NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Objective Questions

Question. Consider the following statement about Bauxite.
I. From bauxite, a clay like substance alumina is extracted.
II. Jharkhand is largest bauxite producer of India.
III. Ballari - Chitradurga belt is famous for bauxite reserves in India.
Which of the above statement is/are correct?
(a) Only I
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) All of these
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following minerals is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years?
(a) Coal
(b) Lead
(c) Graphite
(d) Marble
Answer: A

Question. Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kuchchh are located in which state of India?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Gujarat
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development?
(a) Zinc ore
(b) Iron ore
(c) Manganese ore
(d) Silver ore
Answer: B

Question. Which is the finest iron orewith a very high content of iron?
(a) Magnetite
(b) Haematite
(c) Lignite
(d) None of these
Answer: A

Question. 

    A B C D 
(a) 3 4 1 2
(b) 1 3 2 4
(c) 1 2 3 4
(d) 1 4 3 2
Answer: A

Question. TheBadampaharmine inMayurbhanj and Kendujhar district is situated in which of the following Indian state?
(a) Karnataka
(b) Odisha
(c) Chhattisgarh
(d) Jharkhand
Answer: B

Question. Iron ore is exported to Japan and South Korea via which port?
(a) Chennai
(b) Vishakhapatnam
(c) Haldia
(d) Mangaluru
Answer: B

Question. Which of the following minerals is obtained from ocean waters?
(a) Common Salt
(b) Bromine
(c) Magnesium
(d) All of these
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following minerals is non-ferrous mineral?
(a) Copper
(b) Iron ore
(c) Nickel
(d) Cobalt
Answer: A

Question. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in which place in India?
(a) Arabian Sea
(b) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(c) Krishna Godavari Basin
(d) Gulf of Mannar
Answer: C 

Question. Where is the largest wind farm cluster located in India?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer: D

Question. In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh and the Gangetic delta provide ideal condition for utilising which energy?
(a) Tidal energy
(b) Wind energy
(c) Solar energy
(d) Non-conventional energy
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following is true for geothermal energy?
(a) Experimental projects are set up in Puga valley, Ladakh.
(b) Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan have small reserves of it.
(c) It develops in regions where there is low temperature.
(d) They are good sources for exhaustible conventional fuels.
Answer: A 

Question. Which type of sand in Kerala is rich in thorium?
(a) Monazite sands
(b) Gypsum sands
(c) Silica sands
(d) Black sands
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following mineral is obtained from veins and loads of igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(a) Tin
(b) Lead
(c) Zinc
(d) All of these
Answer: D

Question. Which mineral is used in smaller quantities in the manufacturing of steel?
(a) Zinc ore
(b) Iron ore
(c) Manganese
(d) Tin
Answer: C

Question. Choose the correct option. 
(a) Chandrapur thermal power plant – Odisha
(b) Mayurbhanj iron ore mines – Amarkantak
(c) Kalol oil fields – Gujarat
(d) Bauxite – Jharkhand
Answer: C

Question. Arrange the following manganese producing states from highest to lowest production.
I. Odisha
II. Madhya Pradesh
III. Karnataka
IV. Andhra Pradesh
Codes
(a) II, I, III, IV
(b) I, II, III, IV
(c) III, II, I, IV
(d) II, III, IV, I
Answer: A

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Assertion-Reason MCQs

Direction Each of these questions
contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, any one of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Question. Assertion (A) Mica is a mineral made up of plates or leaves.
Reason (R) Mica deposits are found in the Northern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Answer: B

Question. Assertion (A) Flood gate dams are built across rivers so that water flows into inlet and gets trapped during high tides.
Reason (R) Trapped water flows back via a pipe that carries it through a power generating turbine.
Answer: D

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Case Based Question

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct options.
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries. Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources.
Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal).
Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in rural India.
According to one estimate more than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by these two; continuation of these is increasingly becoming difficult due to
decreasing forest area. Moreover, using dung cake too is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.

Question. Which of the following energy is non-conventional source of energy?
(a) Firewood
(b) Tidal energy
(c) Natural gas
(d) Petroleum
Answer: B

Question. Which of the following resources does not generate energy?
(a) Coal
(b) Fuel
(c) Natural gas
(d) None of the above
Answer: D

Question. Assertion (A) About 70 per cent energy required in countryside households are met by firewood and cattle dung cake.
Reason (R) Cattle dung cake is valuable for use as manure in agriculture.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: B

Question. Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common energy in rural India because
(a) they are easily available
(b) they are non-conventional
(c) they produces high energy
(d) None of the above
Answer: A

Question. How India can reduce its dependence over countries for energy?
(a) Promoting non-conventional source of energy
(b) Promoting efficient use of resources
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer: C

Question. Which of the following statement is true about conventional energy resources?
(a) They cause minimum pollution.
(b) They are available in limited quantity.
(c) Cattle dung is the most used energy in the world.
(d) There are sufficient reserves of conventional energy sources.
Answer: B

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What are the uses of limestone? Mention names of two states of India which are major producers of limestone.
Answer: The uses of limestone are as follows
• It is used in cement industry. It is because it is the raw materical of cement.
It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace in a steel plant.
Rajasthan (largest producer) Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are important states which are major producers of limestone.

Question. Describe the distribution of coal in India.
Answer: In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
Coal is found in a variety of forms depending on the degress of compression and the depth and time of burial.
As per these basis, coal deposits are found mainly of two geological ages. These are
(i) Gondwana Coal Deposits These are about 200 million years old. The major coal deposit in India are Gondwana coal which are high quality metallurgical coal.
These coal deposits are located in Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coal deposit fields. Besides, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain such coal deposits.
(ii) Tertiary Coal Deposits These are around 55 million years old. Tertiary coal deposits are found in the North-Eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. This coal is of lower quality than the Gondwana coal.

Question. How naturally occurring gas is different from biogas?
Answer: In the following ways naturally occurring gas (Natural gas) is different from biogas 

Question. Explain any three types of formations in which minerals occur.
Answer: Three main types of formations in which mineral occurs are
(i) Veins and Lodes Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger ones are called lodes. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
(ii) Beds or Layers In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in bed or layers. They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. (layers)
(iii) Placer Deposits Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills as placer deposits.

Question. Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves would last only 35-40 years more. Explain any three ways to solve this problem. 
Answer: Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves would last only 30-40 years more. For energy conservation we can take the following steps
(i) We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.
(ii) We can use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
(iii) We can switch off electricity when not in use, using power saving devices. We can use non-conventional energy like solar energy, wind power, biogas etc instead of using petroleum.

Question. Why India has the potential to develop wind energy?
Which places in India are sources of wind energy?
Answer: India has a long coastline in which there is scope of developing wind energy. The areas along the coastline are windy and wind mills can be established there.
The places in India having source of wind energy or wind mills are
(i) Wind farm cluster located in Tamil Nadu from Nager coil to Madurai.
(ii) Wind farms in Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep and Andhra Pradesh.
(iii) Wind farm in Jaisalmer.

Question. What is natural gas? What is its advantage? Name one region of India where its reserves are found.
Or “Natural gas is an important source of energy.”
Support the statement.
Answer: Natural gas is an important source of energy. It is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum. It is also used as an industrial raw
material in the petrochemical industry.
Advantages of natural gas are
• Natural gas is an environment friendly fuel.
• It generates low carbon dioxide emission during use.
• It is increasingly replacing pollution causing fuels.
Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.

Question. India is fairly rich in mineral resources, however its distribution is uneven. Comment.
Answer: India is fairly rich in mineral resources, however its distribution is uneven. This can be said with the help of following examples
(i) Gujarat and Assam have petroleum deposits as oil is found in sedimentary rocks on the Western and Eastern flanks of the peninsula. But rest of India does not have any oil deposit.
(ii) Minerals deposits are mostly available in the peninsular plateau region of Chotanagpur and rock systems of Rajasthan.
(iii) The vast alluvial plains of the North India, mountainous regions and coastal plains do not have any mineral deposits.

Question. What are the two main ways of generating electricity? How are they different from each other? Explain. 
Or Make a distinction between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity stating three points of distinction.
Answer: The two main ways of generating electricity are by running water (hydro electricity) and by burning fuels (thermal electricity).

Differences between these two are 

Question. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India?Mention any four uses of manganese.
Or Which is the largest producer of manganese in India? Mention two uses of manganese. 
Answer: Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.
Uses of manganese are as follows
(i) It is used in the manufacturing of ferro-manganese alloy.
(ii) It is used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder.
(iii) It is used in insecticides, paint industries and manufacturing of batteries.
(iv) It is used in manufacturing of steel. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required tomanufacture one tonne of steel.

Question. State the importance of petroleum as an energy resource. Mention any four oil fields of India.
Answer: Importance of petroleum can be seen through the following points
• Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal.
• It provides fuel for heating and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
• It is a fuel used in all the automobiles.
Four major oil fields of India are
(i) Mumbai High
(ii) Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat
(iii) Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran is Assam
(iv) Rajasthan, Mangala, District Barmer

Question. ‘‘Energy is an indispensable requirement in our modern lives.’’ Explain the statement with three examples.
Answer: It is true that Energy is an indispensable requirement in our modern lives.
It can be understood through the following examples
(i) Every sector of the national economy requires energy. For example, agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs require inputs of energy.
(ii) Implementation of economic development plans necessarily require increasing amounts of energy to remain operational.
(iii) Energy is required for all domestic activities like cooking, lighting and heating and even air-conditioning (cooling).

Question. “India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirement.” Support this statement with three arguments.
Answer: The fact that India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirement can be supported from the following arguments
(i) The majority of electricity generation plants in India are based on burning of coal for generating steam to power turbines.
(ii) Many industries use coal in the blast furnaces for generating heat for their various operations.
(iii) Coal is an important constituent in steel production, alumina refineries, and in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Question. What is the importance of energy resources?
Give two examples each of conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer: Energy is required for all activities. Energy resources are needed to cook, to provide light and heat, for agricultural activities, propel vehicles and to drive machinery in
industries.
Thus, the sustainable development of energy resources is vital for all human activities.
Examples
• Two examples of conventional sources of energy are coal and petroleum.
• Two examples of non-conventional sources of energy are solar energy and wind energy.

Question. Mention any three factors that determine the economic viability of a reserve. 
Answer: The three factors that determine the economic viability of a reserve are
(i) The quality and quantity of mineral concentration in the ore. For example, magnetite is regarded better than haematite as it has more concentration of iron.
(ii) The cost of extraction. If the cost of extraction is high than mining is not profitable.
(iii) Location of mines near the industries.

Question. What is tidal energy? Which regions in India provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy?
Answer: The electrical energy that can be generated through the oceanic tides is known as tidal energy. This can be done by building flood gate dams in areas that get submerged during high tides.
During high tide when the water flows inside the dam, the gates are closed. After the high tide, the water retained by the flood gate falls back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power generating turbine.
The regions in India that provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy are the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh and Gangetic delta in Sunderban.

Question. Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets. Mention its uses. 
Answer: Mica is the non-metallic mineral which can be split easily into thin sheets as it occurs in the form of plates or leaves of different colors.
Uses of Mica are as follows
(i) It is used in paints as a pigment extender. It also helps to brighten the tone of coloured pigments.
(ii) It is used in electrical and electronic industry due to its di-electric strength, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.
(iii) It is used in making toothpaste and cosmetics due to its shiny and glittery appearance.

Question. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Answer: Solar energy has a bright future in India due to the following reasons
(i) Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of energy that is produced from sunlight. India is a tropical country thus, there is enough scope for the development of solar energy.
(ii) Many parts (regions) of the country receive sunlight at least 300 days annually and so, it becomes possible to generate 20 MW solar energy per square kilometer in such areas.
(iii) It is easy to establish solar plants in urban and rural areas.
(iv) By setting up solar plants in rural areas, the dependence of people on fire wood can be reduced.
(v) Solar energy is also becoming popular as it is used for cooking, heating water, lighting, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Long Answer Type Questions

Question. How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India? Give your suggestion.
Answer: Biogas can solve the energy problem in the rural areas due to the reasons mentioned below
(i) It produces gas having higher thermal efficiency than charcoal and kerosene.
(ii) It provides a way for optimum utilisation of animal and plant waste.
(iii) It produces enriched organic manure that can supplement or even replace chemical fertilisers.
(iv) It burns smoothly and does not leave much residue behind.
(v) It is easy to produce and store.
Some suggestions to improve the biogas energy production in rural areas are given below
(i) Government should provide monetary assistance to people in the rural areas to set up biogas plants.
(ii) Awareness must be created for using this alternative sources of energy.

Question. ‘‘Nuclear energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India.’’ Give arguments to support this statement. 
Answer: Nuclear energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India due to the following reasons
(i) India has limited reserves of coal and petroleum.
Nuclear energy minerals like Thorium is found in plenty in India. Hence, nuclear energy can compensate for deficiency of fossil fuels.
(ii) Nuclear power stations can be established easily and conveniently in those areas where other sources are not available.
(iii) Nuclear power releases tremendous amounts of energy. India can utilise this energy for peaceful purposes such as generation of electricity that can be used to run machines in industries.
(vi) Nuclear energy is a non-conventional source of energy. After the initial expenses, it becomes very economical.

Question. “There is apressing need for using renewable energy sources in India.” Justify the statement.
Answer: There is a growing need for increasing the use of renewable energy sources due to the following reasons
(i) The conventional or non-renewable sources of energy are depleting very fast and we are dependent on imports of petroleum and natural gas to meet our needs.
(ii) Renewable energy sources do not cause environmental pollution with their use and so, to preserve our environment, we must change over to use more of such sources.
(iii) Non-conventional or renewable sources of energy are very economical in use as compared to conventional sources. Thus, to save expenses, we should use renewable energy sources.

Question. What are the major sources of energy in rural households of India? Identify the major problems faced due to these sources. Give suggestions to solve these problems.
Answer: Firewood and cattle dung cake are the major sources of energy in rural household of India.
Major problems faced due to these sources are
(i) Using cow dung is discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.
(ii) Use of firewood as fuel is becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area.
Suggestions to solve these problems are
(i) Awareness must be developed in the rural areas regarding the non-conventional sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, biogas, etc.
It will minimise the dependence of rural households on fire wood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in
agriculture.
(ii) Government should take initiatives in setting up the biogas plants in rural areas.

Question. Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples. 
Answer: Differences between metallic and non-metallic minerals are 

Question. ‘‘Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.’’
Justify this statement with suitable examples.
Answer: It is true that minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
This can be understood through the following examples
• Almost everything that we use in our daily life, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
• The railway lines and the paving of the roads, machinery, implements and tools too are made from minerals.
• Minerals form the basis of all industries.
• Our food contains various minerals that are essential for our body. They are absorbed by the body.
• In conclusion, we can say that in all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

Question. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Assess the important characteristics of its different forms.
Answer: Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
Important characteristics of its different forms are
(i) Peat Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.
• It is burnt as fuel or applied to the soil to improve the texture or raise its water-retaining property.
(ii) Lignite
• It has 60-70% carbon. It is soft and brown in colour, and having high moisture content.
• It is used for electricity generation.
• It has lowest heat content per kg.
(iii) Bituminous
• It is used for commercial purpose especially ideal for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
• It has 75-90% carbon content, dense sedimentary rock, usually black in colour and has medium heat content per kg.
• It is also used as making coke.
(iv) Anthracite
• It is used in the metal smelting and fabrication industries especially used as a reduction agent for various applications i.e. briquetting charcoal, iron-ore pellets and other uses.
• It has more than 90% carbon content per kg and its heating content per kg is highest.
• It is also used in residential and commercial space heating.

Question. “Formation of coal is a long drawn process spread over various periods.” Elaborate the statement with examples in Indian context.
Answer: It is true that formation of coal is a long drawn process spread over various periods. Coal is formed due the compression of plant material (containing carbon, the major component of coal) over millions of years.
Thus, coal is found in many forms depending on the degrees of compression, the depth and the time of burial. Indian coal was mainly formed during two geological ages the Gondwana and the Tertiary ages.
The Gondwana coal deposits (called ‘metallurgical coal’), which are more than 200 million years old, are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal – Jharkhand), where Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coal fields. It is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. The tertiary age deposits, only about 55 million years old, are mostly found in North-Eastern India in Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Thus, formation of coal is a long drawn process spread over various periods.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources Case Based Questions

1. Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.
Source A Biogas Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.

Question. What similarity or trait can be seen in the places idealy suited for setting up wind farm?
Answer: The similarities identified are that the areas should be close to sea where there is lot of potential for blowing of wind or other windy areas.

Question. To what extent do you think biogas is better than dung cake for fuel?
Answer: Biogas is much better than dung cakes as it produces no smoke and has more thermal efficiency.
Source B Solar Energy India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas.

Question. Why solar energy has more potential to be developed as major fuel in rural areas?
Answer: There is more potential of developing solar energy in rural areas as there are relatively more open spaces. This will reduce the dependence on firewood and dung cakes fuel.
Source C Wind Energy India has great potential of wind power. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from these, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms.

2. Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.
Decaying plants in swamps produce peat which has a low carbon and high moisture content and low heating capacity. Lighite is low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity. Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased
temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important
coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coals occur in the North-Eastern states of Meghalya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

Question. Why is coal associated with geological ages? State where it is found?
Answer: Coal is associated with geological ages because coal is formed due to compression of plant material and takes million of years to come into existence. In India, coal
occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana rock series which is a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits rock series which are
only about 55 million years old.
Distribution of Coal Gondwana coal deposits are found in Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro, coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coal deposits are found in the North-Eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

Question. Which reserves are important for lignite in India?
Answer: Neyveli reserves in Tamil Nadu are important lignite reserves in India.

Question. In what extent do you agree that bituminous coal is metallurgical coal? State its one property.
Answer: Bituminous coal is a high grade coal and thus, is a metallurgical coal. This type of coal has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
Important Property of Bituminous Coal.
Bituminous coal is buried deep under the earth’s surface and is subjected to increased temperature. It makes it unique to use in smelting iron-ore in blast furnaces.