NCERT Class 10 History Factories Come Up

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NCERT Book for Class 10 Social Science Factories Come Up

Class 10 Social Science students should refer to the following NCERT Book Factories Come Up in Class 10. This NCERT Book for Class 10 Social Science will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Factories Come Up NCERT Book Class 10

 

Factories Come Up

The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. By 1862 four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 and another one seven years later, in 1862. In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production. Who set up the industries? Where did the capital come from? Who came to work in the mills?

4.1 The Early Entrepreneurs

Industries were set up in different regions by varying sorts of people. Let us see who they were. The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. From the late eighteenth century, as you have read in your book last year, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior players in this trade, providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments. Having earned through trade, some of these businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India. 

In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the nineteenth century many of the China traders became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla.

Capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East and East Africa. There were yet other commercial groups, but they were not directly involved in external trade. They operated within India, carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities, and financing traders. When opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up factories.

As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods, and had to export mostly raw materials and food grains – raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo – required by the British. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.

Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them. In most instances Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies made all investment and business decisions. The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

4.2 Where Did the Workers Come From?

Factories needed workers. With the expansion of factories, this demand increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436, 000. Where did the workers come from? In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work. Over 50 per cent workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur. Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals. Over time, as news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills. From the United Provinces, for instance, they went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.

Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always more than the jobs available. Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers. The number of factory workers increased over time. However, as you will see, they were a small proportion of the total industrial workforce.

 

Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 10 History Factories Come Up

Contemporary India II Chapter 01 Resources and Development
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Resources and Development
Contemporary India II Chapter 02 Forest and Wildlife Resources
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Forest and Wildlife Resources
Contemporary India II Chapter 03 Water Resources
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Water Resources
Contemporary India II Chapter 04 Agriculture
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Agriculture
Contemporary India II Chapter 05 Minerals and Energy Resources
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Minerals and Energy Resources
Contemporary India II Chapter 06 Manufacturing Industries
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Manufacturing Industries
Contemporary India II Chapter 07 Lifelines of National Economy
NCERT Class 10 Economics Contemporary India Lifelines of National Economy
Democratic Politics II Chapter 01 Power Sharing
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Power Sharing
Democratic Politics II Chapter 02 Federalism
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Federalism
Democratic Politics II Chapter 03 Democracy and Diversity
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Democracy and Diversity
Democratic Politics II Chapter 04 Gender Religion and Caste
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Gender Religion and Caste
Democratic Politics II Chapter 05 Popular Struggles and Movements
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Popular Struggles and Movements
Democratic Politics II Chapter 06 Political Parties
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Political Parties
Democratic Politics II Chapter 07 Outcomes of Democracy
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Outcomes of Democracy
Democratic Politics II Chapter 08 Challenges to Democracy
NCERT Class 10 Political Science Challenges to Democracy
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 01 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
NCERT Class 10 History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 02 Nationalism in India
NCERT Class 10 History Nationalism in India
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 03 The Making of a Global World
NCERT Class 10 History The Making of a Global World
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 04 The Age of Industrialisation
NCERT Class 10 History The Age of Industrialisation
Old Chapters
NCERT Class 10 History Before the Industrial Revolution
NCERT Class 10 History Characteristics of the City
NCERT Class 10 History Cities and the Challenge of the Environment
NCERT Class 10 History Differing Strands within the Movement
NCERT Class 10 History Emerging from the Shadow of China
NCERT Class 10 History Factories Come Up
NCERT Class 10 History Hand Labour and Steam Power
NCERT Class 10 History Hygiene Disease and Everyday Resistance
NCERT Class 10 History India and the World of Print
NCERT Class 10 History Industrialisation in the Colonies
NCERT Class 10 History Market for Goods
NCERT Class 10 History Nationalism and Imperialism
NCERT Class 10 History New Forms of Publication
NCERT Class 10 History Novels in the Colonial World
NCERT Class 10 History Politics in the City
NCERT Class 10 History Print and Censorship
NCERT Class 10 History Print Comes to Europe
NCERT Class 10 History Rebuilding a World Economy
NCERT Class 10 History Religion and Anti colonialism
NCERT Class 10 History Religious Reform and Public Debates
NCERT Class 10 History Social Change in the City
NCERT Class 10 History The Age of Revolutions 1830 1848
NCERT Class 10 History The City in Colonial India
NCERT Class 10 History The Communist Movement
NCERT Class 10 History The Dilemma of Colonial Education
NCERT Class 10 History The End of the War
NCERT Class 10 History The First Printed Books
NCERT Class 10 History The First World War
NCERT Class 10 History The Inter war Economy
NCERT Class 10 History The Making of Germany and Italy
NCERT Class 10 History The Making of Nationalism in Europe
NCERT Class 10 History The Nation and Its Heroes
NCERT Class 10 History The Nation and its History
NCERT Class 10 History The Nationalist Movement in Indo China
NCERT Class 10 History The Nineteenth Century
NCERT Class 10 History The Nineteenth Century1
NCERT Class 10 History The Novel Comes to India
NCERT Class 10 History The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
NCERT Class 10 History The Print Revolution and Its Impact
NCERT Class 10 History The Reading Mania
NCERT Class 10 History The Rise of the Novel
NCERT Class 10 History The Sense of Collective Belonging
NCERT Class 10 History The Vision of Modernisation
NCERT Class 10 History Towards Civil Disobedience
NCERT Class 10 History Visualising the Nation
NCERT Class 10 History Women and the Novel
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 01 Development
NCERT Class 10 Economics Development
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 02 Sectors of the Indian Economy
NCERT Class 10 Economics Sectors Of The Indian Economy
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 03 Money and Credit
NCERT Class 10 Economics Money And Credit
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 04 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
NCERT Class 10 Economics Globalisation And The Indian Economy
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 05 Consumer Rights
NCERT Class 10 Economics Consumer Rights

NCERT Book Class 10 Social Science Factories Come Up

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