NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer: The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.

Question. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer: Two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability were:

• Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped transport food more cheaply and quickly from production units to even faraway markets.
• Refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as meat, butter and eggs over long distances.

Question. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Answer: The Great Depression was a result of many factors:

• Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and incomes. It led to rise in consumption and demands. More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculations which led to the Great Depression of 1929 upto the mid-1930s.
• Stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among investors and depositors who stopped investing and depositing. As a result, it created a cycle of depreciation.
• Failure of the banks. Some of the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest. Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate inspite of the falling value of dollar. It was worsened by British change in policy to value pound at the pre-war value.

Question. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer: Two examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century:

• Chinese pottery and textiles, and spices from India and Southeast Asia were exchanged in return for precious metals such as gold and silver from Europe.

• Foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chilies, and sweet potatoes were introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the Americas.

Question. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas
.Answer: 

• The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
• America's original inhabitants, because of their long isolation, had no immunity against the diseases such as smallpox that were carried by the European settlers and colonisers with them.
• The European conquerors were mostly immune to smallpox, but the disease killed and decimated the native American communities, paving the way for an easy conquest.
• Weapons and soldiers could be defeated or destroyed, but diseases could not be prevented very easily; they became very powerful weapons for easy colonization.

Question. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer: Two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability:

• Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.

• The technology of the refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances.

Question. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer: (i)The post-war international economic system focused on economic stability and employment growth in the industriaI world.
(ii)The framework to achieve this goal was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
(iii)The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
(iv)The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was also set up to finance postwar reconstruction.

Question. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Answer: The depression was caused by a combination of several factors.
First: agricultural overproduction remained a problem. Falling agricultural prices affected the agricultural incomes. As prices slumped and declined, farmers produced more to maintain their overall income. This surplus production pushed down prices even further. Farm produce rotted for a lack of buyers.
Second: US overseas lenders stopped loans to many countries that financed their investments through loans from the US. This affected the banks in Europe and in Latin America and intensified the crisis of agricultural and raw material prices. US banks had also slashed domestic lending and demanded the return of the loans. Unable to repay the loans, people gave up their homes, cars and other properties. Ultimately, the US banking system itself collapsed. Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close. By 1933, over 4,000 banks had closed and between 1929 and 1932 about 110,000 companies had collapsed.

Question. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer: (i) Most developing countries organised themselves as a group - the Group of 77 (or G-77) - to demand a new international economic order (NIEO).
(ii) The NIEO system would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries' markets.
(iii) G-77 formed as a reaction to the Bretton Woods twins:

• From the late 1950s, Bretton Woods twins (the IMF and the World Bank) shifted their economic development activities from the industrial nations to the developing countries.
• The developing countries were brought under the financial rules and regulations of these two international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.
• The developing countries realized that even after many years of decolonization, the former colonial powers still controlled vital resources such as minerals and land. Thus, G-77 was formed as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins.

 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Answer: The three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange are:
1)The first is the flow of trade in goods (e.g., cloth or wheat) in the nineteenth century.
2)The second is the flow of labour- the migration of people in search of employment.
3)The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
The flow of trade in goods from India: Between 1812 and 1871, the share of raw cotton exports rose from 5 per cent to 35 per cent. Indigo used for dyeing cloth was another important good exported from India.
The flow of labour from India: In the nineteenth century, Indian indentured migrants went to work in the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji. Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya.
The movement of capital for investments from India: The Indian bankers such as the Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia; they invested their own funds as well as those borrowed from European banks. They had a sophisticated banking system to transfer money over large distances.

Question. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
a) The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
b) The coming of rinderpest to
c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World
d) The Great Depression on the Indian
e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian
Answer: a) After the Corn Laws were abolished, food grains could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British farmers were unable to compete with imports by the landed groups. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They went to the cities for work or migrated overseas.
b) Rinderpest, a disease of cattle plague, created a devastating impact on people's livelihoods and the local economy in African countries. 90 per cent of the cattle wealth perished and the loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market. Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled Europeans to colonise Africa. Most of the killed and maimed in the war were men of working age. These deaths and injuries reduced the able­ bodied workforce in Europe. With fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.
c) The Great Depression immediately affected trade in colonial India. India's exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India also declined. Between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices fell by 50 per cent. Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers. Though agricultural prices fell sharply, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. Peasants producing for the international markets were the worst hit. Across India, peasants' indebtedness increased.
d) From the late 1970s, the MNCs began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries. The relocation of the MNCs to low-wage countries boosted world trade and capital flows. In the last two decades, the world's economic geography has been transformed as countries such as India, China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Objective Questions

Question. Which of the following statements is associated with IMF ?
(a) The Bretton Woods Conference established the IMF.
(b) The conference was held in May 1945.
(c) The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operation in 1948.
(d) The conference was held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, UK.
Answer: A

Question. Find the incorrect statement.
(a) The Great Depression began around 1939 and lasted till the mid 1980s.
(b) The system of indentured labour was abolished in 1921.
(c) Rinderpest arrived in Africa in late 1880s.
(d) The First World War fought in 1914-18.
Answer: C

Question. Choose the correctly matched pair from the given options.
(a) 1870’s – Rinderpest arrived in Africa
(b) 1924 – Indentured Labour Abolished
(c) 1918 – Second World War
(d) 1947 – Chinese Communist Revolution
Answer: C

Question. Which of our common foods were not known to our ancestors until about 5 centuries ago?
(a) Sweet potatoes
(b) Groundnut and maize
(c) Soya, chillies and tomatoes
(d) All of these
Answer: D

Question. Where animals are not slaughtered for food at the starting point?
(a) America
(b) Australia
(c) New Zealand
(d) Europe
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following statements is appropriately associated with World War I ?
(a) Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks as well as the US public.
(b) The First World War was mainly fought in Europe but it had impacted on the whole world.
(c) First World War was the first modern industrial war.
(d) All of the above
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following would be provided to the developing countries by the New International Economic Order (NIEO)? Identify the correct option.
(a) More development assistance.
(b) Real control over their natural resources
(c) Fixed exchange rates
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: D

Question. Identify the method from the following information.
• This method was used in Chicago slaughterhouse.
• This method forced the workers to repect a single task.
• This method was faster and cheaper way of producing goods.
(a) Assembly line
(b) Mass production
(c) Line production
(d) None of these
Answer: A

Question. Choose the correctly matched pair from the given options.
(a) 1845 – European powers meet in Berlin to divide-up Africa between themselves.
(b) 1921 – Indentured Labour abolished
(c) 1939 – First World War
(d) 1890 – Potato Famine in Ireland
Answer: B

Question. Choose the correctly matched pair from the given options.
(a) Remittance – Supply of something in excess.
(b) Glut – An amount of money that is sent as a payment for something.
(c) Catastrophic – A terrible disaster
(d) Tariff – A riotous carnival
Answer: C

Question. Match the following. 

Column I	Column II
A. Global agricultural economy	1. 1929
B. First World War	2. 1914-18
C. Great Depression	3. 1890
D. Civil Disobedience Movement	4. 1931

Codes
    A B C D 
(a) 2 3 4 1
(b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 4 3 2 1
(d) 1 4 3 2
Answer: B

Question. Which among the following countries were among the world’s richest countries and the main centres of trade? Choose the correct option:
(a) India and China
(b) China and Japan
(c) China and Britain
(d) India and Japan
Answer: A

Question. Identify the reason which made the transport of perishable products over long distances possible, from the given options.
(a) Steam Ships
(b) Refrigerated ships
(c) Airline Services
(d) Refrigerated Trains
Answer: B

Question. Match the following: 

List-I	List-II
A. First World War	1. US banking system collapsed
B. Great Depression	2. First Modern industrial war
C. Second World Post War Reconstruction	3. Bretton Woods Institutions
D. IMF and World Bank	4. US emerged as the world’s dominant power

Codes
    A B C D 
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 4 3 2 1
(d) 3 1 4 2
Answer: B

Question. Who wrote in May 1634 that small pox signalled God’s blessing for the colonists: ‘ ... the natives ... were near all dead of small pox, so as the Lord had cleared our title to what we possess’. Identify the correct option.
(a) Alfred Crosby
(b) John Winthorp
(c) MW Ridley
(d) Michael Fitzgerald
Answer: B

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Assertion-Reason MCQs

Directions Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, any one of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Question. Assertion (A) Worldwide spread of MNCs was a notable feature of the 1950s and 1960s.
Reason (R) US businesses expanded worldwide and Western Europe and Japan also recovered to become industrial economies.
Answer: B

Question. Assertion (A) During the Great Depression of 1929, in general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected.
Reason (R) The fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that in the prices of industrial goods.
Answer: A

Question. Assertion (A) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of Cattle Plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
Reason (R) There was widespread European imperial impact on colonized societies.
Answer: B

Question. Assertion (A) Most of the TVs, mobile phones and toys we see in the shops seem to be made in China.
Reason (R) Industries are relocated to China due to the low-cost structure of the Chinese economy most importantly its low wages.
Answer: A 

Question. Assertion (A) Developing countries are now forced to borrow from Western commercial banks and private lending institutions.
Reason (R) Periodic debt crises in the developing world and lower incomes and increased poverty are evident, especially in Africa and Latin Africa.
Answer: A

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Case Based MCQs

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.
When the Second World War ended, large parts of the world were still under European colonial rule. Over the next two decades most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free independent nations. They were, however, overburdened by poverty and a lack of resources, and their economies and societies were handicapped by long periods of colonial rule. The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies. But as Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies, they grew less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries. As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of Western empires. Now, ironically, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.
Even after many years of decolonisation, the former colonial powers still controlled vital resources such as minerals and land in many of their former colonies. Large corporations of other powerful countries, for example the US, also often managed to secure rights to exploit developing countries’ natural resources very cheaply.

Question. Which of the following countries has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions? Select the best suitable option from the following reference to the context:
(a) France
(b) Australia
(c) Russia
(d) USA
Answer: D

Question. What factors led to decolonisation after the Second World War? With reference to the above context, infer the appropriate option.
(a) After World War-II, European countries lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress the revolts.
(b) There were strong independence movements in colonies.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Financial needs of European countries were not favoured as they were colonial powers.
Answer: C

Question. Assertion (A) World Bank and IMF were established after the Second World War.
Reason (R) Second World War caused an immense amount of economic destruction and many parts of Europe and Asia were destroyed.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: B

Question. Why did the Bretton Woods Institutions shift their focus from industrial countries to colonies? Identify from the given options.
(a) As upliftment of poor countries was a central notion.
(b) Because industrial countries had rebuilt their economies.
(c) Because financial support was a need for establishment of administration in colonies.
(d) As industrial countries tried to establish their control on Bretton Woods Institutions.
Answer: B

Question. How did Bretton Woods Institutions failed in maintaining the idea of decolonisation?
Choose the correct option.
(a) The European rulers played a dominant role in Bretton Woods Institutions.
(b) As its focus was to improve the European industrial centres.
(c) Through BrettonWoods Institutions, European rulers continued their control over colonies resources.
(d) All of the above
Answer: C

Question. Why the Bretton Woods Institutions were established? Choose the correct option from the following:
(a) To promote the International Trade
(b) To reconstruct the economies damaged during the Second World War
(c) To improve the adverse Balance of Payment situation of the non member countries
(d) All of the above
Answer: B

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain three reasons for the attraction of Europeans to Africa.
Answer: The three reasons for the attraction of European to Africa were
(i) Africa had abundant land and was rich in mineral resources. Its population was relatively small.
(ii) The Europeans were hoping to establish plantations and mines in Africa to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe.
(iii) In Africa, industrial revolution did not take place.
Africans were militarily weak and backward. Europeans thought that they could easily capture the country and use its resource and people for their own profit.

Question. Who were indentured labourers? How were they recruited? Explain condition of the indentured labourers who went to work in different parts of the world. 
Or Write a short note on indentured labourers.
Answer: Indentured labourers were bonded labourers under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off their passage to a new country or home.
They were recruited by agents engaged by employers and were paid a small commission.
The condition of the indentured labourers in different parts of the world was very pathetic in the following ways ! They were subjected to harsh, inhuman and unsympathetic
conditions.
• If they were unwilling to migrate, they were captured by agents.
• If they were caught while escaping, they faced severe punishment.
• They have very few legal rights.
• Deductions were made from their wages, if the work was found unsatisfactory.

Question. Mention any three circumstances that compelled Indians and Chinese to work as indenture labour in plantation and mines. 
Answer: In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indians and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations in mines and in different construction projects as indentured labour around the world. The circumstances that compelled them to work as indentured labour were
(i) Decline of cottage industry
(ii) Increase in land rents
(iii) Unemployment, poverty and indebtedness Due to these reasons, poor were forced to migrate in search of work. The prospective migrants were tempted by the false promises of the agents and became indentured labourers.

Question. Describe the impact of ‘Rinderpest’ on people’s livelihood and local economy in Africa in the 1890s.
Answer: Rinderpest was a cattle plague spread by Asian cattle taken to Africa to feed the Italian soldiers by the European colonisers. The impact of ‘rinderpest’ on people’s livelihood
and local economy in Africa in the 1890s was

• Economic Impact Rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle. This virtually destroyed the African economic system based on cattle and land. Africans, who worked rearing cattle, were unemployed and forced to earn their livelihood by working in mines and on plantations set-up by the Europeans.

• Impact on Livelihood Using this plague advantage, colonising nations successfully monopolised cattle resources. By this, they strengthen their power and forced Africans into the labour market.

Question. Describe the economic condition of Britain after the ‘First World War’. 
Answer: The economic condition of Britain after the First World War was
• Britain which was a leading economy of the world before the FirstWorldWar faced a prolonged crisis.
While Britain was pre-occupied with war, industries had developed in Japan and India. After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position.
• Britain has borrowed liberally from the USA for its war time expenditure, thus at the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge external debt.
• After the war, production in Britain contracted which led to huge job losses. In 1921, one in every five British workers was out of work. Anxiety and uncertainty about work became an enduring part of the post-war time.

Question. Examine how the First World War transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.
Answer: The First World War has transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor in the following ways
• During the war, industries were restructured to produce war related goods. The US became the big supplier of war needs. So, the war helped to boost the US economy.
• The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting with each other to pay for them.
• Due to war, Britain borrowed large amount of money from US banks.

Question. Explain any three effects of scraping Corn Laws in Britain. 
Answer: Three effects of scraping Corn Laws in Britain were ! After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
• British agriculture was unstable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They migrated to the cities or other countries in search of work.
• As the food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.
From the mid 19th century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.

Question. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s. 
Answer: Economic hardships that prevailed in Europe during the 1830s were
• The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.
• Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from import of cheap machine-made goods from England.
This competition was mainly faced by the textile production as it was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops which were partly mechanised.
• Some regions of Europe which were under the feudal rule, the condition of the peasants was not good. The rise of food prices and bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Question. Describe the significance of silk routes in the pre-modern period in the field of trade cultural exchange and religion. 
Answer: The significance of silk routes were
• The silk routes are good examples of pre-modern trade and cultural links between the distant parts of the world, i.e. linking Asia with Europe and North Africa.
•! Along the silk routes, the silk cargoes from China, Indian spices and textiles, gold and silver from Europe were carried to different parts of the world.
• The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on, Muslim preachers travelled along these routes.
• These routes proved to be a great source of trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.

Question. How did Bretton Woods inaugurate an era of unprecedented growth in trade?
                                                                        Or
Explain the role of Bretton Woods institutions in post-Second World War settlement. 
Answer: Bretton Woods inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth in trade by establishing International Monetary Fund and Bank for Reconstruction and Development known as world Bank The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surplus and deficits of its member nations. The conference established the World Bank to finance post-war reconstruction.
The IMF and World Bank were referred as the Bretton Woods Institutions or the twins of the Bretton Woods.
Both these institutions commenced financial operations in 1947. Decision making in these institutions was controlled by the Western industrial powers.

Question. How did housing and consumer boom lead to prosperity in the US?
Answer: The housing and consumer boom in the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US in the following ways
• Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes. This led to rising consumption demand, more investment and again more employment and incomes.
• In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender.
• US imports and capital exports boosted European recovery and world trade and also it enhanced the income growth over the next six years.

Question. What are MNCs? Why MNCs choose China as an alternative location for investment?
Answer: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time.
The first MNCs were established in 1920s. The MNCs choose China as an alternative location of investment because
• Availability of skilled and unskilled labours/ workers at low wages
• Less cost of production
• China has the largest population besides labour. They also formed a large consumer base.

Question. Analyse any three factors that make globalisation more fair. 
Answer: Fair globalisation means that the benefits of the globalisation must be shared by all equally. The ways to make globalisation fair in India are
(i) Government needs to care about the labour laws so that workers get their trade union rights.
(ii) Government can negotiate with WTO for fairer rules and can align with developing countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.
(iii) Supporting the small producers to improve their performance so that they remain viable in the face of competition from MNC.

Question. Why did Group 77 countries demand a New International Economic Order? Explain.
Answer: Group 77 countries demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO) because
• They wanted to revise the International Economic System in favour of the developing countries.
• They wanted a system that would give them a real control over their natural resources.
• They wanted to set up a system under which they could get a fairer price for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in the developed countries’ market.

Question. ‘Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange’. Justify this statement. 
Answer: Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange in the following ways
• Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
• Ready food stuffs in distant parts of the world might share common origins. It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become spaghetti.
• Arab traders took ‘pasta’ to Sicily in Italy.
• Many of our common foods like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies were not known to us. These foods came from American Indians and we became gradually dependent on these.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe the role of technology in transformation of the world in the 19th century. 
Answer: Technology has played an important role in transformation the world economy in the 19th century in the following ways
• Technology can be regarded as the primary source in economic development. The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions in the nineteenth century 
• The technological advances were the result of larger social, political and economic factors. For example, colonisation stimulated new investment and improvements in transport system.
• Faster railways, lighter wagon and large refrigerated ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from America, Australia or New Zealand to final markets in different European countries.
• The reduced shipping costs lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could consume a more varied diet which included meat, butter and eggs.
• Better living condition in Europe as a result of technology promoted social peace within the country and people started to support the policies of imperialism.

Question. Why the year 1929 known as the Great Depression? Explain the main factors responsible for the Great Depression.
Or Explain the causes of Great Depression. 
Answer: The year of 1929 came to be known as the Great Depression because during this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, income and trade.
The Great Depression was caused by several factors which were
• Many countries financed their investments through loans from the US. In the early 1920s, the economy of the US was strong. But the over production in industrial and agricultural sectors led to the depression.
• There was a sudden growth in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophone players, etc through hire-purchase. With the fall in prices and the prospect of depression, US banks slashed domestic lending and called back loans.
• Farms could not sell their harvests, households were ruined and business collapsed. The consumerist prosperity of 1920s disappeared.
• As a result of falling incomes, many households could not repay what they had borrowed. They even were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables.

Question. Explain the impact of the Great Depression on India during the early twentieth century.
Answer: The impact of the Great Depression on India during the early twentieth century was
• The depression immediately affected Indian trade.
India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Between 1928 and 1934 wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent.
• Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers.
Agricultural prices fall sharply, but the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
• Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit. As gunny exports collapsed, the price of raw jute crashed more than 60 per cent.
• Peasants who borrowed in the hope at better times or to increase output in the hope of higher income suffered a lot.
• Across India, peasants’ indebtedness increased. Jute producers fell deeper and deeper into debt. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their valuables like jewellery to meet their expenses.

Question. Explain what is referred to as the G-77, countries.
In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins? 
Answer: The G-77 is a coalition of developing nations.
They have demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in which they have a real control over their natural resources.
By NIEO, they got more development assistance and fairer prices for raw materials, and better access to the markets in developed countries for their manufactured goods.
G-77 was seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins because the Bretton Woods twins, IMF and World Bank were mainly setup to favour the developed
nations. As a result most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth that the Western economics experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. So, they organised
themselves as a group-the group of 77 of G-77 to demand a new economic order.
The developing nations organised themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over their natural resources. They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured
goods in the markets of developed nations.

Question. Describe the condition of indentured labour that migrated from India during the nineteenth century.
Answer: The condition of indentured labour that migrated from India during the 19th century was ! The conditions of these workers were very bad and their wages were extremely low.
• Agents tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations. They did not tell them about the harsh modes of travel, the nature of the
work and living and working conditions.
• There was long working hours for the labourers and children who were more than the age of five years were also expected to work with their parents.
• The indenture labour was nothing but a ‘new system of slavery’. On arrival of the working place the labourers found completely different environment which they imagined.
• Sometimes the labourers could not finish the work which they were allotted. If they could not complete it, they were prosecuted and sent to jail.
• Their wages were deducted if their works were considered to be unsatisfactory. Many tried to escape, but if they caught, they faced severe punishment.

Question. How did Henry Ford revolutionise mass production in the US? Explain.
Answer: Henry Ford revolutionise mass production by adopting the assembly line of a Chicago slaughterhouse to his new car plant in Detroit. The assembly line allowed a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. It forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously which is dictated by the conveyor belt. This increased their efficiency in the single task and the speed of production too.
As a result, Henry Ford’s cars came off the assembly line at three-minute intervals. However, standing in front of the conveyor belt, no worker could delay the motion or take a
break. In the beginning, many workers quit since they could not cope up with the stress of work. Thus, Henry Ford paid high wages to the workers who do that monotonous tasks, but recovered this cost through faster production. Due to this mass production, car production in the US hiked from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World Case Based Questions

1. Read the given case/source and answer the following questions.
Source A Decolonisation and Independence At the same time, most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, they organised themselves as a group i.e. the Group of 77 (or G-77) to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO). By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

Question. Which factors was responsible for the Great Depression in 1929?
Answer: The main factor responsible for the depression in 1929 was agricultural overproduction. This decreased the prices of agricultural products. To handle this situation,
farmers tried to expand production by bringing a larger volume of produce to the market. But this further decreased the price of agricultural products.

Question. What is NIEO? Explain the objectives of developing countries.
Answer: NIEO is the New International Economic Order. It was a set of proposal put forward during the 1970’s by the developing countries with the following objectives
• To revise the international economic system in favour of the developing countries.
• These countries wanted to set up a system under which they could get fairer prices for raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in the developed countries markets, etc.
Source B Indentured labour Migration from India
Recruitment was done by agents engaged by employers and paid a small commission. Many migrants agreed to take up work hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages. Agents also tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work and living and working conditions. Often migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage.
Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.

Question. How were the indentured workers exploited by the recruiting agents?
Answer: Recruiting agents exploited indentured workers by providing them false information about final destination, modes of travel, the nature of work and living and working conditions. Sometimes agent even forcibly captured less willing migrants.
Source C The Great Depression
The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. The exact timing and impact of the depression varied across countries.
But in general, agricultural regions and communities were the worst affected. This was because the fall in agricultural prices was greater and more prolonged than that in the prices of industrial goods.

2. Read the given case/source and answer the following questions.
The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance post-war reconstruction: The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions or sometimes the Bretton Woods twins. The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods
system. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.
Decision- making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.
The international monetary system is the system linking national currencies and monetary system. The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, e.g., the Indian rupee, were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.

Question. What was the Bretton Woods system?
Answer: The Bretton Woods System was a system based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies i.e. the Indian rupees were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate.

Question. What decision was taken at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA?
Answer: In Bretton Woods Conference New Hampshire USA, decision was taken for establishing World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to preserve Global economical stability and full employment in the industrial world.

Question. Which institutions were established by the Bretton Woods conference ? Why the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was set up?
Answer: (i) International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, popularly known as World Bank were established by the Bretton Woods Conference.
The IMF was set up to promote International Monetary Cooperation.