NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Meaning : Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that energes when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural back grounds. People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their nation keeps them together.

(The first world war, Khilafat and Non-Copperation): Effect of first world war on India and Post war condition.
• Creation of a new economic and political situation.
• Huge increase in defence expenditure financed by war loans.
• Increase in taxes, custom duties raised, income tax introduced.
• Forced recruitment in army.
• Shortage of food due to crop failure.
• Inflenza epidemic, famine which resulted in the death of 12 to 13 million people.

Interesting fact
This influenza epidenic was very similar to this corona Pandemic in effects as well as preventive measuses.
The Idea of Satyagraha

Meaning : It was a new mode of struggle based on truth and non violence.
Keyfeaturs of Satyagraha
• If the cause was true and the struggle was against injustic, then physical force not necessary to fight the oppressor.
• Satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence without seeking revenge or being aggresive.
• By appealing to the conscience (inner voice) of the oppressor, he/she can be persuaded to see the truth and end injustice.

Jallianwala Bagh Incident
Main Events : Took place on 13 April 1919 in the city of Amritsar.
• A large crowd mainly villgers had gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala bagh to protest against the repressive measures of British govt. like Rawlatt act.
• Being from outside the city, villagers were unaware the meeking was illegal as martial law had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
Impact of Jallianwala Bagh
• Crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
• There were strikes, clashes with the police, attacks on government buildings.
• British government became more brutal, people were humiliated and terrorised.
• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets, do salaam (Salute) to all sahibs (British).
• People were flogged villages in Punjab around Gujranwala were bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha movement.
Khilafat Issue : The word ‘Khilafat’ comes from ‘Khalifa’ who was the ruler of ottoman Turkey as well as considered as the spiritual head of Islamic world. In the first world war Turkey was a part of defeated central powers. There were rumour that a harsh place treaty was going to be imposed
on the ottoman emperor. So to defend Khalifa’s position, a khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 by Ali brothers.

Why did Mahatma Gandhi took up Khilafat Issue
• M. Gandhi wanted to launch an all India movement more broad based affer the failure of Rowlatt Satyagraha.
• He was certain that no all India movement could be organised without bringing Hindus and Muslims closer together so he took up the Khilafat issue.

Non Cooperation Movement

Different strands within the Movement
• Various social groups participated in the non-cooperation movement but each with its own specific aspiration/demand.
• The term ‘Swaraj’ meant different thing to different people.
• Each Social group participating in the movement imagined ‘Swaraj’ as a time when all their sufferings and troubles would be over.

Towards Civil Disobedience
Events after the end of Non-cooperation Movement (NCM) till the launch of Civil disobedience movement
• February 1922 withdrawl of NCM by Gandhiji.
• Conflict within the congress over the question of participating in council elections.
• Formation of ‘Swaraj Party’ by C-R Das and Motilal Nehru to fight council elections against the congress principle of ‘Boycott’ (January 1923).
• Fall in agricultural prices from 1926 and total collapse due to effect of world wide economic depression.
• Total Turmoil in countryside by 1930.
• Counstitution of Simon commission in 1927 to look into the functioning of the coustitutional system in India and suggest changes.
• 1928: Arrival of Simon commission in India protest and demonstrations started.
• 1929: Offering of ‘Dominion status’ by Lord Irwin.

• Rise of Radical leaders within congress like Jawahrlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose who Demanded ‘Poorna Swaraj’ in Lahore session of the congress 1929.

Round table Conferences
These were a series of 3 peace conferences organised by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

• Indian national congress attended the second roule table conference only.
The salt March and the Civil disobdience Movemetn (1930).

Background :
• January 1930—Mahatma Gandhi presented 11 demands before lord Irwin.
• These demands were related to different classes—from Industrialists to Peasants.
• Most important Demand—Abolition of Salt tax
• Lord Irwin was not willing to negotiate.
• Beginning of Salt March 1930.
• 6 April 1939—breaking of salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
• This marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.

Limits of Civl disobedience movement
• Non participation of Dalits as for long congress had ignored the demands of scheduled castes.
• Lukewarm (Not very enthusiastic) response of the muslim political organisations as they felt from the mid 1920’s the congress was coming closer to Hindu Nationalist groups like Hindu Mahasabhe.

•An atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between two communities.
The Sense of Collective Belonging

State Whether True or False

Question. Baba Ram Chandra led the non copperation movement.
Answer. False

Question. Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of militant Guerilla movement in the gudem Hills.
Answer. True

Question. In which continent modern nationalism come to be associated with the formation of nation states :
(a) Australia
(b) Europe
(c) Africa
(d) North America
Answer. B

Question. When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa ?
Answer. 1915

Question. Which province did not boycott the council elections?
Answer. Madras

Question. What did the Rawlatt act of 1919 presume ?
(a) Detention of political prisoners without trial
(b) Forced recruitment in the army
(c) Forced manual labour
(d) Equal pay for equal work.
Answer. A

Question. Gandhiji called scheduled castes ............
Answer. Harijan

Question. Correct the statement and rewrite the sentence after correcting underlined word.
The Rowlatt act gave the british government power to suppress socioeconomic activity.
Answer. ......... to suppress pditical activity.

Question : Match the following :
   A                                      B
(a) Hind Swaraj              (i) Halting of non cooperation movement
(b) Chauri Chaure          (ii) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
(c) Swaraj Party            (iii) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Rowlatt act              (iv) After the first world war
Answer : (a-iii) (b-i) (c-iii) (d-iv)

Question : The civil disobedience movement in Peshawar was led by ..........
Answer : Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Question : ......... and ......... signed the Poona pact.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi and Bhim Rao Ambedkar.

Question : The president of ‘The Muslime league’ in 1930 was .........
Answer : Mohammad Iqbal

Question : Math the following:
          A                                  B
(a) Baba Ramchandra      (i) Rebellion in Gudem hills
(b) Bankim Chandra        (ii) Movement against landlords and talukadar
(c) Alluri Sitaram Raju     (iii) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Oudh Kishan Sulha     (iv) Ananda math
Answer : (a-ii) (b-iv) (c-ii) (d-iii)

Question : Who designed the tricolour flag of India in 1921 ?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) J.L. Nehru
(c) Motilal Nehru
(d) Ram Prasad bismil
Answer : A

Question : What will the term ‘Picket’ refer to ?
(a) Boycott of clothes and goods.
(b) Stealing from shops
(c) Import of goods
(d) Protest by blocking shop entrances.
Answer : D

Question : People belonging to different communities regions or language groups developed a sense of collective belonging through :
(a) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols.
(b) A variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples imagination.
(c) Experiences of united struggle.
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question : Who said ‘‘The Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability is not eliminated’’.
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Subhash Chandra bose
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) B.R. Ambedkar
Answer : C

Question : Correct and Rewrite the following sentence after correcting the underlined word.
It was view of the Mahatma Gandhi that British rule was set in India with the cooperation of British.
Answer : ...... with the cooperation of Indians.

Question : Assertion (A) : In 1917, Gandhiji organised a Satyagrah to support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat.
Reason (R) : The peasants were affected by crop failure and plague epidemic. They could not pay the revence and were demanding the revenue collection be relaxed.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explantation of A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct.
Answer : A

Question : Assertion (A) : It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national Identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s post.
Reason (R) : Jawaharlal Nehru began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes, myths etc.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct.
Answer : C

Source Based Questions

1.Read the following passage and answer the following questions

In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement. Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organising their communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without
the revenue rates being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participate.
The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. As the Depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places. So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain

Question : Patidars and Jats are rich Peasants of which State?
(A) Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh
(B) Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh
(C) Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
(D) Punjab and Haryana
Answer : A

Question : What was the main demand of poor peasants?
(A) remitting of unpaid rent to land lord
(B) Reduction of land revenue
(C) Complete independence
(D) None of the above
Answer : A

Question : Among the following groups which group actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(A) Poor Peasants
(B) Muslims
(C) Dalits
(D) Rich Peasants
Answer : D

Question : Which among the following groups joined in radical movements led by socialist and Communists?
(A) Poor Peasants
(B) Industrialists
(C) Rich farmers
(D) Dalits
Answer : A

 

2.Read the following passage and answer the following questions

‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active …
Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagraha does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek hi destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.
‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma
‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own ...’

Question : Whose words are given above?
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru
(B) Ambedkar
(C) C R Das
(D) Gandhiji
Answer : D

Question : Satyagraha is a passive resistance of weak.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : B

Question : satyagraha is based on
(A) Truth
(B) Non violence
(C) Both 1 and 2
(D) None of the above
Answer : C

Question : Satyagraha is based on ----------
(A) Violence
(B) Non violence
Answer : B

Read the source and answer the questions carefully.

While the Rowlatt satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was wtill limited mostly to cities and towns. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bring the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, the felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor– the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brother Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a unite mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session f the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.

Question : Gandhiji wanted to start a non cooperation movement in 1920 because :
(a) He wanted to teach British a lesson.
(b) He wanted to introduce liberal view in Indian freedom movement.
(c) He saw it as an opporturrity to unite Hindus and Muslims and to bring muslims under the umbrella of a united national movement.
(d) Both a and b
Answer : C

Question : Identify the main reason to launch a more broad based movement by Gandhiji :
(a) Rowlatt Satyagrah was limited to towns and cities.
(b) Rowlatt Satyagrah was participated by only educated person.
(c) Rowlatt Satyagrah was dominated by villagers only.
(d) None of the above.
Answer : B

Question : Why was Khilafat committee formed in March 1919.
(a) Muslims had no political association.
(b) Muslime leadership emerged for the first time.
(c) To demand a separate nation for muslims.
(d) To defend Khalifa’s temporal powers.
Answer : D

Question : What were the aims of Non cooperation movement ?
(a) In support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj.
(b) To bring Hindus and muslims closer.
(c) to attain India’s freedom.
(d) All of the above.
Answer : B

3.Read the following passage and answer the following questions

Emboldened with this success, Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.
Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession

Question : On which date Gandhiji called for a nationwide hartal againt Rowlatt Act?
(A) 20 January 1919
(B) 6 April 1919
(C) 13 April 1919
(D) 10April 1919
Answer : B

Question : Rowlatt Act aimed to strengthen nationalist movement in India
(A) Yes
(B) No
Answer : B

Question : Rowlatt Act was passed in
(A) 1919
(B) 1920
(C) 1915
(D) 1916
Answer : A

Question : On 16 April which of the following events took place in India?
(A) Hartals
(B) Strikes in railway work shop
(C) both A and B
(D) None of the above
Answer : C

4.Read the following passage and answer the following questions

Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj. One such group was the nation’s ‘untouchables’, who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijan,or the children of God, organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers), and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’. But many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.
They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils. Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong. Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

Question : _________________ called untouchables as harijans.
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru
(B) Gandhiji
(C) B R Ambedkar
(D) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : Who was the founder of Depressed class association?
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru
(B) Gandhiji
(C) B R Ambedkar
(D) None of the above
Answer : B

Question : Gandhiji and Ambedkar clashed over the question of Separate electorate in the ___________
(A) First Round Table Conference
(B) Second Round Table Conference
(C) Third Round Table Conference
(D) Fourth Round Table Conference
Answer : B

Question : Which among the following statement is wrong?
(A) Gandhiji organised satyagraha to secure the harijans the right to enter temples
(B) Gandhinji cleaned the toilets to dignify the work of bhangis
(C) Congress supported the demands of untouchables.
(D) Ambedkar demanded for separate electorate for dalits
Answer : C

5. Read the following passage and answer the following questions

The identity of the nation, as you know is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

Question : The image of Bharat mata was first portrayed by
A) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
B) Abindranath Tagore
C) Rabindranath Tagore
D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : B

Question : Who published the book “ The folklore of South India”
A) Natesa Sastri
B) Abindranath Tagore
C) Rabindranath Tagore
D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : A

Question : Among the following personalities who believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.
A) Natesa Sastri
B) Abindranath Tagore
C) Rabindranath Tagore
D) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Answer : A

Question : Culture played and important role in spreading the idea of National sentiments among the people of India
A) False
B) True
Answer : B

 

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS

Question : Who portrayed this image of Bharat mata?

A.Gandhiji
B.Abindranath Tagore
C.Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
D.Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : B

Question : Study the picture and identify on which year this procession took place

A.1919
B.1915
C.1916
D.1911
Answer : A

Question : Which of the following event is related to this Image

A.Non Co operation Movement
B.Civil Disobedience Movement
C.Jallianwalabagh Massacre
D.Kheda satyagraha
Answer : C

Question : The given picture is associated to which event?

A.Chauri chaura incident
B.Champaran Satyagraha
C.Jallianwalabagh Massacre
D.Dandi March
Answer : A

Question : Which of the following event was related this image of Gandhiji?

A. Dandi march
B.Non-cooperation movement
C.Champaran Satyagraha
D.Kheda satyagraha
Answer : A

Question : Along with Gandhiji and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad who is the other nationalist leader in this picture

A. B R Ambedkar
B. C R Das
C. Subhash Chandra Bose
D. Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : D

 

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 

Question : What was the Rowlatt Act?
Answer : Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by Imperial Legislative Council. It gave the government enormous powers to suppress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Question : Why was the Khilafat movement started?
Answer : Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British

Question : What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement as the movement had turned violent in many places. The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 turned into a violent dash and 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji felt satyagrahis were not ready for mass struggles

Question : Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasised truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Gandhiji believed that dharma of non-violence could unite all India.

Question : Explain any two facts about the new economic situation created in India by the First World War.
Answer : The First World War created a dramatically new economic situation in India: (i) Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market. (ii) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.

Question : Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.
Answer : Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience movement in 1931 because: Political leaders like Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan were arrested. More than one lakh people were arrested. Government responded with brutal repression and peaceful satyagrahis were arrested. Women and children were beaten up. It resulted in an uprising in Peshawar in 1930.
Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police post. In Chittagong, the revolutionaries captured the armoury and a pitched battle was fought between the government troops and the revolutionaries.

Question : How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India?
Explain with three examples.
Answer : The First World War created a dramatically new economic situation in India: (i) Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market. (ii) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. (iii) Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically after the war, as it was unable to modernize and compete with US, Germany, Japan. Hence within colonies like India, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position capturing the home market.

Question : How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : The demand to abolish the salt tax was included in the demands because salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike and it was one of the most essential item of food. Answer: The problems faced by the peasants of Awadh were:

Question : Explain any two problems faced by the peasants of Awadh.
Answer : Talukdars and landlords demanded exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other taxes from the peasants. Peasants had to do begar and work at the landlords’ farms without any payment. As tenants they had no security of tenure and were being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 

Question : What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement as the movement had turned violent in many places. The ChauriChaura incident in 1922 turned into a violent dash and 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji felt satyagrahis were not ready for mass struggles. More over many congress leaders were tired of continuous struggle and some of the were interested to participate in the election to provincial legislative councils which formed according to the Government of India Act of 1919.

Question : Name three main ‘Satyagraha’ movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917.
Answer : 1. Indigo cultivators Movement in Champaran, Bihar in 1917.
2. Peasants Satyagraha Movement was organized in Kheda district in Gujarat in 1917 to support peasants in the demand for relaxation of revenue collection.
Cotton mill workers satyagraha at Ahmedabad

Question : Explain the idea of Satyagraha .
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is known as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasised the search for truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Gandhiji believed that dharma of non-violence could unite all India. According to Gandhiji it is not a physical force it is a soul force and the weapon of the strong. Satyagraha is based on two pillars Non- violence and Trut

Question : How did the plantation workers understand the idea of ‘Swaraj’? Explain.
Answer : For the plantation workers of Assam, “Swaraj” meant freedom to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they all were enclosed and also to be able to keep the link with their native village intact. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave their tea gardens without permission, which they were rarely given. They believed that Gandhi Raj is going to come and they will get a piece of land in their own village. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

Question : Explain any three effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economy of India.
Answer : The economic sphere was affected by the Non-cooperation Movement:
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore.
Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
People began discarding imported clothes and wearing Indian ones.
The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. Use of khadi was popularized.

Question : Why did Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowdown in cities? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : The Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in cities for a variety of reasons:
Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up.
So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

Question : Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer : The Poona Pact:
(i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 demanded separate electorates for dalits in the Second Round Table Conference organised in London.
(ii) When British accepted this demand in the name of Communal Award, Gandhiji started a fast into death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the society.
(iii) Ambedkar and Gandhi came to an agreement with Ambedkar accepting Gandhis position and the result was the Poona Pact of September, 1932.
It gave the depressed classes (later to be known as Schedule castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
But, they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question : What type of flag was designed during the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Answer : During the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal, a tricolour flag—red, green and yellow was designed. It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India.
It had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question : “The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement”. Support the statement with examples.)
Answer : The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways:
Non-Cooperation Movement:
It aimed to attain Swaraj.
The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.
Foreign goods and foreign cloth were boycotted. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign traders.
Students left the government owned schools and colleges and lawyers gave up legal practices.
Civil Disobedience Movement:
It aimed to attain poorna swaraj
People were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
The countrymen broke the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water at Dandi.
Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
Village officials resigned from their jobs. Forest people violated forest rules and laws.

Question : Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932? Explain.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March, 1931.
By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji committed to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repressive measures.
Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail and the Congress had been declared illegal.
A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
Thus, with great apprehension Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question : When did Simon Commission come to India? Why was it boycotted?
Answer : The Tory government of Britain formed a commission under the leadership of Sir John Simon to enquire into the working of constitutional arrangements in India and to suggest reforms. It was appointed in 1927 and this commission reached in India in 1928. It was boycotted because
• It did not have any single Indian member
• It did not talk about Swaraj
• Gandhiji decided to call off Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question : Explain the main features if Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Answer : • He consented to participate in round table conference in London.
• Govt. agreed to release the political prisoners.

Question : How was Lahore Congress of 1929 important?
Answer : 1.It formalized the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence to India.
2. It declared 26 Jan.1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day.
3. It decided to launch Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question : The effects of non-cooperation on economic front were more dramatic. How?
Answer : •import of British goods to India was reduced to half
` Foreign goods were boycotted
• Liquor shops were picketed
• The value of import on cloths came down
• Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods
• Production of Indian textiles went up.

Question : Why did business class participate in the civil disobedience movement?
Answer : They wanted protection against import of foreign goods and a rupee –sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. Most of the business people came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restriction on business would no-longer exist and industry would flourish

Question : Explain the role of women in Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer : During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out and listen to him. They participated in protest march, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth. Many went to jail. They considered serving nation as their sacred duty.

Question : Briefly explain Dandi March.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the Nation. He sent letter to Viceroy Irwin in which the most stirring was demand to abolish salt tax. When Irwin refused to accept these demands, Gandhi started the salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers, marched 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi. On his way he told the importance of Swaraj to people and asked to defy British. On 6th April he reached Dandi violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. It marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.

Question : Explain the effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.
Answer : In 19th century, colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and an importer of manufactures.
The worldwide economic depression immediately affected Indian trade. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Peasants producing for the world market were worst hit. Though agricultural prices fell, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. Peasant’s indebtedness increased. For example, Jute producers of Bengal.

MAP QUESTIONS

Question : Important Centres of Indian National Movement ( Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements)
• (i) Champaran (Bihar) Movement of Indigo Planters
• (ii) Kheda (Gujarat) Peasant Satyagraha
• (iii) Ahmedabad(Gujarat) Cotton Mill Worker’s Satyagraha
• (iv) Amritsar(Punjab) Jallianwala Bagh Incident
• (v) Chauri Chaura(UP) Calling of the NCM
• (vi) Baroli(Gujarat) No Tax Campaign
• (vii) Dandi(Gujarat) Civil Disobedience Movement

Question : IMPORTANT CONGRESS SESSIONS
For location and labelling /Identification on Outline Political Map of India
Indian National Congress Sessions:
Calcutta (Sep. 1920),
Nagpur (Dec.1920),
Madras (1927)
Lahore (1929)

Question : Write in brief
Explain:
a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is Iinked to an anti-colonial
b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non­ Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
a) In the colonial countries such as India and Vietnam, the emergence of modern nationalism was the result of the anti-colonial movement.
People realized their unity in the process of their struggle against the colonial exploitation of natural resources.
The sense of being oppressed under colonialism brought many different groups together against their colonial masters.
The Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi bought all different groups together within one national movement.

b) The First World War created a new economic and political situation which helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
The war increased defence expenditure of the British government. It borrowed war loans, increased customs duties, and introduced income tax.
Villages were forced to supply goods to soldiers. The forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Crop failure in 1918-19 and 1920-21caused acute shortages of food and an influenza epidemic; nearly, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
During this time, nationalist leaders offered a new mode of struggle and appealed to the masses to fight against colonial rule.

c) Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act (1919) because this Act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition of the Indian members.
The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities; political prisoners could be detained without trial for two years.

d) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement because the movement was turning violent in many places.
In one such violent incident known as the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the British policemen and a police-station was set on fire.
Gandhiji felt that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles and withdrew the movement.

Question : What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer:
(i)Mahatma Gandhi fought racial discrimination in South Africa with the idea of satyagraha which emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
(ii)It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(iii)Without seeking vengeance or adopting aggressive method, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(iv)Gandhi also believed that by this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

Question : Write a newspaper report on:
a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
b) The Simon Commission
Answer:

a) On 13 April, a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some came to protest against the government's new repressive measures, while others were there to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Many villagers who had gathered there were unaware of the martial law imposed by the British. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds of Indians; many of the victims were women and children. His object, as he declared later, was to 'produce a moral effect', to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
b) The Tory government in Britain set up a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The problem was that not a single Indian representative was part of the commission; all its members were British. When the Simon Commission arrived in 1928, nationalists of the Congress and the Muslim League protested and showed placards with the slogan 'Go back Simon'. In an attempt to appease Indians, in October 1929, the viceroy, Lord Irwin announced an offer of 'dominion status' for India and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.

Question : Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer:

Images of Bharat Mata

Image of Germania

(i) Bharat Mata was the allegory of the Indian nation.   (ii) In visual representations, Bharat Mata is shown as an ascetic figure, with calm, divine and spiritual. She is also shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing. She holds a mala in one hand emphasising her ascetic quality.   (iii) She is also shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant – both symbols of power and authority.

(i)Germania was the allegory of the German nation.   (ii)In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.      (iii) She is also shown with sword and shield wearing crown.

Discuss

Question : List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
The different social groups that joined the Non­ Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising students, lawyers, teachers and headmasters, merchant and traders, and peasants, tribal communities and plantation workers in the countryside.

The participation of the Indian middle class:
The middle class participated in the movement because their refusal to trade in foreign goods or finance in foreign trade would increase the sale of their goods in the domestic market and flow of profits; as the boycott of foreign goods spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

The participation of the Peasants:
The peasants took part in the movement because they had expectations that they would be saved from the labour exploitation of talukdars and landlords, and high taxes imposed by the colonial rule.

The participation of the Plantation workers:
Plantation workers actively participated in the protests because they were not allowed to move freely in and out of the plantation fields. They wanted to retain a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

Question : Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer:
(i)The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(ii)On 31 January 1930, in a letter sent to Viceroy Irwin, the abolition of the salt tax was one of Gandhiji's eleven demands.
(iii)The abolition of the salt tax had potential to inspire all classes within Indian society to fight against the British rule.
(iv)Salt, an essential item of food, was consumed by the rich and the poor alike. According to Gandhiji, the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question : Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:
(i)The Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed the large­ scale participation of women. Gandhiji's appeal inspired them.
(ii)They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
(iii)Urban women from high-caste families and rural women from rich peasant households began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
(iv) Despite the equal role played by them, there was no any radical change in their social condition.
(v) Even Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.
(vi)The Congress, a leading nationalist organisation, was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority in it.

Question : Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:
(i) Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because they had different political solutions to the social and economic issues of the depressed communities.
(ii) For example, the Dalits believed that political empowerment would resolve the problems of their social disabilities.
(iii) Dr B.R. Ambedkar, the champion of the Dalit cause, organised his community people into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
(iv) He clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.
(v) Though the British government accepted Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji opposed it and began a fast unto death because the later believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
(vi) Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji's opinion and the result was the Poena Pact of September 1932.
(vii) It gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question : Why was Non-cooperation launched? How the notion of Swaraj was perceived by various strata in the society?
Answer: (i) Atrocities on Indians after the First World War.
(ii) Refusal of demand of Swaraj.
(iii) Passing of Rowlatt Act.
(iv) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
(v) Congress passed resolution on Non Cooperation Movement with
thumping majority.
Notion of Swaraj
1. The movement in towns
2. Rebellion in the country side
3. Swaraj in the plantations

Question : What were the reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement?
Answer :  (i) Humiliating terms of treaty of Versailles on Khalifas
(ii) Lucknow Pact
(iii) Starting of Non cooperation by the congress along with khilafat movement

Question : Under what circumstances Civil disobedience movement was called off?
Answer : (i) Crackdown on Satyagrahis.
(ii) Brutal suppression and many leaders were arrested.
(iii) Gandhi Irwin Pact

Question : How did the First World War help in the growth of nationalist movement in India?
Answer : (i) War created a new political and economic situation. It led to an increase in expenditure.
(ii) The war led to a price rise and hardship for common people.
(iii) War led to forced recruitment of people.
(iv) Acute Shortage of food led to famine and misery.
(v) Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a war unnecessarily.
This feeling united Indians against the British.

Question : This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons & images"Analyse the statement.
Answer : (i) In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured village together.
(ii) The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that was damaged by outside forces.
(iii) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the National Identity.
(iv) It restored a sense of pride in one's past during Swadeshi Movement, a tricolor flag was designed representing eight provinces through eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu-Muslim unity.
(v) Later Gandhiji developed tricolor flag (Red, Green and White) with a spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying the flag became a symbol of defiance.
(vi) This image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chatopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn to the mother land. Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharat Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine and spiritual.

Question : Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhijis ideas?
Answer : (i) Alluri Sita Ram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
(ii) He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.
(iii) The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the government began forcing them to contribute 'begar for road building, the hill people revolted.
(iv) Raju inspired the hill people. He talked on the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.
(v) Inspired by Gandhiji's Non Cooperation Movement, he persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he did not believe in Non Violence, he thought that India could be liberated only by the use of force.

Question : Why did Gandhiji choose 'Salt' as the symbol of his Civil Disobedi ence Movement?
Answer : (i) Salt is consumed by both the poor and the rich, and is one of the most essential items of food everywhere in the world.
(ii) The British government had the monopoly on the production of salt in India
(iii) By imposing a 'salt tax' the government hit both the rich and the poor, specially the poor. Gandhiji thought it was the most repressive Act of the British government and choose to defy it by breaking the "Salt Law".

Question : Write down the features of Civil Disobedience movement. How was this different from Non cooperation Movement?
Answer : (i) Movement started with Salt March
(ii) Thousands broke salt law
(iii) Foreign clothes boycotted
(iv) Liquor shops were picketed
(v) Peasants refused to pay taxes
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, but also to break colonial laws.

Question : Discuss the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer : (i) Women participation was in large scale
(ii) Participated in protest marches, manufactured salt
(iii) Picketed foreign cloths and liquor shops
(iv) Began to see service to the nation as their sacred duty

Question : Why did Indians oppose Simon Commission?
Answer : 
(i) No mention of reform
(ii) Not even a single Indian was there.
(iii) The Indian people felt offended by the commission.
(iv) The fear that the British would lord it over them, without giving serious thought to their interests.

Question : Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas and the notion of 'Swaraj'. Support the statement.
Answer : Plantation workers had their own meaning of Swaraj.
• Right to move freely in and out of the confined space.
• Retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
• When they heard of the Non-cooperation movement, thousand of workers defied authorities, left the plantation.
• They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming every one would be given land in their own villages.

Question : How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in making of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : 
• Sense of collective belonging come through the experience of united struggle.
• Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples' imagination.
• History, fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbol played important role in making of nationalism.
• Identity of nation is most often symbolized in a figure or an image.
• It helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation.

Question : "Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of "Swaraj". Support the statement in the light of of Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930s.
Answer : Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj.
• Many Schedule Castes and tribes came together under the umbrella of Depressed Class movement.
• Many leaders of these classes demanded their political representation through Reservation.
• Many Muslim Leaders expressed their concern about the status of Muslim as a minority of India.
• They feared their culture and identity be submerged under the domination of majority.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Objective Questions

Question. Who among the following were the prominent leaders during the Khilafat Movement? Identify the correct option.
(a) Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
(b) Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad and Shaukat Ali
(d) Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Shaukat Ali
Answer: A

Question. Why did General Dyer order to open fire on a peaceful demonstration at Jallianwala Bagh?
(a) He ordered the open fire because he noticed a sudden unrest in the crowd.
(b) Because his objective was to produce a moral effect that can create fear in the minds of the Satyagrahis.
(c) Because he wanted to suppress the voice of the crowd.
(d) All of the above
Answer: B

Question. The nation is most often symbolised in which of the forms? 
(a) History and fiction
(b) Figures or images
(c) Popular prints
(d) Folklore or songs
Answer: B 

Question. Find the incorrect statement. 
(a) In Awadh, the Peasant Movement was developed under Pt Jawaharlal Nehru.
(b) Khilafat Movement was started in 1921.
(c) Ambedkar organised the Dalit into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
(d) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed a tricolour Swaraj Flag.
Answer: A

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option. 
I. A khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
II. Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April, 1920.
III. Simon commission was constituted by Mahatma Gandhi.
Codes
(a) Only I
(b) Both I and II
(c) Only III
(d) All of these
Answer: A

Question. Who was responsible for the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incidence on 13th April, 1919 at Amritsar? 
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) General Dyer
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(d) William Bentick
Answer: B 

Question. To launch broad based movement in India, who felt the need to bring Hindus and Muslims close together?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
Answer: C

Question. Identify the movement with the given features and choose the correct option.
• It was started in 1930.
• The movement took place in Gujarat.
• This movement was started by Gandhiji.
(a) Non-Cooperation Movement
(b) Civil Disobedience Movement
(c) Peasant Movement
(d) Khilafat Movement
Answer: B

Question. In India the growth of modern nationalism in intimately connected to the ………… .
(a) Western education
(b) Awarness of people
(c) Anti-colonial movement
(d) None of the above
Answer: C 

Question. Choose the incorrectly matched pair from the given options.
(a) Salt March was initiated from- Nagpur
(b) Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested- April 1930
(c) Mahatma Gandhi called off Civil Disobedience Movement- March 1931
(d) Civil Disobedience lost its momentum- 1934
Answer: A

Question. Match the following items given in Column A with those in Column B.

Column A	Column B
A. Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up	1. 1859
B. Indian Emigration Act	2. 1928
C. Alluri Sitaram Raju was executed in	3. 1924
D. Arrival of Simon Commission	4. 1920

Codes
    A B C D 
(a) 3 4 2 1
(b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 2 3 1 4
(d) 1 2 4 3
Answer: B

Question. Who announced the vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India in 1929? Identify the correct option.
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) Lord William Bentick
(c) lord Irwin
(d) Lord Mountbatten
Answer: C

Question. Identify the personality with the help of clues given below
• Hewas a Sanyasi.
• Peasant Movemen of Awadh developed under his leadership.
• He had earlier been a Fiji as an indentured labourer.
(a) Baba Ramachandra
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Abanindranath Tagore
Answer: A 

Question. Choose the correctly matched pair about the incidents with their year of occurrence from the given options.
(a) Indian Industrial and Commerce Congress was formed-1927
(b) Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries- 1920
(c) Poona Pact- 1932
(d) Mohammad Iqbal demanded Separate Electorates for Muslims- 1928
Answer: C

Question. Match the following items given in Column A with those in Column B. 
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Column A	Column B
A. 26th January, 1930	1. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
B. 31st January, 1930	2. Initiation of Salt March
C. 12th March 1930	3. Eleven demands sent to Viceroy Irwin by Gandhiji
D. 5th March,1931	4. Would be celebrated as the Independence Day.

    A B C D
(a) 3 4 2 1
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 4 3 2 1
(d) 1 2 4 3
Answer: C

Question. Identify the correct meaning of Satyagraha from the given options.
(a) Satyagraha means use of physical force to inflict pain.
(b) Satyagraha is a non-violent method of fighting against the oppression which does not inflict pain.
(c) Satyagraha means passive resistance and it is considered as a weapon of weak.
(d) Satyagraha means to search for truth and use physical force.
Answer: B

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Assertion-Reason MCQs

Directions Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).Read the statements and choose the appropriate option from the following options.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Question. Assertion (A) When Simon Commission arrived in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon Go Back’.
Reason (R) Simon Commission was constituted under John Simon.
Answer: B

Question. Assertion (A) The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons in the cities.
Reason (R) As the boycott movement spread and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian Textile Mills and handlooms went up.
Answer: B

Question. Assertion (A) Gandhiji entered into Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5th March, 1931.
Reason (R) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were put in jail, the Congress was declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
Answer: B

Question. Assertion (A) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Reason (R) Mahatma Gandhi felt that the movement was turning violent in many places and Satyagrahis need proper training for mass struggles.
Answer: A

Question. Assertion (A) Some leaders within the Congress were tired of the Mass struggle and wanted to participate in the election to the Provincial Councils set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
Reason (R) They felt that elections are necessary to establish democracy in India.
Answer: C 

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Case based MCQs

Read the case/source given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the appropriate option.
‘To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense’ Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non-violence.
In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi.
Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. In the same year there was an attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in. Bhagat Singh was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government.
During his trial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify ‘the cult of the bomb and pistol’ but wanted a revolution in society: ‘Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is the imprescriptible birthright of all.
The labourer is the real sustainer of society ... To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense, for no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause. We are content. We await the advent of revolution. Inquilab Zindabad!’

Question. What lessons does Bhagat Singh’s life have for modern-day India? Identify the correct option.
(a) He emphasised on socio-economic changes rather than changing political leaders.
(b) He inspired the masses to break social barriers of casteism.
(c) He taught people to shed away the fear of British rulers.
(d) All of the above
Answer: D

Question. The HSRA and Bhagat Singh focussed on which section of the society to bring a revolution? Identify the correct option.
(a) Labourers
(b) Leaders
(c) Youth
(d) Merchants
Answer: C

Question. Which of the following were the Revolutionary activities of HSRA? Choose the correct option.
(a) Central Assembly Bombing Case.
(b) An attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Involved in Lahore Conspiracy Case
Answer: C

Question. During whose tenure as the Viceroy of India were the great martyrs Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru hanged? Choose the best suitable option.
(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord Irwin
(c) Lord Minto
(d) Lord Curzon
Answer: B

Question. Why Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was formed? With reference to the above context, infer the appropriate option.
(a) To fight against the British colonial rule with the principle of non-violence
(b) To fight against British colonial rule in India
(c) To achieve independence for the country through an armed rebellion if necessary
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer: D

Question. Consider the following statements and find the incorrect from the given options.
I. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly.
II. Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was based on the principles given by Mahatma Gandhi.
III. Bhagat Singh wanted a revolution in the society.
Codes
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) Both II and III
Answer: B

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What was the Rowlatt Act? How did it affect the National Movement?
Or What was Rowlatt Act? How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act? 
Answer: Rowlatt Act was an oppressive act introduced by the British Government in 1919. It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political person without trial for two years.
The Rowlatt Act affected the National Movement and Indian show their disapproval towards this act in the following ways
• Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down.
• British administration suppressed the nationalists. As a result local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation because salt is consumed by everyone and is regarded as one of the most essential items
of food. By levying tax on salt and establishing monopoly over its production, the communal power revealed the most oppressive face of them.
Gandhiji thought if any movement could be arranged against this oppression (monopoly over the production of salt) which affected people from all strata, it could unite the
nation. He believed ‘salt’ had this power. So, he gave an ultimatum to the British Government, but Irwin was not ready to negotiate.
Gandhiji started his famous Salt March with his trusted 78 followers from the Sabarmati ashram towards Dandi, the coastal town of Gujarat. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over India.
In this way, ‘salt’ inspired the nation to rebel against the British.

Question. Why was Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920? Why did Gandhiji call off the movement in 1922? 
Or Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement? 
Answer: Non-Cooperation Movement was started by Gandhiji in 1920 because
• Gandhiji saw this movement as opportunity to unite Muslims and Hindus.
• He wanted a solution on Khilafat issue.
• The most important objective was the attainment of Swaraj.
Gandhiji called off Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 because
• The movement became violent. At Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur) a peaceful demonstration in a bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
• Gandhiji felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.

Question. How did plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj? Explain.
Answer: The plantation workers in Assam had understood the notion of Swaraj in the following ways
• For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the Tea Gardens without permission.
• Swaraj for plantation workers meant retaining a link the village from which they had come. When plantation workers heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers refused to obey their authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
• They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village. The plantation worker, however never reached their destination as they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question. Why did Gandhiji launch the Civil Disobedience Movement? Give reasons.
Answer: Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement because
• Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter (31st January, 1930) to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest, others were specific demands of different classes. However, Viceroy Irwin refused the demands. Thus, he decided to launch the movement.
• Another reason for launching the movement was the Salt Law. Gandhiji believed that the tax on salt and the Government monopoly over salt production was the most oppressive measure taken by the British Government.
This law had to be removed. Thus, he broke the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling water in Dandi and urged the people to refuse cooperation with the British.
The Salt March marked the beginnning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas. 
Answer: Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He started a Militant Guerrilla Movement in the early 1920s.
Role of Aluri Sitaram Raju in Inspiring the Rebel Raju inspired the hill people. The hill people were enraged by the British policy. When the government began forcing them to contribute ‘begar’ for road building, the hill people revolted.
Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.
Inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement, he persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.
He did not believe in non-violence. He thought that India could be liberated only by the use of force.

Question. What was the main objective of Simon Commission? Why was the commission rejected by the Indians? Discuss.
Answer: The main objective of Simon Commission, constituted under John Simon, was to review the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes in the
system.
The Commission was boycotted by the Indian leaders because
• There was no Indian member in this Commission.
• The terms of Commission’s appointement did not give any indication of swaraj while the demand of Indians was only swaraj.
Thus, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’.

Question. Explain the reason for the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929 to be called the historical session.
Or Mention the main contents of Indian National Congress in December 1929 held under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. 
Answer: Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929 is called the historical session as at this session, the Congress President Jawaharlal Nehru passed a resolution of declaring ‘Purna Swaraj’ in December 1929. In 1929, Viceroy Lord Irwin announced an uncertain offer of ‘Dominian status’ to India and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future Constitution. The expectations of the Congress were not met by this announcement. At that time liberals and moderates in Congress lost their influence and Radicals like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose became more assertive in Congress.
After declaring ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence, the Congress declared 26th January, 1930 as the Independence Day.

Question. Explain four points about Gandhiji’s Satyagraha.
Or Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. In the Light of this statement assess the contribution of Gandhiji towards Satyagraha. 
Answer: Gandhiji’s contribution towards Satyagraha and his idea of Satyagraha was
• It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
• It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive, the Satyagrahi could win the battle.
• By Satyagraha, one can win the oppressor even by appealing to the conscience. Oppressor should be made to see the truth.
• By Satyagraha, truth was bound to triumph (victory) ultimately. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all India.

Question. Analyse the role of merchants and the industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 
Answer: The role of merchants and the industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement was
• They became powerful in the society and wanted to expand their business. So, they started opposing colonial policies that restricted their business. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
• The industrialists criticised colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement at its first stage. Most industrialists thought ‘Swaraj’ as a time when colonial restriction did not exist on business world. As a result trade and business would flourish without constraints.
• They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

Question. Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India.
Answer: The implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India were
Economic Situation
• It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans It resulted in raising custom duties and the introduction of income tax.
• Increased prices of essential commodities led to extreme hardship for the common people.
Political Situation
• Forced recruitment of villagers into armies caused wide spread anger among them.
• There was acute food shortage due to failure of crops and influenza epidemic which resulted into death of millions of people.

Question. Describe the cultural process through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.
Answer: There were variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. These were history, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints and
symbols which played a part in the making of nationalism. The image of Bharat Mata helped to create an image in which people can identify the nation.
Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. These cultural processes help in spread of nationalism as people began to believe that they all are part of the same nation and discover a sense of collective belongingness.

Question. What were the circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident? Describe in brief the reaction of the people immediately after the incident.
Answer: Circumstances that led to Jallianwala Bagh Incident were
• Rowlatt Act The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British Government despite the united opposition of the Indian members. This Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of any person without trial for two years.
• Rowlatt Satyagraha Gandhiji wanted non-violent civil disobedience against Rowlatt Act. Rallies were organised in different cities, workers went on strike and shop were closed down.
• Martial Law British administration imposed martial law in Amritsar due to popular upsurge. On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer fired at the innocent people who gathered
in Jallianwala Bagh killing hundreds.
The reaction of people immediately after the incident was that crowds took to the streets and there were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government
buildings.

Question. Mention the efforts of Gandhiji to get Harijans their rights.
Answer: The efforts of Gandhiji for Harijans were
• Gandhiji organised Satyagraha to secure the entry of the untouchables into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
• Gandhi himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers) and persuaded the upper caste to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.
• Gandhiji signed Poona Pact (September 1932) with Dr Ambedkar. It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question. What type of flag was designed during the ‘Swaraj Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Or Who designed the Swaraj flag? What were the features of this flag? How was it used as a symbol of defiance?
Answer: At the time of Swadeshi or Swaraj Movement, a tricolour flag was designed in Bengal by Mahatma Gandhi. Its features were ! It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindu-Muslim community.
• It had also tricolour, i.e. red, green and white.
It had a spining wheel in the centre.
The flag represented Gandhian ideal of self-help and carrying the flag and holding it aloft during procession or marches, became a symbol of defiance.

Question. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ 
Answer: The role of poor peasantry in the Civil Disobedience Movement was
• As the economic depression continued the poor peasants found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
Thus, they joined a variety of radical movements, often led by socialists and communists.
• They came in huge numbers to support Gandhiji and his followers. It was because of them that Civil Disobedience Movement could become a Mass movement.
• They launched ‘no rent’ campaign but it was not supported by the Congress. So, the relationship between the poor peasant and Congress remained uncertain.

Question. Explain the role of Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits or the depressed classes. 
Answer: The role of Ambedker in uplifting the dalit or the depressed classes was
• Dr BR Ambedkar joined active polities in 1930 and organised the Depressed Classes Association to uplift the dalits.
• He demanded separate electorates for dalits and reservation of seats in educational institutions for them.
• He signed the Poona Pact that gave reserved seats to the depressed classes or dalits in provincial and Central Legislative Councils.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the ‘Non- Cooperation Movement? How did this movement unite the country? Explain. 
Answer: Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 because He saw this movement as an opportunity to bring Muslims under a unified national movement. When young Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali approached him about the possibility of a united movement against the British rule.
• Gandhiji thought through the Non-Cooperation Movement, British rule in India would collapse within a year and Swaraj would come.
Thus, at the Congress Session in Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-Cooperation programme was finalised and Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement.
This movement united the country as
• The Non-Cooperation Movement spread from the cities to the countryside. Different sections of our society interpreted this movement differently. The name of Gandhiji invoked to sanction all actions and aspirations.
• In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji’s ideals and started militant Guerrilla movement for achieving Swaraj.

Question. ‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples. 
Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement as 

Non-Cooperation Movement	Civil Disobedience Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1921 by Gandhiji.	Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930.
It was started with middle class participation.	It was first supported by the industrialists like GD Birla and Purshottamdas Thakur das.
Due to Khalifa issues, Muslim Community participated in Non-Cooperation Movement on large scale.	The growing proximity of the Congress Party and Hindu Mahasabha prevented the Muslims to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement.
The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji due to violent incident at Chauri-Chaura.	The Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn in 1931, when Gandhiji signed ‘Gandhi-Irwin Act.
In this movement women did not participate in large scale.	Large scale participation of women is one of the most significant features of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer: The role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement was
• During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women participated in marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas, these women were from high caste educated family e.g. Sarojini Naidu, Satyavati Devi, Kamala Nehru, Vijaylakshmi Pandit, Kasturba Gandhi, etc. In rural areas, women came from rich peasant households. In Bengal the women’s participation increased in nationalism.
• In 1930, women rallied before Bethune College, Calcutta in support of Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience Movement.
• In Bombay, large section of women of Gujarati community was influenced by Gandhiji’s idealism and participated in National Movement.
However, all these participations were symbolic as women did not hold any position of authority for a long time.

Question. Who launched the Khilafat Movement? Why was the movement launched?
Answer: The Khilafat Movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a
unified national movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a Pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of First World War.
The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi start the Civil Disobedience Movement’? How did this movement unite the country ? Explain.
Answer: Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement because Lord Irwin ignored Gandhi’s eleven demands including the abolition of the Salt Tax. Gandhiji’s ‘Salt March’ marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over India.
The Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country and united different groups in the country as it was widely spread in the following ways
• With the spread of the movement, foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. Village officials resigned from their post. Forest people violated forest law.
• In the countryside, rich peasant communities viz, Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh became the supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The poorer peasantry, often led by the socialist and the communist, joined a variety of radical movements for the remission of their unpaid rent to the landlords.
• Industrialists led by Purshottamdas Thakurdas and GD Birla supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Moreover railway workers, dock workers, mine workers from Chotta Nagpur and large number of women from all over the India participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. How did the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front. 
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement was started by the Congress party in January 1921. Initially, this movement started with middle class participation in the cities.
Later, this movement spread when thousands of students, teachers and lawyers gave up their institutions and profession and joined the movement. This movement began
in different cities across the country. The economic effects of Non-Cooperation Movement were ! As foreign goods and foreign clothes were boycotted, the import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922, and its value dropping from 102 crore to 57 crore rupees.
• many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or invest in foreign trade.
• As people discarded imported clothes and started to use Indian clothes, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms increased.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Case Based Questions

1. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow. 
Source-A The Salt March and The Civil Disobedience Movement Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31st January, 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; while others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists
to peasants.

Question. How did Gandhiji react to the Salt Law ?
Answer: Gandhiji reacted by demanding to abolish the Salt Law as salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike. It was one of the most essential items
of food and British government had monopoly over it production and it levied tax on salt monopoly over its production. Mahatma Gandhi declared the most oppressive face of the British rule.
Source-B How Participants saw the Movement In the countryside, rich peasant communities - like the Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh - were active in the movement. Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by trade depression and falling prices.

Question. Why did the rich peasants become supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement ?
Answer: Rich peasants became supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement as for them fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. Being producers of commercial crops, rich peasants were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. They found it impossible to pay government’s revenue demand which the British government did not want to reduce.
Source-C The Limits of Civil Disobedience Movement When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.

Question. Examine the limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer: The limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement were
• Dalits or untouchables were not moved by the abstract concept of swaraj, so they did not join in this movement.
• As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, some of the political organisations of Muslims did not join the movement.

2. Read the case/source given below and answer the questions that follows.
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt-that entering the council was one way of gaining some power- something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

Question. Explain the role of ‘Justice Party’ in boycotting of Council elections.
Answer: The role of ‘Justice Party’ is that it did not boycotted the council elections. It was the party of non-Brahmans The party thought that council elections was a opportunity for them to enter the councils and gaining some power.

Question. How was the effects of ‘Non-Cooperation on the economic front’ dramatic? What was the main cause for boycotting foreign goods during Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: The effects of Non-Cooperation Movement were dramatic on economic front as foreign goods were boycotted, foreign clothes were burnt and foreign trade and financing foreign trade was refused.
The main cause for boycotting foreign goods during Non-Cooperation Movement was to challenge the well-established economic and power structure of Britishers.

Question. Explain the effect of Boycott movement on foreign textile trade.
Answer:  
The effects of Boycott movement on foreign textile trade were
• People began discarding imported clothes.
• People started to wear only Indian clothes.
• The import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. ‘The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. This statement can be supported by the following arguments.
♦ For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and to retain a link with the native village.
♦ When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home.
♦ They believed that Gandhi Raj meant that they would be given land in their own villages.
However, due to steamer and railway strike, thousands were stranded on the way.

Question. Why did different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain.
Answer:
Different social groups joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. Three of them are listed below.
♦ Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh – joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops, they were hard-hit by depression and falling prices. For them, Swaraj meant struggle against high revenues.
♦ Poor peasants joined the struggle because they found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
♦ Rich business classes were against colonial policies which restricted trade. They joined the movement because they wanted protection against import of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without constraints.

Question. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyze the reasons.
Answer:
♦ Congress wanted to include the demands of the masses as a whole and not a particular group or class.
♦ If the demand of the workers were included, then industrialists would get offended. The industrialists were supporting the Congress financially. The Congress did not want to alienate the industrialists and create anti-imperialist feelings.
♦ A big portion of the Congress membership and funding came from industrialists and small businessmen.

Question. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer:
At the second Round Table conference, Dr BR Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for dalits. When the British conceded Dr Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji, who was opposed to this, went on a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position by signing a pact in 1932, known as the Poona Pact. The Poona Pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in the provincial and legislative councils but they were to be voted by general electorate.

Question. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of the ‘Swaraj Flag’.
Answer:
By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. The main features of this flag were as follows.
♦ It was a tricolour (saffron, green and white).
♦ It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Question. ‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
The Civil Disobedience Movement differed from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways. (2 tbl)

Question. What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Answer:
♦ During the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.Nationalism in India 39
♦ It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India.
♦ It also had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question. How could non-cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Non-cooperation became a movement in the following ways.
♦ The idea of non-cooperation was first introduced by Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj, where he declared that since the British had established their rule in India with the cooperation of the Indians, it would collapse only when the cooperation was withdrawn.
♦ Initially non-cooperation was to start in stages with the surrender of British honours and titles, boycott of British offices, institutions and foreign goods followed by civil disobedience campaign. Finally at Nagpur session of Congress in 1920, the programme of Non-Cooperation was adopted.
♦ In case the government used repressive methods, a full scale Civil Disobedience campaign would then be launched.
♦ At the same time Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali began touring and mobilising support for the movement.

Question. Explain any three measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Following were the measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act:
♦ Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British decided to clamp down on nationalists.
♦ Local leaders were arrested and Gandhiji was baned from entering Delhi.
♦ There were firing on peaceful procession.
♦ Seeing the situation out of control, Martial law was imposed,

Question. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer:
♦ Satyagraha emphasized on the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
♦ It was a novel method of protesting through mass agitation, without the use of force, the oppressor could be persuaded to see the truth and it will ultimately triumph.
♦ It suggested that in a struggle against injustice, if the cause is right, there was no need for aggression or physical force. Victory could be won by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

Question. How did the industrialists relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
Answer:
♦ During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists made huge profits and emerged as a powerful section. They opposed colonial policies that restricted business
activities because they wanted to expand their business.
♦ They formed Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
♦ They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched and attacked colonial control over the Indian economy. 
♦ They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints
♦ Eminent businessmen like Purshotamdas, Thakurdas and GD Birla also came in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer:
One of the most important features of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. They participated in the movement in the following ways.
♦ During Gandhiji’s salt satyagraha, thousands of women came out of their homes and engaged themselves in various activities.
♦ They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed shops selling foreign goods, liquor, etc.
♦ Many of them were arrested and went to jail.
♦ In urban areas, women from high-caste families whereas in rural areas women from the rich peasant households, inspired by Gandhiji’s call, regarded service to the nation as a sacred duty. 

Question. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Explain.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement slowed down in the cities for various reasons.
♦ Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. So people could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
♦ Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed a problem as there were no alternative national institutions to fulfil the educational needs.
♦ The students and teachers trickled to government schools. The lawyers joined government courts.
With all these, the enthusiasm of people in the cities lost its force.

Question. Who was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day? Why must India sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj? Explain briefly.
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day. India must sever the British connection because the British deprived Indians of their rights and oppressed and exploited them and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually to the fullest.

Question. Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January 1930? Why was the abolition of ‘salt tax’ most stirring demand? Explain.
Answer:
On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji wrote a letter to Lord Irwin, stating eleven demands. Some of the demands were of general nature, others were more specific demands from industrialists to peasants. They were wide ranging demands, so that all classes could identify with them and they could be brought under the common campaign. The most stirring demand was to abolish salt tax.
Salt is item of food, consumed by all sections of the society. It is one of the most essential food item. The tax on salt and government monopoly over its production, showed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question. How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
Answer:
Salt became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because of the following reasons:
♦ Gandhiji found in salt a powerful bond that would unite the nations as it – was consumed by all rich and poor alike.
♦ Gandhiji’s letter to Viceroy Irwin stated eleven demands. Most of them were of general interest but the most stirring was to abolish the salt tax imposed by the colonial government.
♦ Irwin’s unwillingness to negotiate forced Gandhiji to start his salt March which was joined by thousands. It developed the feeling of nationalism.
♦ People in different parts of the country broke salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated infront of government salt factories.
♦ People unitedly followed Gandhiji’s words. They refused to pay taxes, revenues, picketed liquor shops, boycotted foreign clothes, resigned from government jobs violated forest laws.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non- Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh were:
♦ The landlords and talukdars of Awadh demanded exorbitantly high land rent and a number of other cesses from the peasants.
♦ The peasants were compelled to do beggar, that is, they had to work at landlord’s farm without payment.
♦ As tenants, the peasants had no security of tenure and were often evicted from their land, they could not acquire any right over the leased land.

Question. Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
Answer: 
The main features of the ‘Salt March’ were:
♦ Gandhiji started the historic Dandi March (Salt March) from Sabarmati Ashram, (Ahmedabad) accompanied by 78 trusted volunteers.
♦ The distance from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal town on the coast of Gujarat was 240 miles.
♦ The volunteers walked for 24 days, 10 miles a days.
♦ Thousands of people came to hear Gandhiji. The explained the meaning of Swaraj to them.
♦ On 6th April, he reached Dandi, violated the salt law and manufactured salt by boiling sea water.

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain the reasons.
Answer:
Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 because of the following reasons.
♦ Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent at many places and the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for the mass struggle.
♦ Within the Congress some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in the elections to the provincial councils set up after by the Government of India Act 1919.
♦ The final blow however came after the violent incident in Chauri Chaura in 1922 when a violent mob burnt a police station killing many policemen. Immediately after that, Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments
Answer:
♦ Simon Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The Commission is not have a single Indian member. They were all British.
According to Indians, the commission did not hold any hopes for further constitutional reforms.
♦ Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ and black flags.
♦ All parties including the Congress and Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question. ‘Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
The three attributes of a nation, according to Renan are:
♦ A nation is formed when there is a long past of sacrifices and devotion.
♦ A national ideas comes into existence when there is a heroic past, glory and great men. It is the foundation of nation building.
♦ The people should have the will to work together for a common goal. All these factors give rise to nationalism because people feel they are part of a same nation.

Question. Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience movement against the Rowlatt Act which would start with a hartal on 6 April. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
♦ Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.
♦ Gandhiji was barred from entering Delhi.
♦ On 10 April, the police in Amritsar opened fire upon a peaceful procession which led to widespread attack on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

Question. How did colonial government react as the Civil Disobedience Movement spread in the country? Explain any three points.
Answer:
The colonial government reacted to the spread of Civil Disobedience Movement in the following ways:
♦ Prominent Congress leaders such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Gandhiji began to be arrested.
♦ The government used the policy of brutal repression to clamp down the demonstrators.
♦ Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and lakhs of people were arrested.

Question. How was history re-interpreted in creating a feeling of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Answer:
By the end of the 19th century, many Indian felt that people should take pride in their glorious past and started re-interpreting history.
♦ The British saw Indians as backward and primitive people incapable of governing themselves.
The Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
♦ In India, during ancient times there was an all round development in mathematics and science, in art and architecture, religion and philosophy, culture and law. Trade with other countries flourished during ancient times.
♦ The glorious time was followed by period of decline when India was colonised.

Question. How did the peasants who gathered around Nehru near Rae Bareli behave when he addressed them? Explain what Nehru meant when he said, “I needed the lesson more than they.”
Answer:
The peasants gathered around Nehru were calm and peaceful to hear him address them. Nehru meant to say that inspite of brutal and displeased behavior of police, the peasants remained peaceful. On the other hand he had forgotten nonviolence totally at that moment and he was very agitated and disturbed. The peasants taught him a lesson that he was supposed to have being their leader.

Question. How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:
♦ A non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law began.
♦ There were hartals and rallies organised in the whole of the country.
♦ Workers in the railway workshops went on strike.
♦ Shops were closed down in protest. (any three explanation)

Question. ‘Some of the Muslim political organizations in India, were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer:
When Gandhiji called the Civil Disobedience Movement, Muslims were lukewarm in their response due to
♦ The disappointment with Non-Cooperation Movement and how it ended without any concrete outcome.
♦ The Congress had become visibly associated with the Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha, making large sections of Muslims feel alienated.
♦ The relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened as each community began organising religious processions.
♦ In 1927 the Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate a compromise, but some important differences remained unsolved.
♦ Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status of Muslims in India. Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hopes of resolving the issue at the All Party Conference disappeared, when Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise. So when Civil Disobedience began, there was an atmosphere of distrust and
suspicion among the communities and Muslim response was lukewarm.

Question. “A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.” Explain with examples.
Answer: A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence. This statement emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight against the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrahi could win the battle. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressors instead of forcing them to accept truth through the use of violence.

Question. Explain the effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.
Answer:
The effects of worldwide economic depression were:
♦ There was a fall in agricultural prices from 1926 and it collapsed after 1930.
♦ As the demand for agricultural goods fall and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay the revenue.
♦ In the countryside, rich peasant communities were the producers of commercial crops. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.