NCERT Solutions Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development

Economics Development

Infant Mortality Rate can be defined as total number of children that die before the age of one year our of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy rate can be defined as proportion of literate population in the age group of 7 years & above.
Net attendance Ratio can be defined as the total number of children of 6-10 years age group attending school out of total no. of children in the same age group.
Per capital income = Total Income from all the sectors/Total Population
                              = Total National Income/Total Population

BMI can be calculated by taping the weight of a person (kgs) & height (mtr) then divide the weight by the square of the height of a person. If the result is less than 18.5 then person in under nourished & if more than 25, then person is over weight.
HDI (Human Development Index) Rank of India in the World is 136.

Key Points to Remember:

1. Development:- Development is generally defined as growth. Some of the important goals are - seeking more income, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others.
Different people have different development goals. What may be development for one May not be for the other. It may be destructive for the other.
One would consider earning more income, being a common factor among people. With this income, they buy services and goods for their daily needs.
Per capita Income = Total National Income/Total Population
For comparing countries, their Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as availability of healthcare etc.
Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it from our children.
Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy,education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries in four tires of human development.

Objective Questions

Fill in the blanks :
1. The average income is also known as _____ .
2. BMI stands for ______ .
3. In world development report, brought out by the world bank, ___ is used in classifying countries.
4. The maximum age upto which an adult is expected to live at birth is called ______ .
5. Development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ___ .
Answer : 
1. Percapita income
2. Body mass index
3. Average income
4. Life expectancy
5. Sustainable development

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Multiple Choice Questions

Question. The total no. of children attending school as a percentage of total no. of children in the same age group is called ______ .
(a) Net attendance ratio
(b) Literacy rate
(c) Gross enrolment ratio
(d) level of education.
Answer : Net attendance ratio

Question. Per capita income hides :

(a) Economic dispartities
(b) Average income
(c) Total population
(d) None of these
Answer : Economic Disparities

Question. The per-capita income of different countries is counted in which currency ?
(a) Rupees
(b) Pounds
(c) Us Dollars
(d) Canadian dollars
Answer : US dollars

Question. A good way to measure the quality of life in countries across the world is by comapring their _____ .
(a) Per capita income
(b) Human development index
(c) gross national income
(d) Sustainable development
Answer : Human development index

Question.  _____ helps in maintaining the nuttritional level of poor people by providing food at lower cost.
(a) Public Distribution System (PDS)
(b) Body Mass Index (BMI)
(c) Gross National Income (GNI)
(d) Human Development Index (HDI)
Answer : Public distribution system

True/False

Question. Life expectancy is age at the time of death.
Answer : False

Question. HDI is compared on the basis of educational only.
Answer : False

Question. Average income and per-capita income both are the same concepts
Answer : True

Question. Meaning of development is different for different people ____ .
Answer : True

Question. A person having BMI of less than 18.5 is underweight or under norished person ____ .
Answer : True

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Assertion and Reason Based Questions

In the questions given below there are two statements marked as Assertion
(A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and select the correct option.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is correct (R) is incorrect
(d) (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.

Question. Assertion : Different people have different development goals.
Reason : Developmental goals of different people are always conflicting.
Answer : B

Question. Assertion : A high average income is not indicative of the overall well being or human development in a country.
Reason : Average income does not cover Indicators like level of literacy rate, health facilities and public facilities in a country.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion : Sustainable development is essential for economic growth of the countries.
Reason : Sustainable development ensures that environment friendly measures are adopted for carrying aout production process.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion : A country that was extremely rich in natural resources has mainly relied on oil extraction for revenue generation for several centuries. However, the scientists predict that the country may become poor in the future if other means of generating income are not devised.
Reason : Oil is a non renewable resource and it is likely to get exhausted if not used judiciously.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion : The average income of a country is about US $ 12,056 : however the country is still not a developed country.
Reason : The income levels are highly skewed for the country.
Answer : A

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Source Based Questions 

One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call Body Masss Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate. Take the weight of the pedrson in Kg. Then take the height in metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. In this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight. Do remember that this criterion is not applicable to growing children.

Let each student in a class find out the weight and height of three adult persons of different economic backgrounds such as construction workers., domestic servants, office workers, businesspersons etc. Collect the data from all the students and make a combined table. Calculate their BMI. Do you find any relationship between economic background of person and her/his nutritional status ?

Table 1.6 Some Data Regarding India and its Neighbours For 2014

Question. Who compares countries based on the eduation levels of the people, their health status and per capita income as their indicators to prepare their Human developement report?
(a) UNICEF
(b) UNO
(c) UNDP
(d) UNEP
Answer : C

Question. According to the table, which country has the best HDI Rank in the world?
(a) Pakistan
(b) India
(c) Nepal
(d) Sri Lanka
Answer : D

Question. Which is the only way to find out whether we are properly nourished ?
(a) To calculate our body weight
(b) To calculate our body built.
(c) To calculate our body mass Index
(d) To calculate our height
Answer : C

Question. Arrange the followng in the correct sequence for calculating the body mass Index (BMI)
(i) Convert the height recorded in cms into mtrs.
(ii) Take the weight of each individual in kg.
(iii) Take the heigh by drawing up a scale on the wall and measure accurately with head straight.
(iv) Divide the weight in kg by the sequre of the height
Options are :
(a) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(b) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(c) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(d) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
Answer : C

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Very Short Answer Questions 

Question. What is Infant mortality rate?
Answer : It is the number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births in a particular area.

Question. What is Life Expectancy at birth?
Answer : Life expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

Question. What is National income?
Answer : The sum total of all goods and services produced within a country or nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) plus net income received from overseas during a period of one year.

Question. How do ration shops under the Public Distribution System (PDS) help people?
Answer : They maintain the nutritional status of the people and making food available at lower cost.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Short Answer Questions 

Question. What is development? What are the two aspects of development?
Answer : Development is such a situation that can fulfil the aspirations or desires of people. It is the progress or improvement in the lifestyles of the people. Two aspects of development are:
(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development for one, may not be development for the other.

Question. “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.” Is it true or not? Elucidate.
Answer : Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. Normally, money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

Question. ‘‘Average income is an important criterion for development’’. Justify.
Answer : To check the criterion for the development of countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
- Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.
- This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all the things that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.
So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.

Question. Explain any three examples of what factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer : Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
(i) Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
(ii) Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious disease.
(iii) Besides money, people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom, dignity and honour in their lives, which money cannot buy them.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Long Answer Type Questions

Question. What is the criterion used by the UNDP for classifying countries?
Answer : United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the criterion of Human Development Index to measure the development of countries. HDI is calculated on the basis of:
(i) Per capita income: When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get the per capita income.
(ii) Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of a country.
(iii) Literacy rate: Education is also one of the most important criteria for the development of a country.
(iv) Gross enrolment ratio: It measures the education gained at three levels—at the primary, secondary and higher education level.
Per capita income is also calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared easily.
HDI has been calculated for about 177 countries. According to it, the rank of India is 131 and the rank of Sri Lanka is 73, which is much better than that of India. We are required to make progress in the education and health sectors as yet.

Question. Explain the meaning of HDI. Mention three components of measuring HDI.
Answer : HDI stands for Human Development Index. It may be defined as the process of widening people’s choice as well as raising the level of well-being. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover all human choices. It puts the people at the centre stage and covers all aspects of human development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles. It is a broader approach to development.
Components of Measuring HDI
(i) Life Expectancy: It is the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
(ii) Per Capita Income: Mean income of the people is an economic unit. It is calculated by dividing the total national income of a country by population. It is calculated in dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared.
(iii) Gross Enrolment Ratio for Three Levels: It means enrolment ratio for primary schools, secondary schools and higher education beyond secondary level.

Question. What do you understand by sustainability of development? What can be done to make development sustainable?
Answer : Sustainability of development means economic development without any damage to the environment.
However, since the second half of the 20th century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels of development are not sustainable.
To make development sustainable, non-renewable sources of energy are to be saved for the future generation. The development of the country would continue but the technology has to be made eco-friendly so that it does not harm the environment.

Question. Give examples to prove that there are other important developmental goals than income.
Answer : Example 1: If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it, you would try to consider many factors, apart from income such as facilities for your family, school for your children,working atmosphere or opportunity to learn.
Example 2: A job may give you high pay but no job security and also no time for your family.
This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.
Example 3: If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life like sense of security, freedom, opportunities, etc.

Question. Why do different persons have different notions of development?
Explain?
Answer : Different people has different notion for development because:
- It is because the life situations of persons are different.
- People seek things that are most important for them or that which can fulfill their aspirations or desire.
- What may be development for one may not be for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
- For example: The developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college,whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.

Question. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer : UNDP                                    World Bank
Has taken education, health and           It uses per capita income base
per capita income as the base.             for comparison.
Countries have been ranked.               It is considered as a narrow concept of development.
It is also considered as a broader        Under this concept countries
concept of development.                      have been divided into three
                                                             categories — rich, middle and poor.

Question. Why is literacy essential for the economic development? Explain?
Answer : Literacy is an essential element for the economic development since:
- Education gives us vast knowledge.
- A literate person is eligible to get suitable employment.
- Education develops the ability to implement modern technology.
- Literate people understand the importance of remaining healthy and stay away from the deadly disease.

Question. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. Is it true? Elucidate.
Answer : Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
- Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
- Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious disease.
- Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives, which money cannot buy them.

Question. “Girls in India in the rural sector are sometimes not able to get secondary level education”. Give three reasons for this.
Answer : - Gender Discrimination
-‘Poverty
-Distance

Question. Briefly define the following terms.
A. Infant Mortality Rate
B. Net Attendances Ratio
C. Literacy Rate
Answer : A. Infant mortality rate is number of deaths under one year of age occurring among the live births in given geographical area during a given year.
B. Net Attendance ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of people in the official age-group attending any educational institution in a particular class-group to the total number of people in the agegroup.
C. Literacy rate is the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding.
Develop the answers of following questions using the key points you can add other points as well.

Question. What is National Development? What are the aspects covered underthe National development? 
Answer : - Comprehensive term including education, living, standard, PCI,Education.
- Just & fair use of resources
- Projects & policies affecting large number of people. Focus is on social infrastructure

Question. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” Explain in light of sustainable development.
Answer : - Ground water as renewable resources but over use lowering water table.
- Judicious use & sustainable development
- Resource use without harming the environment
- Reduce, reuse & recycle & alternate sources of energy.

Question. Development goals of one may be confiding or destrucive for other or what may be development for one may be destruction for other
Answer : Different notions of development
Construction of dam may produce electricity but destruct habitats.
More habitation may lead to houses for many but destruction in natural habitat.

Question. Study the given data & Answer the questions:
State Infant Mortality Literacy Net attendance Per capita
                      Rate   Ratio   income
Maharastra   24        82      64         11,7,091
Kerala           13        94      78         10,3,820
Bihar             48       62       35        31,199
(I) Which state has highest per capita income?
(ii) Which state has highest literacy rate what could be the possible resource for this?
(iii) Which has highest infant mortality rate & what could be the reason according to you for this?
Answer : (i) Maharastra
(ii) Kerala. Highest N.A.R.
(iii) Bihar. Low literacy

Question. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i) Its per capita income
(ii) Its average literacy level
(iii) Health status of its people
(iv) All of the above
Answer : (iv) All of the above

Explanation:  Economic  development or development of a country takes into account economic growth as well  as social  welfare. It includes important things required in life such as, health care facilities, education facilities etc.

Question. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepa
(iv) Pakistan
Answer : (ii) Sri Lanka

Explanation: Sri Lanka  has performed better than India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan in human development according to the data of 2013. As per Human Development Report, 2014  Sri Lanka  is much  ahead  of India in every aspect such as per capita income, life expectancy at birth and literacy rate. Sri Lanka’s  HDI rank in the world is 73 whereas India’s HDI rank in the world is 135.

Question. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs. 5000. If the income of three families is Rs. 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs. 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7500
(ii) Rs 3000
(iii) Rs 2000
(iv) Rs.6000
Answer : (iv) Rs. 6000

Question. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer : The World Bank  report considers only  per capita income as the indicator of the development; On the other hand  the report published by UNDP i.e. Human Development Report considers health status, educational levels  of the people  and the per capita income of the citizens of the country as the indicator of the development.

Question. Why do  we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer : We use averages because  they are useful  for comparison of different quantities or numbers of same category. For example for comparison between different countries having different population, total income is not an useful  measure, it will  not tell us what an average person is likely to earn, hence  we compare the average income i.e., total income of the country divided by its total population.
While  ‘averages’ are useful  for comparison, they also hide disparities.
For an example, if a country has very high  per capita income then we can't say that all of its citizens are very rich because  we do not know  about  the distribution of income in that country. Some  people  might be very rich while  other people  may  be very poor in that country.

Question. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra. Hence, per capita is not a useful criterion at all and should not be  used to compare states. Do  you agree? Discuss.
Answer : No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful  criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Besides  per capita income is only  one of the criterions used to compare states. Kerala, with low per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra because  it has better provisions of basic health and educational facilities.
Human development ranking is computed by using  a combination of factors such as health, education and income. So this does not mean  that per capita income is not useful. Rather per capita income is one of the important development factor and thus should  not be ignored.
The per capita income as a criterion for comparing states and measuring development had certain limitations to overcome which  determination of human development Index is computed using  this criterion along  with some other development criterions like  health, education etc.

Question. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be  the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer : The present sources  of energy that are used by the people  of India are electricity, crude oil, LPG, firewood, coal, cow dung  and solar energy. The other possibilities fifty years from now  given  the present rate of extraction of crude oil and other natural resources would be nuclear energy, better utilisation solar energy and wind  energy.

Question: Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer : Sustainable development means  a continuous process of development being  maintained keeping in mind  the welfare of the future generations. The issue of sustainability is important for development because  if natural resources are not sustained then development will  stagnate after a period of time.
It is true that the resources that we inherited from nature are free and available in abundance. But if we do not use them prudently, they will  destroy or deplete. As a consequence, our  future generation would  be left with no resources. This will  ultimately undo  the development that we may  have  achieved. Thus, we should  use natural resources in such a manner that the needs  of future generations can be fulfilled.

Question: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer : This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both natural resources (both renewable and non-renewable) and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. Human beings  are over using  the environment and natural resources in the name  of development.  For their progress, people  resort to activities like deforestation, excessive use of fuel  wood, shifting cultivation, encroachment in the forest lands  and indiscriminate use of chemicals, etc. This cannot be sustained by our  Earth and thus the resources are being  depleted beyond re- production.

 Judicious  use of natural resources can satisfy all our desires and the resources would  last for a long  time. As the statement asserts, the Earth has enough resources to satisfy everyone's needs; however, these resources need to be used with a view  to keep  the environment protected so that a balance  between development and use of resources is maintained.

Question. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer : The few examples of environmental degradation are: 
•   Deforestation
•   Soil erosion
•    Air and water pollution
•   Depleting groundwater levels
•   Depleting fossil  fuel  or crude oil reserves
•   Global  warming
•   Ozone layer depletion

Question. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, Find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom. Table1.6 SOME  DATA REGARDING INDIA AND  ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2013

Answer : 

1. Gross National Income(GNI) Per capita (2011 PPP  $) – Top Country- Sri Lanka,  Bottom Country - Nepal
2. Life Expectancy at Birth - Top Country- Sri Lanka, Bottom Country - Myanmar
3. Literacy   Rate for 15+years    Population 2005- 2012- Top Country- Myanmar, Bottom Country – Pakistan
4. HDI Rank in the World- Top Country- Sri Lanka, Bottom Country – Bangladesh

Question. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

(i)  Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40% of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer : (i) In Kerala the proportion of undernourished adult males  and females is 22%  and 19% respectively, which  is much  less than that of the proportion of undernourished adult males  and females in Madhya  Pradesh i.e. 43%  and 42% respectively. This clearly shows  that the nutritional level  of people  of Kerala is much better than that of the people  of Madhya Pradesh.
(ii)  Even though it was argued that there is enough food  in the country, around 40%  of people  in the country are undernourished because  of following reasons:
Poverty: A large section of our country is so poor that it cannot afford nutritious food.
a. Poor and inadequate coverage of Public distribution System (PDS): In many states of our  country PDS does not work properly as a result many  poor people could  not get cheap  nutritious food  items. 
b. Inadequate Healthcare and Educational facilities: One of the biggest reason behind poor nutritional levels  in India is lack of proper health care and educational facilities, which  traps poor people  in vicious cycle of poverty and hinders their ability to afford nutritious food.