CBSE Class 10 History The Age of Industrialization Worksheet

Timeline of Events
1600:- The East India company was established
1730:- The earliest factories in England were setup
1760:- Britian imported New cotton to feed its cotton industry
1764:- James Hargreaves, devised spinning Jenny
1767:- Richard Arkwright established the cotton mill
1781:- James watt improvised steam engine & patented it
1785:- Cart wright invented the powerloom which used steam power for spinning & weaving
1830-1840:- Dwarkanath Tagore setup 6 joint stock companies in Bengal
1840:- Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of Industrialisation in Britain.
1850 :- Railway station developed all over London
1854:- The first cotton mill was established in Bombay
1855:- The first Jute Mill was set up in Bengal
1860:- The supply of cotton reduced because of American Civil War
1860:- Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur
1861:- The first cotton mill was setup in Ahmedabad
1873:- Britain exported Iron & Steel
1874:- The first spinning & weaving mill & Madras began its production
1900:- E.T paul music company published "Dawn of Century"
1912:- J.N. Tata set up first Iron & Steel works in Jameshedpur
1917:- Seth Hukumchand set up first Jute Mill in Calcutta
1941:- use of Fly shuttle in more than 35 looms

Points to be Remember
1. Orient-The countries of the East especially East Asia
2. Capital-That part of money when invested is used for trade purpose.
3. Socialism- Where factors of production are held by the government.
4. Spenning Jenny-Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. It accelerated production.
5. Staples: A person who 'Staples' or sorts wool according to fibre.
6. Fuller: A person who 'Fulls' that it gathers cloth by pleating.
7. Carding: The process in when fibres such as cotton or wool are prepared prior to spinning.
8. Fly shuttle was a mechanical device used for weaving moved by means of ropes and pullies.
9. First Jute Mill was established in Calcutica, in India
10. James Watt invented Steam Engine.
11. In India first cotton mill eastablished in 1854.
12. Portuguese were the first Europeans to come India.

Inventor Inventors
1. Fly Shuttle 1. John Kay
2. Steam Engine 2. New Come an and James Watt
3. Spinning Jenny 3. James Hargreave

Multiple Choice Question

Question. Who invented steam engine 
(a) James Watt 
(b) New Comen 
(c) Richard Arpwright
(d) E.T. Paull
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following were the most dynamic industries of the Great Britain? 
(a) Cotton and Metal Industry
(b) Metal & Agrobased industries
(c) Cotton and Sugar Industry
(d) Ship & Cotton
Answer : A

Question. Dwarkanath Tagore was a ___________
(a) Indusrialist
(b) Painter 
(c) Philosopher
(d) Social Reformer
Answer : A

Question. Which is associated with Gomasthas?
(a) Traders
(b) Servant
(c) Businessman
(d) Supervisor appointed by company
Answer : D

Question. When did the exports of British cotton increase dramatically?
(a) In the early 17th century
(b) In the early 18 century
(c) In early 19 century
(d) In early 20 century
Answer : C

Question. Koshtis were
(a) A community of Weavers 
(b) Weavers
(c) Cotton Weavers
(d) Landless Labourer
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following were the Pre-colonial ports of India
(a) Surat & Masulispatnam 
(b) Madras & Hoogly
(c) Madras & Bombay
(d) Bombay & Hoogly
Answer : A

Question. Who were Jobbers?
(a) A person employed by industrialist to new recruits
(b) A paid servant of East India company
(c) A person employed by farmer to sell their products
(d) A person doing most important job in a factory
Answer : A

Question. In 1911, 67 of the large industries were located in one of the following places in India
(a) Surat & Ahemdabad
(b) Bengal & Bombay
(c) Patna & Lucknow
(d) Delhi & Bombay
Answer : B

Question. The Nationalist message of swadeshi was spread
(a) Tariffs
(b) Advertisements
(c) Force
(d) Low prices
Answer : B

One Mark Questions :

Question. In the 19th industrialist in which country started using machines.
Answer : USA

Question. In which decade factories opened in England ?
Answer : In 1730s.

Question. Who were Gomashtas ?
Answer : Supervisor appointed by East India Company over Weavers.

Question. Which methods were adopted to create new consumers ?
Answer : Through advertisements

Question. In the initial phase of Industrialisation.
Answer : Cotton and Metal Industries

Question. How did spinning Jenny accelerated production ?
Answer : Spinning

Question. What kind of products introduced European Managing Agencies ?
Answer : Plantation - Tea and Coffee

Question. List two reasons for increase in demand of goods in the world.
Answer : 1. Increase in world trade
2. Establishment of Colonies

Question. How do Urban producers control production ?
Answer : Merchants used to give loans to Artisans

Question. Why industrialist were reluctant to use machines ?
Answer : Cheap Human Labour - Avail ability

Question. Name two most important industries of Europe ?
Answer : Cotton and steel industry

3/5 Marks Questions :

Question. How did the advent of Manchester create problems for Indian Weavers?
Answer : 1. Decrease in export of India.
2. Pressure on East India Company to see cloth.
3. Low Cost.
4. Shrinking of local markets.
5. Non availability of good quality cotton fibre.

Question. What were the reasons for increase in production during WWI ?
Answer : 1. To meet war requirements new industries were established
2. To produce for uniforms, shoes, tents.
3. New workers were employed and working hours were increased.

Question. What were the reasons for great economic depression of 1930 ?
Answer : 1. Export declined after World War First.
2. America capitalist stopped giving loans to European Countries.
3. Over production in agriculture.
4. Mechanisation of Industries.

Question. Why it was difficult for new merchants to establish trade in towns ?
Answer : 1. In towns the guild system was powerful.
2. Provide training to workers.
3. Control the production.
4. Tried to discourage new entrants into the profession.

Question. Why new industrialist could not displace traditional industries ?
Answer : 1. Number of people working in industries was less.
2. Slow changes in technology.
3. Cloth industry was dynamic
4. Technology was expensive.
5. A large part of production was done in Handlooms

Question. The network of Indian Merchants started break down why ?
Answer : 1. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concession from local courts.
2. Then the monopoly right to trade.
3. Decline of parts of Surat and Hoogly.

Question. Why did East India Company employ Gomashtas ?
Answer : 1. They gave loan to weavers.
2. Thus prevented them dealing with the buyers.
3. They themselves checked the quality of cloth.

Question. Who were Jobbers ? What was their role ?
Answer : 1. Jobbers were kept for recruitment.
2. Jobber was generally an old confident
3. He used to bring people from villages.

Question. How did British manufactures captured Indian market through advertisement ?
Answer : 1. Calenders, Newspapers and Magazines were used to sell products.
2. Pictures of Indian Gods and goddess appeared on labels.
3. It was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.

Question. How did increase Labour affect lines of workers ?
Answer : 1. The lure of better jobs prospects attracted them to cities.
2. Workers whose relations already were employed got jobs
3. Those who did not have any relation friends waited for weeks and spend nights under bridges, night shelters.

Question. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines ?
Answer : 1. There was no dearth of Human labour.
2. They did not want to install new machines because it required more capital investment.
3. For seasonal industry it was better to employ hand labour.
4. There was a demand for fine intricate work in the market which could only be fulfilled handicrafts.

Question : Name two new ports which grew in importance after the decline of Surat and Hooghly. 
Answer : New ports which grew in importance after the decline of Surat and Hoogly were Bombay and Calcutta.

Question : What is meant by ‘Proto-Industrialisation’?
Answer : i. Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as ‘protoindustrialisation’. 

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Question : Point out the significance of the picture ‘Two Magicians’ published in Inland printers in 1901.
OR
‘The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked in a picture which appeared on the pages of a trade magazine over a hundred years ago”? Support your answer with suitable examples.
OR
“The history of industrialisation thus becomes simply a story of development, and the modern age appears as a wonderful time of technological progress”. Justify.
Answer : 1. ‘Two Magicians’ published in Inland printers in 1901.
2. It shows two magicians. The one at the top is Aladdin from the Orient who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp.
3. The one at the bottom is the modern mechanic, who with his modern tools weaves a new magic: builds bridges, ships, towers and high-rise buildings. Aladdin is shown as representing the East and the past, the mechanic stands for the West and modernity.
4. These images offer us a triumphant account of the modern world. Within this account the modern world is associated with rapid technological change and innovations, machines and factories, railways and steamships. 

Question : Why did the merchants of Europe move to the country side for goods in 19th Century?
Answer : 
1. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
2. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns.
3. This was because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
4. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
5. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside. 

Question : How had a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process in the cotton textile industry? Explain.
Answer : 
1. A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling).
2. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn.
3. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Till this time, as you have seen, cloth production was spread all over the countryside and carried out within village households.
4. But now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management.
5. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

Question : “Historians now have come to increasingly recognise that the typical worker in the midnineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer”. Justify.
Answer : 
1. In the case of the steam engine James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But for years he could find no buyers.
2. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. Of these, 80 were in cotton industries, nine in wool industries, and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works.
3. Steam engines were not used in any of the other industries till much later in the century. So even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by industrialists. 

Question : Why did some industrialists in the 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
OR
Why did the upper class people prefer to use hand products in the Victorian period?
Answer : 
1. In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs, waiting for work. When there is plenty of labour, the industrialists had no problem of labour, shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.
2. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Bookbinders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December.
3. At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season
4. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechanical technology.
5. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

Question : Discuss the life of the workers of 19th century European cities with suitable examples.
Answer : 
1. The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations.
2. Many jobseekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
3. Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.
4. Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. But they tell us little about the welfare of the workers. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. For instance, when prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things.
5. Moreover, the income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone. What was also critical was the period of employment: the number of days of work determined the average daily income of the workers. Many workers feared the introduction of machines.

Question. ‘‘Industrialization has changed the form of Urbanization in the modern period.’’ Analyse the statement with special reference of London.
Answer : Industrialization had changed the form of urbanization:
(i) The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted a large number of migrants to the Textile Mills.
(ii) Many migrants came from rural areas.
(iii) London became a Colossal City.
(iv) London expanded and became a powerful magnet for the migrants.
(v) It became a city of clerks, shopkeepers, skilled artisans and semi-skilled workers.
(vi) Apart from the London dockyards, five major types of industries employed a larger number of people from distinctive areas.

Question. Describe the life of Workers during the nineteenth century in England.
Answer : Life of Workers:
(i) The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of Workers.
(ii) As the news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities.
(iii) The actual possibility of getting job depends on existing network of friendship & kinship.
(v) Many jobseekers had to wait weeks spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.
(vi) Any other relevant point to be described.

Question. Why were the British Industrialists not keen to introduce Modern Machinery in the nineteenth century? Explain any five reasons.
Answer : (i) In many industries, the demand for labour was seasonal.
(ii) Range of products could be produced only with handlooms.
(iii) For certain products, only human skill was required.
(iv) Upper Class Society preferred things produced by hands.
(v) Handmade products symbolised refinement of class.

Question. What was ‘Proto-industrialisation’? Explain the importance of Proto-industrialisation.
OR
What is meant by Proto-industrialisation? Explain any four economic effects of the Proto-industrial system. 
OR
What is meant by Proto-industrialisation? How did it affect the rural Peasants and Artisans?
Answer : Proto-industrialisation refers to the system of industries that existed in Europe before the arrival of modern machine run factories.
Large scale industrial production took place for an international market. It was based in the countryside, not in factories. Effects:
(i) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed so common people had no alternative sources of income.
(ii) Many had small plots of land which could not provide work for all family members.
(iii) Merchants offered them advances for which they agreed.
(iv) They got a source of income which supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.

Question. “Series of changes affected the pattern of Industrialization in India by the early twentieth century.” Analyse the statement.
Answer : Series of changes affected the pattern of Industrialisation in India by the early twentieth century.
(i) As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum,Nationalists mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth.
(ii) Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interest.
(iii) Pressurizing the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(iv) The export of Indian yarn to China declined.
(v) Industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
(vi) Cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900-1912.

Question. Describe the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.
OR
How did the First World War proved to be a boon to the Indian industries? Explain. 
OR
Explain the peculiarities of Indian industrial growth during the First World War. 
OR
How did industrial production in India increase during the First World War? Explain any five points. 
OR
“The First World War created favourable conditions for the development of industries in India.” Explain.
OR
‘The First World War turned out to be a boon in disguise for the Indian Industries.’ Justify the statement with suitable arguments. 
Answer : The First World War created a dramatically new situation for the Indian Industries.
(i) With the British mills being busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
(ii) Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
(iii) As the war prolonged, Indian industries were called upon to supply war needs like, jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, etc.
(iv) New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.
(v) Many new workers were employed and everyone worked for longer hours.
(vi) Over the war years, industrial production boomed.
(vii) Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
(viii) Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Local industries consolidated their position capturing the home market.

Question. Explain with examples the importance of Advertisement in the Marketing of the goods.
Answer : (i) Advertisements play a very vital role in the marketing of any product. One way in which new consumers are created is through advertisements.
(ii) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.
(iii) They try to shape the minds of the people and create new needs.
(iv) Today, we live in a world where advertisements surround us. They appear in the newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls and television screens.
(v) From the very beginning of the industrial age; advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture.

Question. Analyse any four positive effects of Industrialisation on Workers.
Answer : Positive effects of Industrialisation:
(i) Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities for employment.
(ii) Roads were widened.
(iii) New Railway Stations came up and Railway Lines were extended, tunnels dug up.
(iv) Drainage and sewers were laid, rivers embanked.

Long Questions

Question. Explain any five causes of Industrial Revolution in England.
Answer : The five causes of Industrial Revolution in England are enumerated as follows:
1. Growing international markets in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries led to the demand of more products not just inside the country but in other colonies and countries as well.
2. New inventions: Series of new inventions by James Watt, James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright contributed significantly in the growth of factories and production process hastened as well as smoothened.
3. Availability of raw material: Availability of raw material from the countryside and new freshly acquired colonies like America, India etc. made production process easier.
4. Availability of capital for investment was easily available as they had earned huge profits from trade and overseas investments.
5. Increase in demand for a diverse range of products both inside the country as well as in other countries was a significant factor. This made people invest in business and factories produced more.

Question. Why did the villagers started producing commodities for the merchants in the countryside?
Answer : 1. Merchant wanted to expand their production so as to meet growing needs of the population and there for to decided to move the countryside.
2. In towns, trade guilds exercised excessive control and regulated price of the commodities. They also restricted the entry of new people into trade practises.
3. Trade guilds exercised monopoly right over production and to trade in specific products. Thus, it became difficult for new merchant to set up business in town.
4. These conditions lead merchants to look for countryside. They provide money to the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market.

Question. How did the abundance of labour in the market affect the lives of the workers in Britain during nineteenth century? OR
“The process of industrialization brought with it miseries for the newly emerged class of industrial workers.” Explain.
Answer : There was abundance of labour in the market of Britain during nineteenth century compared to the work available. Which led to the problem of unemployment?
1. Seasonality of work: Most of the workers were employed in a fixed or particular season only. This resulted in unemployment for most of the time of the year
2. Low real wages: High supply of labour resulted in low wages and workers were easily replaced if any wage issue was created.
3. Poverty: As wages were low, most of the workers lived in harsh conditions of extreme poverty. They did not have enough money to feed their entire families at times.
4. Housing problem: As the number of workers kept on increasing in the cities, mostly without work, had a problem in finding healthy and hygienic conditions. Most of them lived on roads, under the bridges or in the unclean by lanes.

Question. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Answer : In the nineteenth-century Europe, some British industrialists prioritized hand labour instead of machine labour. The points are enumerated as follows:
1. The prices of new technologies and machines were exorbitantly high. Therefore, the industrialists and the producers did not to use them.
2. Machines often broke down and their repair was very expensive.
3. Poor peasants and artisans flocked to the cities in quest for employment. Therefore, the supply of workers outweighed the demand. The workers were available at a cheap rate.
4. Market demand of variety of designs and colour could not be satisfied by the machine-made products. The hand-made labour was effective in this regard.

Question. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Answer : 1. After establishing political power in India, the East India Company tried to acquire right to cotton textile and silk goods trade. It also started to procure regular supplies of these goods from Indian weavers.
2. This could be achieved by them after taking a series of steps. First, they established their management and a direct control over the weavers by hiring their paid servants called Gomasthas.
3. Gomasthas supervised weavers, examined the quality of goods and ensured regular supplies
4. Second, the Company prevented weavers from dealing with their buyers by giving them ‘advances’ against purchase orders. Thus, the weavers after taking loans could not sell their cloth to any other trader and had to work under the Company’s Gomasthas.

Question. How were the Indian weavers affected because of industrialization in India?
Answer : The points regarding this are stated as follows:
1. The weavers lose their chance of bargaining.
2. Leasing of land became very common. Weavers remained busy with weaving and so had to lease out their lands to others for farming.
3. Clashes with Gomasthas became a common instance. The Gomasthas often beat up the weavers; spoke arrogantly if there was

Question. Why did the ports of India started declining after the arrival of East India Company?
Answer : A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the network of export trade financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
1. Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
2. By the 1750s this network, controlled by Indian merchants, was breaking down. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly right to trade.
3. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically.
4. The credit that had financed the earlier trade begun drying up, and the bankers became bankrupt. Thus trading activities declined at Surat, Hoogly..