CBSE Class 10 Geography HOTs Manufacturing Industries in Hindi

Question. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into Public and Private Sectors? 
(A) Employment conditions
(B) The nature of economic activity
(C) Ownership of enterprises
(D) Number of workers employed in the enterprise

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material? 
(A) Aluminium
(B) Cement
(C) Plastic
(D) Automobile

Answer : B

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following: 
(A) We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn.
(B) Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres we produce.
(C) The weaving, knitting and processing units can use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
(D) There are some large and modern factories in these segments.

Answer : C

Question. How to make a garment? Arrange the following in the correct sequence: 
(i) Weaving or knitting of fabric
(ii) Manufacturing of garment (stitching)
(iii) Spinning of yarn
(iv) Dyeing and finishing of garment 
Options:
(A) (iii) - (iv) - (i) - (ii)
(B) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i)
(C) (iii) - (i) - (iv) - (ii)
(D) (i) - (iv) - (ii) - (iii)

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? 
(A) HAIL
(B) SAIL
(C) TATA Steel
(D) MNCC

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following industries use bauxite as a raw material? 
(A) Aluminium
(B) Cement
(C) Jute
(D) Steel

Answer : A

Question. Identify the process in sequence for the shaping of Steel: 
(i) Forging
(ii) Pressing
(iii) Casting
(iv) Rolling
Options:
(A) (i) - (iv) - (ii) - (iii)
(B) (iv) - (ii) - (iii) - (i)
(C) (iii) - (i) - (iv) - (ii)
(D) (ii) - (i) - (iii) - (iv)

Answer : B

Question. Study the table given below and answer the following question: 

Source: Ministry of Steel, Government of India How much steel was produced in the year 2014-15?
(A) 101.30 metric tonnes
(B) 75.70 metric tonnes
(C) 92.16 metric tonnes
(D) 91.00 metric tonnes

Answer : C

Question. 

(A) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c) 
(B) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)
(D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)

Answer : C

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following: 
(A) Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.
(B) They move away from each other.
(C) The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(D) They depend on the latter for raw materials and to sell their products.

Answer : B

Question. Study the picture given below and answer the following question: 

Where is this Sewage Treatment Plant under Yamuna Action Plan situated?
(A) Faridabad
(B) Firozabad
(C) Ahmedabad
(D) Nasirabad

Answer : A

Question. How to manufacture Steel? Arrange the following in the correct sequence: 
(i) Pig iron
(ii) Blast furnace
(iii) Shaping metal
(iv) Steel making
Options:
(A) (ii) - (i) - (iv) - (iii)
(B) (iii) - (i) - (iv) - (ii)
(C) (i) - (iv) - (ii) - (iii)
(D) (ii) - (iii) - (iv) - (i)

Answer : A

Question. Analyze the information given below, considering one of the following correct options: 
These plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
(A) Heavy Steel Plants
(B) Major Steel Plants
(C) Mini Steel Plants
(D) Light Steel Plants

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following industries manufactures Telephones, Computer, etc.? 
(A) Steel
(B) Electronic
(C) Aluminium Smelting
(D) Information Technology

Answer : B

Question. 

(A) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
(B) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(D) (i)-(a), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)

Answer : B

Question. Which of the two steel plants are in collaboration with Russia? 
(A) Bhadravati and Salem
(B) Bokaro and Jamshedpur
(C) Burnpur and Durgapur
(D) Bhilai and Bokaro

Answer : D

Question. Analyze the information given below, considering one of the following correct options: 
It not only results in irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
(A) Water Pollution
(B) Noise Pollution
(C) Air Pollution
(D) Soil Pollution

Answer : B

Assertion and Reason Based MCQs :

Directions : In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.

Question. Assertion (A): India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. 
Reason (R): Other problems are the low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A): Rain water harvesting increases industrial pollution. 
Reason (R): Rain water helps industry to meet water requirements.

Answer : D

Question. Assertion (A): The handspun Khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry. 
Reason (R): Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi.

Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): The economic strength of the country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. 
Reason (R): India's prosperity lies in diversifying its manufacturing industries.

Answer : B

Case-based MCQs :

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow: 

Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

Question. Which of the following options does not help in modernising agriculture? 
(A) Manufacturing farm equipment
(B) Providing unskilled labour force
(C) Supplying fertilizers and pesticides
(D) Producing tube well pumps and sprinklers

Answer : B

Question. Manufacturing industries fall in _________ and agriculture in __________ . 
(A) Primary, Secondary Sector
(B) Secondary, Tertiary Sector
(C) Primary, Tertiary Sector
(D) Secondary, Primary Sector

Answer : D

Question. Manufacturing provides job opportunities to reduce dependence on agriculture. Identify which sector the following jobs belong to:

Choose the correct option: 
(A) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
(B) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
(C) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4
(D) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3

Answer : B

Question. In order to attract foreign manufacturing firms, a country needs to develop: 
(A) Agrarian facilities
(B) Cultivable lands
(C) Media facilities
(D) Infrastructure facilities

Answer : D

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow: 

The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4: 2: 1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel. Where should the steel plants be ideally located? Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers. In 2016, with 95.6 million tonnes of crude steel production, India ranked 3rd among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2016, per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 63 kg per annum against the world average of 208 kg. 

Question. Apart from iron ore, coking coal and limestone in a fixed proportion, minor quantities of which of the following is also used in manufacturing of steel? 
(A) Manganese
(B) Copper
(C) Both A & B
(D) Neither of the above

Answer : A

Question. Manufacturing steel is not every person's business. Suppose you are working in a Steel Industry, what will be the proportion of Iron Ore, coking coal and limestone you would use to produce steel? 
(A) 2: 1: 4
(B) 4: 1: 2
(C) 4: 2: 1
(D) 2: 4: 1

Answer : C

Question. Which industry is called the basic industry of India? 
(A) Textile Industry
(B) Sugar Industry
(C) Cement Industry
(D) Iron and Steel Industry

Answer : D

Question. Index of a country's development is regarded on what basis? Select the appropriate option: 
(A) Extraction and processing of steel.
(B) Production and consumption of steel.
(C) Production and manufacturing of steel.
(D) Consumption and manufacturing of steel.

Answer : B

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow: 

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh water. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are:
• Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.
• Primary treatment by mechanical means: It involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.
Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to groundwater resources also needs to be regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by
fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.

Question. What could be done to reduce pollution of machinery and equipment? 
(A) Stop the use of machinery
(B) Use generators fitted with silencers
(C) Use manual labour
(D) None of the above

Answer : B

Question. The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with _________ concerns. 
(A) social
(B) cultural
(C) environmental
(D) political

Answer : C

Question. How many treatments are there for industrial effluents? 
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 5
(D) 4

Answer : A

Question. ________ treatment involves biological, chemical and physical processes. 
(A) Primary
(B) Secondary
(C) Tertiary
(D) None of the above

Answer : C

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow: 

In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, power-looms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc., contributed towards its localisation. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works. While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high-quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, power loom and in mills.
The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Question. Why did our Traditional Industries suffer a setback during the Colonial Period?
(A) No machines were available.
(B) They could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
(C) They lacked knowledge.
(D) They had no motivation to compete. 

Answer : B

Question. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc., contributed towards its localisation.
(A) False
(B) True
(C) Some what true
(D) Not sure

Answer : B

Question. Weaving is done by:
(A) Hand loom
(B) Power loom
(C) Mills
(D) All of these

Answer : D

Question. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a _____ industry. 
(A) Cottage
(B) Primary
(C) Secondary
(D) Basic

Answer : A

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

Question. Which industry, due to its seasonal nature, is ideally suited to the cooperative sector?
Answer : Sugar Industry.

Question. What is a negative effect of Industrialisation?
Answer : Pollution

Question. Name two most important sugar producing states in India. 
Answer : Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Question. Mention any one factor that has contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile industry in India. 
Answer : The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the Market.

Question. Why is Iron and Steel Industry called a basic Industry? 
Answer : All the other industries depend on it for their machinery.

Question. Define Public Sector Industries. 
Answer : Industries which are owned and operated by Government Agencies are called Public Sector Industries.

Question. How is Public Sector different from Private Sector?
Answer : In public sector, government owns most of the assets and provides all the services, e.g., railways or post office. While in the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL). 

Question. Why is Cotton Textile Industry the largest industry in India today? 
Answer : (i) Cotton Textile Industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons

Question. Examine what are the causes of industrial pollution of freshwater resources. 
Answer : Freshwater resources are polluted by:
(a) Organic and inorganic wastes;

Question. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials used. 
Answer : Classification:
(i) Agro-based: Cotton, wool, jute, silk textile, etc.
(ii) Mineral-based: Iron and steel, cement, etc.

Question. What is thermal pollution? 
Answer : The pollution caused by the discharge of hot water from factories and thermal plants into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Question. Describe the various physical and human factors responsible for the location of Industries.
Answer : (i) Physical Factors:
(a) Availability of raw materials–Ideal location should be near the sources of raw materials.
(b) Power resources–Power resources like coal and electricity must be available for the industry.

Question. What is the importance of the Information Technology sector for the Indian economy?
Answer : It has provided employment to over one million people.

Short Answer Type Questions :

Question. Explain any three factors which were responsible for the concentration of Cotton Textile Industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years.
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton.
(ii) Ready markets are available.
(iii) Well-developed means of transportation.
(iv) Abundant skilled and unskilled labour at cheap rate.
(v) Moist climate which is suitable for the Cotton Industry. 

Question. Why do we have maximum concentration of Iron and Steel Industry in Chota Nagpur Plateau region? Give any three reasons.
OR
Why has the Chota Nagpur region maximum concentration of Iron and Steel Industries? Explain any three. 
Answer : (i) Availability of raw material: Large quantities of raw materials are needed for Industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. It saves the cost of
transportation. Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Jute mills in West Bengal and the cotton textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the
availability of raw materials.
(ii) Availability of power resources: Coal, oil and hydro power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located near coal fields. Aluminium industries and paper industries are located near hydroelectric stations.
(iii) Availability of means of transportation: Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement
of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the weaving and processing sectors in Cotton Textile Industry. 
OR
Describe any three major problems faced by Cotton Textile Industry in India. 
Answer : Three major problems faced by Cotton Textile in India are:
(i) The weaving knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
(ii) There are some large and modern factories in those segments but most of the production is in fragmented small units which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the Industry.
(iii) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular. 
(iv) Low output of labour and stiff competition with synthetic fibre Industry. 

Question. Explain any three factors responsible for the location of Cotton Textile Industry in Mumbai and Ahmedabad. 
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton, market and transport including accessible port facilities.
(ii) Cheap labour.
(iii) Moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in Mumbai and Ahmedabad region. 

Question. Classify Industries on the basis of ownership and give one example of each category. 
Answer : Classification of Industries on the basis of ownership:

Question. What is the importance of the Information Technology sector for the Indian economy? Explain. 
Answer : The importance of IT sector is as follows: 
(i) It has provided employment to over one million people.
(ii) This Industry is said to be a major Foreign Exchange earner.
(iii) It has helped in the growth of the Service Sector.

Question. Suggest any three measures to minimize the Environment Degradation by Industries in India. 
OR
Suggest any three steps to minimize the Environmental degradation caused by the Industrial development in India.
Answer : Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are:
(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(vi) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(vii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Question. What are Software Technology Parks? State any two points of significance of Information Technology Industry in India. 
Answer : Software Technology Park: Software Technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. Significance of IT industry:
(i) A major impact of this industry has been an employment generation. Up to 31st March, 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. 
(ii) It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are Women.
(iii) This industry has been a major Foreign Exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(iv) The continuous growth in the Hardware and Software is the key to the success of the IT industry in India. 

Question. Describe the importance of manufacturing sector in countries like India. 
OR
"Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of the country." Support the statement with examples.
OR
Describe the importance of manufacturing.
Answer : The economic strength of a country lies in the development of Manufacturing Industries because:
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy. 
(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on the agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.
(iv) It brings down regional disparities.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands Trade and Commerce and enhances prosperity.
(vi) It brings much needed Foreign Exchange. 

Question. “The Iron and Steel Industry is the Basic as well as Heavy Industry.” Support the statement with three points. 
OR
Why is Iron and Steel Industry called a Basic Industry? Explain. 
Answer : Iron and Steel Industry is the Basic Industry as: 
(i) All the other Industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of Engineering goods.
(iii) It provides variety of Consumer goods.
(iv) Construction material, Defence, Medical, Telephonic, Scientific equipment, etc., are the gift of Iron and Steel Industry.

Question. Why is there a tendency for the Sugar Mills to concentrate in Southern states of India in recent years? Give three reasons. 
Answer : Shifting of Sugar Industries to Southern states is because:
(i) Sugarcane that grows there has higher sucrose content.
(ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing season.
(iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.
(iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.

Question. Examine the impacts of Liberalisation on Automobile Industry of India. 
Answer : Impacts of Liberalisation on Automobile Industry are:
(i) Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced. 
(ii) The coming of new and contemporary models.
(iii) Healthy growth of the market.
(iv) FDI in new technology.
(v) Aligned the industry with global development.
(vi) Industry has experienced a quantum jump.

Question. ‘‘Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect National or State boundaries.’’ Justify the statement. 
Answer : Consequences of Environmental degradation do not respect National or State boundaries because:
(i) The increase in pollution of land water, air, noise and resulting in degradation of the environment cannot be overlooked.
(ii) Pollution of river waters affects all as most of the rivers pass through different states.
(iii) Air pollution caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases adversely affects human health and the atmosphere as a whole.
(iv) Thermal pollution of river water affects aquatic life irrespective of State and National Boundaries.

Question. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?
Answer : Classification according to their main role:
(i) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc. 

Question. Why is Cotton Textile Industry the largest Industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Answer : (i) Cotton Textile Industry contributes 14 per cent of the total Industrial Production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the Second largest after Agriculture.
(iii) It earns Foreign Exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP).

Question. ”Agriculture gives boost to the Industrial Sector.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : Agriculture gives boost to the Industrial Sector:
(i) Agriculture provides raw material to Industries.
(ii) Agriculture provides market for Industrial products.
(iii) Agriculture helps boost new Industrial products.
(iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials. 

Question. Classify Industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other?
Answer : On the basis of sources of raw material, industries are classified as follows:
(i) Agro-based industries: These industries are based on agricultural raw material, e.g., cotton, jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oils.
(ii) Mineral-based industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries, e.g., iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals, etc. 

Question. Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the Automobile Industry in India? Name two centres where this industry is located. 
Answer : (i) The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market.
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the Industry with Global Developments.
The two Centres of Automobile Industry are Jamshedpur and Gurugram. 

Question. Distinguish between Integrated Steel Plants and Mini Steel Plants, stating three points of distinction. 
Answer : (i) An Integrated Steel Plant is larger than a Mini Steel Plant.
(ii) Mini Steel Plant uses steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant uses basic raw materials, i.e., iron ore for making steel.
(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel.

Question. Why are we not able to perform to our full potential in the production of Iron and Steel in India? Explain any three reasons.
OR
”India is an important Iron and Steel producing country in the World. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.
Answer : India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
(i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of power.
(iv) Poor Infrastructure. 

Question. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples.
Answer : (i) Classification of the industries on the basis of capital investment:
(a) Small scale industry
(b) Large scale industry
(ii) Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore in any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry. For example, Iron and Steel Industry/Cement industry (any other relevant example). When the investment is less than one crore in an industry, it is considered as a small scale industry, e.g., Plastic Industry, Toy Industry, etc. 

Question. How has the ever increasing number of industries in India made position worse by exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources? Explain. 
Answer : Increasing number of industries exerting pressure on Fresh water resources:
(i) Industries are heavy users of water.
(ii) More demand of hydroelectric power.
(iii) Industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers causing Water pollution.
(iv) Multiplying urban centres, due to Industries, has caused pressure on water resources.

Question. “Industrialisation and Urbanisation go hand in hand”. Validate the statement.
Answer : (i) After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs. Housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other Infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city.
(ii) Sometimes Industries are located in or near the cities.
(iii) Cities provide markets for manufactured goods.
(iv) Cities provide various services like Banking and Insurance, etc.

Question. Explain the ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced.
Answer : The ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced are:
(i) Treated waste water can be recycled for reuse in industrial processes.
(ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirement for industrial process.
(iii) Treating hot and polluted waste water from industries before releasing it into our rivers and lakes.
(iv) Installing water treatment plants at the industrial sites for recycling.
(v) Legal provisions must be made to regulate the use of groundwater for industrial use. 

Long Answer Type Questions :

Question. What is Manufacturing Sector? Describe four types of manufacturing sector on the basis of Ownership. 
Answer : Manufacturing Sector: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. For example: paper is
manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane and aluminium from bauxite.
Four types of manufacturing sector on the basis of ownership are:
(i) Public sector owned by government agencies. For example: BHEL, SAIL, etc.
(ii) Private sector owned by individuals or a group of individuals. For example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc.
(iii) Joint sector jointly owned by the state and individuals. For example: Oil India Ltd, etc.
(iv) Cooperative sector is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For example: AMUL, Mother Dairy, etc.

Question. Explain any five factors that are responsible for concentration of ‘Iron and Steel’ Industries mainly in ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau Region’.
Answer : The factors responsible for the concentration of Iron and Steel Industries in and around the ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau Region’ are as follows:
(i) Low cost of iron ore. Iron Mines are located in the nearby areas.
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity and other bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are also available in proximity.
(iii) From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha, cheap labour is available in abundance.
(iv) This region is well connected with roadways and railways that help in the swift movement of raw materials and finished goods to the industry and market areas, respectively.
(v) Kolkata is a well developed port that is near to this area.

Question. What is the Manufacturing Sector? Why is it considered as the backbone of development? Interpret the reason.
Answer : Definition of Manufacturing Sector: 
Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products is called Manufacturing.
It is considered as a backbone of development because:
(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands Trade and Commerce.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. 

Question. ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control over Industrial Pollution.’
Substantiate the statement with examples.
Answer : (i) On one hand, industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion but on the other hand, these are also the cause of environmental degradation which prompt to the different types of air and Water Pollution.
(ii) There is an increasing requirement to adopt a further sustainable model.
(iii) Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly.
(iv) Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.
(v) Industries use – Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
(vi) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds should be done. There should be no thermal plants in the cities.

Question. Explain any five measures to control Industrial Pollution in India. 
Answer : Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are listed below as:
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.
(ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are man-made and are designed to cool the heated water from industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants attached to Industries.
(iv) Instructing Industries to be set up far from residential areas.
(v) Backing the constitutional provisions by a number of laws − acts, rules and notifications.

Question. Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of Manufacturing Industries? Explain with examples.
OR
Analyse the role of the manufacturing Sector in the Economic Development of India.
OR
“The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of Manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : The economic development of a country is measured by the development of Manufacturing industries in the following ways:
(i) Manufacturing Industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in Secondary and Tertiary Sectors.
(iii) Industrial development is a pre-condition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iv) Manufacturing activities expand Trade and Commerce.
(v) Exports bring in much needed Foreign Exchange.
(vi) Manufacturing is the process of value addition.
(vii) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(viii) It increases the GDP/ National Income of the country.

Question. Explain any two main challenges faced by the Jute Industry in India. Explain any three objectives of National Jute Policy.
Answer : (i) Following are the challenges faced by Jute Industries in India:
(a) Prices for jute textiles are so low that industrialists hesitate to set up these industries.
(b) International demand of jute goods is falling sharply which is not an encouragement for these Industries.
(c) Many countries now prefer substitutes for Jute like Plastic or Synthetic fibres which reduce its demand. 
(d) Our jute industries face hard competition from Brazil, Thailand, Bangladesh and Egypt whose production cost of jute textile is much lower than of India.
(e) As Jute exhausts soil fertility very fast and also because of its low profits, farmers now prefer to cultivate alternative crops like Rice.
(ii) The government has taken the following steps to boost Jute production:
- The Government has made it compulsory in the country to use Jute Packaging.
- In 2005, our government formulated the National Jute policy with the following aims:
(a) To expand production
(b) To enhance quality
(c) To provide good prices to the farmers
(d) To enhance yield per hectare
(iii) With the increased awareness about environmental degradation, many state governments have also banned the use of plastic bags and recommended jute or paper bags.

Question. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
Answer : The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment is as follows:
1. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations. 

Question. Why was the Cotton Textile Industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.
Answer :Cotton Textile Industry was concentrated in the Cotton growing belt in the early years because of:
(i) Availability of raw cotton- e.g. belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat
(ii) Proximity to market
(iii) Transport
(iv) Port facilities
(v) Cheap labour
(vi) Moist climate

Question. Explain five types of ‘Industrial Pollution.’ 
Answer : Five types of industrial pollution are:
(i) Air Pollution: It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. It adversely affects human health, animals, plants,
buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(ii) Water Pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. It affects every level of the ecosystem, including human health.
(iii) Soil Pollution: It is caused by dumping of wastes, specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage. It renders the soil useless. When rainwater percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground, the ground water also gets contaminated.
(iv) Thermal Pollution: It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal power plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(v) Noise Pollution: It is caused by industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills. It not only results in irritation
and anger, but also causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.

Question. Explain with examples any five factors that are responsible for Industrial location.
Answer : The location of Industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors among which following are the major ones:
(i) Availability of raw material: Large quantities of raw materials are needed for Industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. It saves the cost of
transportation. Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Jute mills in West Bengal and the cotton textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the
availability of raw materials.
(ii) Availability of power resources: Coal, oil and hydro power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located near coal fields. Aluminium industries and paper industries are located near hydroelectric stations.
(iii) Availability of means of transportation: Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement
of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories.
(iv) Climate: Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. The Cotton textile Industry requires humid climate. The Film Industry needs good weather with clear blue
skies. Similarly, the Aircraft Industry also needs clear weather.
(v) Availability of skilled labour: Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of industries. Glass Industry at Firozabad and the Sports Goods Industry in Jalandhar are located due to the availability of skilled labour.

Question. Why are maximum Jute Textile Mills located in the Hugli Basin? 
OR
Explain any five factors that are responsible for the location of the ‘Jute Mills’ mainly along the banks of the ‘Hugli River’.
OR
Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of Jute Industry in West Bengal.
OR
Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of Jute Mills along the banks of the Hugli river. 
Answer : Factors responsible for the location of the Jute Mills in Hugli Basin:
(i) Proximity of jute producing areas.
(ii) Cheap water transport supported by a good network.
(iii) Water transport is supported by good network of railways and roadways.
(iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(v) Availability of cheap labour.
(vi) Kolkata port facility is available.
(vii) Insurance and banking facilities are also available.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

Question. Explain the ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced.
OR
How can the Industrial Pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways.
Answer : After Independence, the number of Industries has been increasing at a rapid pace and this has become a reason for pressure on existing fresh water resources. Fresh water is almost limited, though renewable in India, but over exploitation and mismanagement of this resource by industries is aggravating the water stress day-by-day.
(i) Industries, especially heavy industries, use huge amount of fresh water for industrial purpose and pollute and waste such water.
(ii) These industries, for their energy requirements, depend on hydroelectric projects and this electricity is generated through the construction of dams in the rivers’ upstream. So, the river almost dries up in the lower stream areas.
(iii) Again, industries dump the chemical waste in the rivers, lakes, etc., which then consequently pollute the water dangerously for human survival. These also contaminate the ground
water through seepage of industrial wastes. So, the increasing number of industries exerts pressure on existing freshwater resources.

Question. Why are Sugar Mills concentrated in Sugarcane producing areas? Explain any three problems faced by Sugar Industry in India.
Answer : The Sugar Mills in India are usually concentrated in sugarcane producing areas in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra because:
(i) The cane produced in these areas has high sucrose content.
(ii) The Sugar Industry is seasonal in nature and therefore a cooler climate ensures longer crushing season.
(iii) The raw-material used in Sugar Industry is bulky. Sucrose contents reduce if there is a delay in haulage.
Challenges:
(i) Uncertain Production Output: Sugarcane has to compete with several other food and cash crops like cotton, oil seeds, rice, etc. This affects the supply of sugarcane to the mills and the production of sugar also varies from year to year causing fluctuations in prices leading to losses in times of excess production due to low prices.
(ii) Low Yield of Sugarcane: India's yield per hectare is extremely low as compared to some of the major sugarcane producing countries of the world. For example, India’s yield is only 64.5 tonnes/hectare as compared to 90 tonnes in Java and 121 tonnes in Hawaii.
(iii) Short crushing season: Sugar production is a seasonal industry with a short crushing season varying normally from 4 to 7 months in a year. It causes financial loss and seasonal employment for workers and lack of full utilization of Sugar Mills.
(iv) Low Sugar recovery rate: The average rate of recovery of sugar from sugarcane in India is less than ten per cent which is quite low as compared to other major sugar producing countries. 
(v) High Production Cost: High cost of Sugarcane, inefficient technology, uneconomic process of production and heavy excise duty result in high cost of manufacturing. Most of the sugar mills in India are of small size with a capacity of 1,000 to 1,500 tons per day thus, failing to take advantage of economies of scale.

Question. How are Industries responsible for environmental Degradation in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : Industries are responsible for Environmental Degradation in India in the following ways:
(i) Industries emit smoke and pollute water and air very badly.
(ii) Undesirable gases like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide cause air pollution.
(iii) Industrial water contains toxic metals which pollute land and soil.
(iv) Unwanted loud sound from Industries also causes pollution and damages the hearing system of living beings.
(v) Industrial effluents are discharged into the rivers. They include both organic and inorganic matter such as coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides and fertilizers, plastics and rubber. These are major water pollutants.
(vi) Sometimes, solid industrial waste is dumped into isolated pockets of land. This leads to land and soil pollution in adjoining areas.