Read and download NCERT Class 10 History Hand Labour and Steam Power in NCERT book for Class 10 Social Science. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Social Science textbook for Class 10 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 10 Social Science to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter
NCERT Book for Class 10 Social Science Hand Labour And Steam Power
Class 10 Social Science students should refer to the following NCERT Book Hand Labour And Steam Power in Class 10. This NCERT Book for Class 10 Social Science will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks
Hand Labour And Steam Power NCERT Book Class 10
Hand Labour and Steam Power
In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs, waiting for work. As you will know, when there is plenty of labour, wages are low. So industrialists had no problem of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Bookbinders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December. At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up.
In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechanical technology.
In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Machinemade goods were for export to the colonies. In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimised. This was the case in nineteenth-century America. Britain, however, had no problem hiring human hands.
2.1 Life of the Workers
The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. If you had a relative or a friend in a factory, you were more likely to get a job quickly. But not everyone had social connections. Many jobseekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places. But most looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.
Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. But they tell us little about the welfare of the workers. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. For instance, when prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things. Moreover, the income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone. What was also critical was the period of employment: the number of days of work determined the average daily income of the workers. At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population were extremely poor. In periods of economic slump, like the 1830s, the proportion of unemployed went up to anything between 35 and 75 per cent in different regions.
The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. This conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time.
Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 10 History Hand Labour and Steam Power
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Resources and Development |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Forest and Wildlife Resources |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Water Resources |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Agriculture |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Minerals and Energy Resources |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Manufacturing Industries |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Lifelines of National Economy |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Power Sharing |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Federalism |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Democracy and Diversity |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Gender Religion and Caste |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Popular Struggles and Movements |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Political Parties |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Outcomes of Democracy |
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Challenges to Democracy |
NCERT Class 10 History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe |
NCERT Class 10 History Nationalism in India |
NCERT Class 10 History The Making of a Global World |
NCERT Class 10 History The Age of Industrialisation |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Development |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Sectors Of The Indian Economy |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Money And Credit |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Globalisation And The Indian Economy |
NCERT Class 10 Economics Consumer Rights |
Social Science NCERT Book Class 10 Hand Labour And Steam Power
The above NCERT Books for Class 10 Social Science Hand Labour And Steam Power have been published by NCERT for latest academic session. The textbook by NCERT for Hand Labour And Steam Power Social Science Class 10 is being used by various schools and almost all education boards in India. Teachers have always recommended students to refer to Hand Labour And Steam Power NCERT etextbooks as the exams for Class 10 Social Science are always asked as per the syllabus defined in these ebooks. These Class 10 Hand Labour And Steam Power book for Social Science also includes collection of question. We have also provided NCERT solutions for Class 10 Social Science which have been developed by teachers of StudiesToday.com after thorough review of the latest book and based on pattern of questions in upcoming exams for Class 10 students.
NCERT Book Class 10 Social Science Hand Labour And Steam Power
The latest NCERT book for Hand Labour And Steam Power pdf have been published by NCERT based on the latest research done for each topic which has to be taught to students in all classes. The books for Class 10 Social Science Hand Labour And Steam Power are designed to enhance the overall understanding of students. All Class 10 NCERT textbooks have been written in an easy to understand language which will help to enhance the overall level of Class 10 students.
Hand Labour And Steam Power NCERT Book Class 10 Social Science
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Class 10 Social Science Hand Labour And Steam Power NCERT Book
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Class 10 Hand Labour And Steam Power NCERT Book Social Science
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