CBSE Class 10 History HOTs The Making of a Global World in Hindi

Short Answer Type Questions :

Question. Mention any three effects of the British Government’s decision for the abolition of the Corn Laws. 
                                                                                 OR
Write a note to explain the effects of the British Government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Answer : (i) Food could be imported into Britain at a much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country.
(ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries.
(iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.
(iv) Around the world—in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia—lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand. 

Question. Mention three reasons for the creation of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. 
Answer : (i) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the Industrial countries.
(ii) When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt economies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank.
(iii) Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods Institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards newly developing countries.
(iv) The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers. 

Question. Describe the impact of ‘Rinderpest’ on people’s livelihoods and local economy in Africa in 1890s?
                                                          OR
Write a note to explain the effects of the coming of Rinderpest to Africa. 
Answer : Impact of Rinderpest:
(i) Rinderpest killed 90% of cattle in Africa.
(ii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
(iii) Planters, Mine Owners and Colonial Government successfully monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained to strengthen their power and to force Africans into Labour Market.
(iv) Control over the cattle resources enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.

Question. How had Indian trade been beneficial for the British during seventeenth century? Explain
Answer : Trade with Indians was greatly beneficial to the British in the 17th century. Various other products like cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, peter and tea were also traded. All these items were in demand in Britain and their availability from India enhanced the quality of life for the British.

Question. Explain any three effects of population growth in England in the late eighteenth century.
Answer : (i) Food could now be imported into England.
(ii) Demand of food grains increased as urban centers expanded.
(iii) Due to pressure from land groups, government restricted import of corn by enacting Corn Laws.

Question. Elucidate any three factors that led to the Great Depression. 
Answer : (i) Agricultural over-production remained a problem and it was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
(ii) As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a large volume of produce to the market but it pushed down prices.
(iii) In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US, it was extremely easy to raise loans in the US.
(iv) But in the first half of the 1920s, countries that depended crucially on US loan faced an acute crisis.
(v) The withdrawal of the US loans affected the rest of the world in different ways. In Europe, it led to the failure of small major banks and the collapse of currencies such as the British Pound Sterling. 

Question. Why did the Industrialists and people living in cities of Britain forced the government to abolish Corn Laws in the 18th Century? Give two reasons. 
Answer : (i) Population growth from the late 18th century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under pressure from Farmers, the Government restricted the Import of Corn. These laws were commonly know as the ‘Corn Laws’.
(ii) On the other hand, the Industrialists and people living in cities forced the Government to abolish the Corn Laws. 

Question. Explain the following:
(i) G-77
(ii) Great Depression of 1929. 
Answer : (i) G-77 Organisation was formed by the former colonies to demand a New International Economic Order.
(ii) It was a period of serious decline in production, employment, income and trade. 

Question. Describe the economic conditions of Britain after the ‘First World War’.
                                                   OR
Explain the impact of the First World War on the British economy.
                                                   OR
Explain the three impacts of the First World War on the British economy. 
Answer : Economic conditions of Britain after the First World War:
After the First World War, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position. Britain was burdened with huge external debts. The war had led to an economic boom, a large increase
in demand, production and employment. When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. At the same time, the government reduced bloated war expenditures to bring them into line with peace time revenues. These debts led to huge job losses. Many agricultural economists were also in crisis. 

Question. ‘China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries.’ Justify the statement.
Answer : China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries because:
(i) Wages were relatively low in countries like China.
(ii) This was because of the low cost structure of the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages.
(iii) TVs, Mobile phones and Toys seen in the shops seem to be made in China. 

Question. In what ways did food items offer scope for long distance cultural exchange? Explain.
                                                                     OR
“Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange.” Justify this statement. 
Answer : (i) Traders and Travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become Spaghetti.
(iii) Arab traders took pasta to Sicily, an Island now in Italy in 5th century.
(iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors. 

Question. Why did Europeans flee to America in the nineteenth century, Explain. 
Answer : Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because:
(i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
(ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
(iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
(iv) Scrapping of Corn Laws, led to inability of British agriculture to compete with imports.
(v) Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future
(vi) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves.

Question. “The Multinational Companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for investment.” Explain the statement.
Answer : (i) Since the Revolution in 1949, China gradually came in the field of world economy. It attracted the foreign MNCs because of its lowest economic structure.
(ii) Wages were relatively low.
(iii) China had the largest population besides labour. They also formed a large consumer base.

Question. Explain the three types of ‘flows’ within international economic exchanges.
Answer : Economists identify three types of movement or ‘flows ’within international economic exchanges.
i) The first is the flow of trade which in the nineteenth century referred largely to trade in goods (e.g., cloth or wheat).
ii) The second is the flow of labour – the migration of people in search of employment.
iii) The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

Question. Which factors were responsible for the economic depression of 1929?
Answer : 1. Agricultural overproduction led to falling of agricultural economy
2. Agricultural income declined
3. US overseas lenders panicked due to collapse of their economy and could not repay the money

Question. “Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange.” Support your answer with three examples.
Answer : (i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. (iii) Arab traders took pasta to fifth-century Sicily, an island now in Italy.
(iii) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. Christopher Columbus - America

Question. How did Europe emerge as the important trade centre of the world?
Answer : India and China were the important trade centre of the world till 18thC.
In 18thc China began to restrict its overseas trade policy and gradually retreated to isolation.
America emerged as important exporter of various goods to European markets and occupied good position in Europe.

Question. What were the main destinations of Indian indentured labourers?
Answer : 1. Carribean islands mainly Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam,Mauritius and Fiji
2. Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya
3. Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam.

Question. What complex changes took place in the global agricultural economy by 1890?
1. By 1890 , a global agricultural economy had taken shape accompanied by complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, and technology.
Answer : 2. Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away.
3. New types of agriculture production started by clearing vast forest cover.

Question. Why did people start migrating to the other continents from Europe?
Answer : 1. The demand for labour in America and Australia led to more migration
2. Nearly 50million people were migrated to US and Australia from Europe During 19thC.
3. Millions of people migrated to different parts of the world for better future

Question. Why did Bretton woods institutions shift its attention towards developing countries?
Answer : 1. IMF and World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the Industrial countries.
2. They were not able to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies.
3. As Europe and Japan depended less on IMF and World Bank after 1950s
They turned towards developing country.

Question. What was the role of Indian bankers in managing their funds?
Answer : 1. Bankers like Shikripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in central and south- east Asia.
2. They used their own funds and borrowed loan from European Banks.
3. They had sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances and even developed indigenous forms of corporate organisation.

Long Answer Type Questions :

Question. Describe the impact of Great Depression on Indian economy.
Answer :The Impact of Great Depression on Indian economy:
(i) India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
(ii) As agricultural prices fell sharply internationally, as a result of this, prices plunged in India.
(iii) Despite this, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
(iv) Peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their jewellery and precious metals.
(v) India became exporter of metal. 
(vi) Town dwellers found themselves better off.
(vii) Industrial investment grew. 

Question. How did technology help to solve hardship of food availability through the world in the 19th century world?
Answer : i) Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
ii) Earlier animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. Meat was hence an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor.
iii) Then came a new technology, refrigerated ships, which enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances.
iv) Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat.
v)The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.

Question. Explain the role played by Indian entrepreneurs abroad
Answer : 1. Indian entrepreneurs like Shikaripuri Shroffs and NattuKottai Chettiar Worked as bankers and traders who financed export of agricultural products to Central and south-east Asian countries by using their funds.
2. They had their own system to transfer money over large distances and developed their own system of corporate organisation.
3. Hyderabadi sindi traders made contact beyond European colonies
4. They had established emporia at busy ports world wide selling local and imported artifacts to tourists.

Question. Why did British govt. scrapped “Corn laws”What were its effects?
Answer : 1. Demand for food grains increased in Britain due to population growth
2. Demand for agricultural products increased, pushing up food grain prices
3. Govt. restricted import of corns under the pressure of landed groups
4. Unhappy with high food prices , industrialists and urban communities forced the abolition of Corn laws.
5. Food grains imported to Britain cheaply after the withdrawal of Corn laws and controlled price rise.

Question. The important feature of the US economy in the 1920s was mass production. Explain.
Answer : 1. Henry Ford started mass car production in US
2. He adopted the technique of assembly line of production that helped him to produce faster and cheaper way.
3. Production increased fast in factories due to repeat a single task mechanically.
4. Wages of the workers increased to speed up the production activities.
5. Doubling of daily wages was considered the ‘Best cost- cutting discision”he had ever made.

Question. Briefly outline the achievements of Bretton Woods institutions in the initial stage of its existence.
Answer : 1. These institutions inaugurated unprecedented developments in the field of trade and income for the western powers and Japan.
2. Developing countries also made good contribution in the initial stage of existence.
3. Developing countries imported technologies and capital from developed countries that helped to boost their capital
4. Bretton Woods institutions , IMF and World Bank , mainly concentrated for the economic developments of western industrial countries.
5. Developed countries maximum utilized these institutions in the initial stage and established strong economic base.

Question. The important feature of the US economy in the 1920s was mass production. Explain.
Answer : 1. Henry Ford started mass car production in US
2. He adopted the technique of assembly line of production that helped him to produce faster and cheaper way.
3. Production increased fast in factories due to repeat a single task mechanically.
4. Wages of the workers increased to speedup the production activities.
5. Doubling of daily wages was considered the ‘Best cost- cutting discision”he had ever made.

Question. Briefly outline the achievements of Bretton Woods institutions in the initial stage of its existence.
Answer : 1. These institutions inaugurated unprecedented developments in the field of trade and income for the western powers and Japan.
2. Developing countries also made good contribution in the initial stage of existence.
3. Developing countries imported technologies and capital from developed countries that helped to boost their capital
4. Bretton Woods institutions , IMF and World Bank , mainly concentrated
for the economic developments of western industrial countries.
5. Developed countries maximum utilized these institutions in the initial stage and established strong economic base.

Question. Explain any five factors that led to the Great Depression of 1929. 
                                            OR
What do you know about the Great Depression?
Write any two causes of it. 
Answer : The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced decline in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were amongst the most affected.
Causes of Great Depression:
(i) Post-World War, economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural over production was a problem. As prices slumped, farm produce rotted.
(ii) Many countries financed loans from the US.
(iii) US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial crisis.
(iv) Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to close down in Europe and in the US because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors.
(v) American capitalists stopped all loans.

Question. Describe the role of 'Technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century.
Answer : Role of Technology in transformation of the World in the nineteenth century:
(i) Transformation of the world economy: Railways, steam ships and telegraph – were important inventions which transformed nineteenth-century world. Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport; faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
(ii) Impact on meat trade: Till the 1870s, meat from America was shipped to Europe in the form of live animals which were then slaughtered in Europe. But live animals took up a lot of ship space and many of them also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight or became unfit to eat. A new technology, namely, refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distance. Now animals were slaughtered at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced the shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social pace within the country and support for Imperialism abroad.

Question. After 19th century, how did the Indentured labourers discover their own ways of survival? Explain. 
Answer : (i) Initially, the indentured labourers found it difficult to adjust to the harsh living conditions of the plantation. But very soon they discovered new ways of survival.
(ii) They developed new forms of individual and collective self expression, blended art, cultural forms, old and new.
(iii) In Trinidad, the cultural Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religions joined.
(iv) The Protestant religion ‘Rastafarianism’ is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migration to Caribbean.
(v) Chutney music popular in Trinidad and Guyana is another creative expression of the post indenture experience. 

Question. "Indian trade had played a crucial role in late nineteenth century world economy". Analyse the statement.
Answer : Indian trade played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy.
This statement can be analysed through the following facts:
(i) Trade Surplus: Britain had a trade surplus with India, i.e., a situation under which the value of exports is more than the imports. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficit with other countries.
(ii) Home charges: Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called ‘Home Charges’ that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debts and pensions of the British officials in India.
(iii) Major supplier of cotton: India remained a major supplier of raw cotton to Britain which was required to feed the Cotton Textile Industry of Britain.
(iv) Supplier of indentured workers: Many indentured workers from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Central India migrated to other countries to work in Mines and Plantations.

Question. Indentured labour has been described as new system of slavery. Explain
Answer : 1. Indentured labours had no freedom of work and they were not permitted to go to their native places by European plantation owners.
2. They were forced to work for low wages
3. They had to work long distances in the mining areas and plantations
4. They had to work long hours without proper facilities.
5. Their health condition was very miserable.
6. They were recruited by agents by giving false informations.

Question. Describe any five factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods System and the beginning of globalisation. 
Answer : The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system are:
(i) Decline in economic power of the USA:
(a) US dollar no longer commanded confidence in the world’s principal currency.
(b) US dollar could not maintain its value in relation to Gold.
(c) Collapse of fixed exchange rates and introduction of floating exchange rates.
(ii) Change in the International Financial System:
(a) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries.
(b) International financial system changed and developing countries were forced to borrow from Western Commercial Banks.
(c) This led to periodic debt crisis in the developing world, increased poverty in Africa and Latin America.
(iii) Unemployment in Industrialised Countries:
(a) Industrial world was hit by unemployment.
(b) The number of unemployed started rising and people trudged long distances looking for any work they could find.
(iv) Shifting of Production Enterprises: MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages.
(v) Changes in China:
(a) China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs.
(b) China which had been cut off from the postwar world economy, since its revolution in 1949, has now come back into the fold of the world economy.
(c) Its new economic policies and the collapse of the Soviet Union has led to it. Low cost structure of the Chinese economy, its low wages, has flooded the world market with Chinese goods.

Question. Critically examine the expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century.
Answer : Expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century:
(i) In many parts of the world, these developments meant loss of freedom and livelihoods.
(ii) In late 19th century, Europeans conquest brought about many destructive economic, social and ecological changes in the Colonies.
(iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
(iv) The example of indentured labour migration.
(v) Great misery and poverty for others.
(vi) New forms of coercion in Asia and Africa.