persian which translates to "Long Live Revolution".

c. It was a common phrase used by revolutionaries during the British rule over India.

d. It was popularized in the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad,who used it to urge future generations to endorse, and support the party’s rebellious actions.

 

Question. Explain the efforts made by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for the political empowerment of the Dalits or Depressed Classes. 

Answer: Dr. B.R.Ambedkar believed that political empowerment could resolve the problem of their social disability. The following efforts were made by him:

i. He organized the 'Dalits' into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. He believed that political empowerment could resolve the problem of their social disability.

ii. He dashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits.

iii. In 1932, he signed Poona Pact which gave the depressed classes reserved seats in the provincial and central legislative councils.

 

Question. Why did the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to anti colonial movement? 

Answer: In India the feeling of nationalism is associated with anti colonial movement . In the process of their struggle against the colonial yoke people began to discover their own identity of belonging to one nation. By the end of Nineteenth century anti-colonial Movement in most of the colonies led to the growth of nationalism. The colonial exploitation led to poverty and caused miseries to the people. The shared a common hatred against the colonial rule. In colonies the people began to discover their unity in the process of their struggle against colonialism. Each section of the society felt the effects of colonialism. The British policy of racialism and that of divide and rule

exposed the nature of their rule and created the feeling of oneness among Indians. They felt the sense of common hatred against colonial rule.

 

Question. Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map.

i. Place where non-cooperation movement was called off

ii. Place where no tax campaign was started 

Answer:

 

Question. Define Rowlatt Act. Why did Indians react against Rowlatt Act? 

Answer:

A. This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of Indian Members.

B. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

C. The Rowlett Act acted as an instrument of suppression of civil rights of the Indians hence produced widespread discontent among masses.

 

The reactions of people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council 1919 were as follows:

1. Rallies were organised in various cities.

2. Workers went on strike in railway workshops.

3. Shops closed down.

4. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws,for which a day of hartal was fixed on 6 April,1919.

 

Question. How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples. 

Answer: The different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

a. In the countryside, the rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh took an active part in the movement. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices and were unable to pay the government's revenue demand. For them, Swaraj meant to struggle against high revenue.

b. As the depression continued poor peasantry found it difficult to pay the rent. They joined a variety of radical movements often led by socialists and communists.

c. Indian merchants and industrialists resented colonial policies which restricted trade. They were against imports of foreign goods. When the civil disobedience movement was first launched, they gave financial assistance and refused to

buy or sell imported cloth. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

d. Some workers participated in the movement with their selective approach adopted from Gandhian ideas to protest against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers and dockyard workers. Thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

e. Women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement in large number. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

Question. Give examples to show that Mahatma Gandhi organized early satayagraha movement as soon as he arrived in India in 1915. (Note: These examples are also meant for 2 Marks map question – On the outline political map of India locate and label or identify the following places of nationalist movement.)
Answer:
1. In 1916 he traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive Indigo plantation system.
2. Then in 1917, he 3rganized a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
3. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

Question. Examine the effects of the first world war on the economic and political condition of India

OR

What were the main aspects the nationalist movement during the first world war?
Answer:
1. First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
2. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
3. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
4. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million colonial state forced people to join the army people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
5. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.

Question. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said “Satyagraha” is active resistance? OR Examine the meaning of “Satyagraha” as said by Gandhi.
Answer:
1. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 from South Africa where with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called ‘Satyagraha’. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
2. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
3. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence.
4. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
5. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

More questions- 

1 Who among the following was associated with the formation of ‘Swaraj Party’ within the Congress?

a)Subhas Chandra Bose

b)Motilal Nehru

c)Jawaharlal Nehru

d)Dadabhai Naoroji

2 Who among the following 1rganized the dalits into the ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930?

a). Kanshi Ram

b). Dr B R Ambedkar

c) .Gandhiji

d) Alluri Sitaram Raju

3 Who among the following wrote ‘Vande Mataram’?

a). Abinindranath Tagore

b). Rabindranath Tagore

c). Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

d). Natesa Shastri

4 Which of the following statements is not true about the Simon Commission?

a.It was appointed by Sir John Simon

b. It did not have any Indian Member

c. It was opposed by all parties in India

d. It was set up to look into the Constitutional system in India

5 Who among the following, was the author of the famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’?

a). Mahatma Gandhi

b).Shaukat Ali

c) Jawaharlal Nehru

d). Subhash Chandra Bose

6 State True or False

Sir Muhammad Iqbal reiterated the importance of separate electorate for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interest. T/ F

7 The Poona Pact between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr B R Ambedkar was signed____________ 

8 “The Folklore of Southern India” a massive four –volume collection of folk tales was published by _________________

19 ‘Go back Simon’ slogan was raised against Simon Commission in ________________

10 Match the following and choose the correct answer from the given choices:

a) 1- B. 2- D ,3-C . 4- A

b) 1- B. 2- E ,3-C . 4- A

c) 1- B. 2- C ,3-E . 4- A

d) 1- B. 2- C ,3-E . 4- D

1. I didn’t wish to glorify the cult of the bomb and pistol but wanted a revolution in society

A.Mahatma Gandhi

2. It is important to oppose the British policies within the legislative councils and argue for reforms and to demonstrate that these legislative councils were not truly democratic

B. Bhagat Singh

3. I believe folklore as a national literature. It is the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics

C. Natesa Sastri

4. The British established their rule in India with the cooperation of Indians and had survived only because of the cooperationD. Motilal NehruE. Jawarlal Nehru

 

Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism in India Worksheet Set B