CBSE Class 10 History HOTs Nationalism in India in Hindi

Important Questions for Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India

MCQ

Question. Who was the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Jawahar Lai Nehru
Answer. C

Question. Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 in the city of
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lucknow
(d) Amritsar
Answer. A

Question. The Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement began in
(a) January 1921
(b) February 1922
(c) December 1929
(d) April 1919
Answer. A

Question. Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non-cooperation Movement by Gandhiji?
(a) Pressure from the British Government
(b) Second Round Table Conference
(c) Gandhiji’s arrest
(d) Chauri-Chaura incident
Answer. D

Question. Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi, was the leader of which of the following movements?
(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement of Andhra Pradesh
(c) Peasants’ Movement of Awadh
(d) Plantation Workers’ Movement in Assam
Answer. C

Question. Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?
(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju
(b) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Baba Ramchandra
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Shaukat Ali
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer. B

Question. Under the presidency of Jawahahar Lai Nehru, the Lahore Congress Session of 1929 formalised the demand of
(a) abolition of Salt Tax
(b) ‘Puma Swaraj’ or complete independence
(c) boycott of Simon Commission
(d) separate electorate for ‘dalits’
Answer. B

Question. The ‘Simon Commission’ was boycotted because
(a) there was no British Member in the Commission.
(b) it demanded separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.
(c) there was no Indian Member in the Commission.
(d) it favoured the Muslims over the Hindus.
Answer. C

Question. A form of demonstration used in the Non-cooperation Movement in which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office is
(a) Boycott
(b) Begar
(c) Picketing
(d) Bandh
Answer. C

Question. Who formed the ‘Swaraj Party’ within the Congress?
(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Motilal Nehru
(b) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawahar Lal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
(d) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
Answer. D

Question. Who founded the ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930?
(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju
(b) C.R. Das
(c) M.R. Jayakar
(d) Dr B.R. Ambedkar
Answer. D

Question. Which party did not boycott the Council elections held in the year 1921?
(a) Swaraj Party
(b) Justice Party
(c) Muslim League
(d) Congress Party
Answer. B

Question. Match the columns. Find out the correct option
Colum A                                               COLUMN B
i. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay      (a) Depressed Classes Association
ii. B R Ambedkar                                 (b) Famous image of Bharat Mata
iii. Abanindranath Tagore                    (c) The Folklore of South India
iv. Natesa Sastri                                 (d) Vande Mataram
a) 1(d),2(a),3(b),4(c)
b) 1(c ),2(b),3(d),4(a)
c) 1(a),2(d),3(c),4(b)
d) 1(c),2(d),3(a),4(b))
Answer : A

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question. Name the writer of the novel 'Anandamath'.
Answer : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. 

Question. Why did Gandhiji take up the Khilafat issue?
Answer : To bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.

Question. Name the writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj'.
Answer : The writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj' is Mahatma Gandhi. 

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?
Answer : Gandhiji felt that the Movement was turning violent in many places.

Question. What kind of Movement was launched by the tribal Peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?
Answer : Militant Guerrilla Movement

Question. Who organised Dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? 
Answer : Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. 

Question. Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 troublesome for Plantation Workers?
Answer : Under this Act, Plantation Workers were not permitted to leave tea-gardens without permission.

Question. What is meant by Satyagraha? 
Answer : Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

Question. Why did Indians oppose the 'Simon Commission'? 
Answer : Because there was no Indian Member in the Commission.

Question. Trace the reason because of which Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919. 
Answer : To protest against the Rowlatt Act.

Question. Under which agreement the Indian 'Depressed Classes' got reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils in 1932?
Answer : Poona Pact. 

Question. What is meaning of Satyagraha?
Answer : It emphasized the Power of truth and Gandhi ji successfully fought the racist regime of South Africa with the novel method.

Question. At which place congress session of September 1920 held.
Answer : Calcutta

Question. Who was the leader of the Peasant Movements of Awadh?
Answer : Baba Ramchandra

Question. Under which act the Plantations workers of Assam were not permitted to leave the tea garden?
Answer : The Inland Emigration Act

Question. Name the leaders who founded Swaraj Party?
Answer : CR Das and Motilal Nehru

Question. At which place did Gandhi ji make salt out of sea water?
Answer : Dandi

Question. Who wrote 'Hind Swaraj?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi

Question. Which incident forced Gandhiji to halt the Non – cooperation movement?
Answer : Chauri Chaura

Question. Who led the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar ?
Answer : Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Question. Who first created the image of Bharatmata?
Answer : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Question. What method was adopted by Dr B.R. Ambedkar to uplift the Dalits?
Answer : He demanded separate electorates for them and He organized them into Depressed classes association in 1930.

Short Answer Type Questions :

Question. Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India.
OR
Explain the effects of First World War on India.
OR
How did the ‘First World War’ create a new economic and political situations in India? Explain with examples.
OR
Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
OR
Examine the effects of the First World War on the National Movement of India. 
OR
Explain how the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India. 
Answer : (i) The war created a new economic and political situation.
(ii) It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans.
(iii) To fulfil the loan demands taxes were increased, custom duties were raised. Not only this, a new tax in the form of income tax was also introduced.
(iv) Prices increased, doubling between 1913 and 1918. This hit the common people.
(v) Villagers were asked to supply soldiers and through force recruitment in rural areas.
(vi) During 1918-19, crops failed in many parts of India which created shortage of food.
(vii) Spread of influenza epidemic and death of 12 to 13 million people. 

Question. Evaluate the role of Business Classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
Answer : Role of Business classes in 'Civil Disobedience Movement':
(i) The Business class reached against policies that restricted business activities.
(ii) They wanted protection against Imports of Foreign goods and a Rupee-Sterling Foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(iii) In order to organise business interest, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
(iv) They gave financial assistance for the Movement.
(v) They refused to Buy and Sell Imported goods.

Question. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of Industrial Workers in its programme of struggle.“ Analyse the reasons.
Answer : The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle because:
(i) The industrialists came closer to the Congress, but the workers stayed aloof.
(ii) Congress felt this would alienate industrialists.
(iii) It would divide its Anti-Imperial forces.
(iv) Civil Disobedience Movement would be weakened. 

Question. Analyse any three reasons for slow down of Non-Cooperation Movement in cities.
Answer : Reasons for slowing down of Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) The Indians could not boycott for a long time because, Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The Boycott of British institutions posed a problem as alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of British ones.
(iii) Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts in the absence of alternate Indian Institutions.

Question. Explain any three effects of the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ on the economic front.
Answer : Effects of the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’:
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge.
(iii) Import of Foreign cloth halved.
(iv) In many places Merchants and Traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

Question. “The Plantation Workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj”. Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : “The Plantation Workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj” as:
(i) For Plantation Workers in Assam, Freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
(ii) Swaraj meant retaining a link to the village from which they had come.
(iii) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the Tea gardens without permission.
(iv) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
(v) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village.

Question. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain.
Answer : (i) Against Rowlatt Act
(ii) Jallianwala Bagh incidence
(iii) Khilafat Andolan
(i) Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement with the aim of self-governance and obtaining full independence.
(ii) The Indian National Congress withdrew its support for British reforms against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(iii) Indian Muslims who had participated in the Khilafat Movement to restore the status of the Caliph/Khalifa (the spiritual leader of Muslims) gave their support to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the Peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement. 
Answer : Problems faced by the Peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement were:
(i) Talukdars and Landlords posed high rent on land and variety of cesses.
(ii) Various taxes were also implemented on them.
(iii) Peasants had to do begar and work at Landlord’s farm without any payment.
(iv) They had no security of tenure and were evicted regularly.
(v) They had no right over leased land. 

Question. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ in 1921?
Explain the main features of this ‘Swaraj Flag’.
OR
Which flag did Gandhiji design in 1921? Mention its special features. 
Answer : (i) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag.
(ii) It was a tricolour (red, green and white) flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
(iii) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during Marches became a symbol of defiance.

Question. Describe the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s.
Answer : Role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
(i) Alluri Sitarama Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots.
(ii) The Rebels proclaimed him as an Incarnation of God.
(iii) Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement.
(iv) He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
(v) But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(vi) He used Guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj. 

Question. Describe the role of Poor Peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ 
Answer : The Peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) because the poor peasantry was not just interested in the lowering of the revenue but also remission of rent as many had rented land and had been unable to pay the rent during the years of depression and decreasing cash incomes. When the movement was called off in 1931, without the revenue rates being revised, the Farmers were highly disappointed. In some parts of the country, they launched ‘no rent’ campaign which was not supported by the congress because this might upset the rich peasant and the landlords. Many of them refused to participate when the movement was re-launched in 1932. These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.

Question. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular symbols, etc., in shaping Nationalism during the freedom struggle.
Answer : Role of folklore: 
(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of Nationalism.
(ii) The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
(iii) In the 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ’Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
(iv) The idea of Nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.

Question. Describe the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. 
Answer : (i) The Rowlatt Act was effective from 10th March, 1919. In Punjab, the protest movement was vast and strong.
(ii) On 10th April, two renowned leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested and were taken to an unknown place.
(iii) A public meeting was held on 13th April at Jallianwala Bagh in a small park enclosed by buildings on all sides to protest against the arrest.
(iv) General Dyer with his British troops entered the park, closed the entrance of the park and commanded his army to fire on the gathered people without any warning.
(v) The firing lasted for ten minutes and sixteen hundred rounds were fired killing about hundreds people and more than two thousand people were left wounded and unattended.

Question. Discuss the various stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer : Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages:
1st Stage–Surrender of titles that the government awarded.
2nd Stage–Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative, Councils, Schools and Foreign Goods.
3rd Stage–Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. 

Question. How could Non-Cooperation become a Movement? Give your opinion.
Answer : Non-Cooperation became a Movement as:
(i) It was the view of Gandhiji that the British Rule was set in India with the cooperation of Indians.
(ii) If Indians refused cooperation, British rule in India would collapse within a year and Swaraj would come.
(iii) Gandhiji proposed that the Movement should unfold in stages.
(iv) In case the Government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience Campaign would be launched.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support of the Movement.
(vi) It should begin with surrender of titles that government awarded and a boycott of civil services, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.

Question. What type of flag was designed during the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features. 
Answer : During the “Swadeshi Movement” in Bengal the flag designed was a Tricolour Flag. The two features of the flag were:
(i) The colour of the flag was Red, Green and Yellow.
(ii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces in British India.
(iii) It had a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. 

Question. Explain in brief the ‘Dandi March’.
OR
Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
Answer : (i) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous ‘Salt March’ or ‘Dandi March’ on 11th March, 1930 accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
(ii) The March was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi’s Ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of Dandi.
(iii) On 6th April, 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(iv) This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement. 

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922?
Explain any three reasons.
OR
What were the causes of the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain.
OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922?
Explain the reasons.
Answer : Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922:
(i) Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places.
(ii) A clash took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.
(iii) A group of volunteers picketing a liquor shop were beaten up by a Police Officer.
(iv) In protest a group of Peasants went to the Police Station, bolted the door and set fire to the Police Station killing 22 Policemen.
(v) The incident shocked Gandhiji and he immediately withdrew the Movement.

Question. “The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.” Support the statement with examples.
OR
How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
State any three points of difference. 
Answer : The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways:
Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) The people were asked not to co-operate with the government.
(ii) Foreign goods were boycotted. 
(iii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iv) Foreign clothes were burnt in heap.
(v) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or Finance Foreign Traders.
(vi) Students left the Government - owned schools and colleges.
(vii) Lawyers gave up legal practices.
Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) People were asked to break Colonial Laws.
(ii) The Countrymen broke the Salt Law.
(iii) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
(iv) Village officials resigned from their jobs.
(v) Forest people violated Forest Rules and Laws.

Question. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside.
Answer : Non-Cooperation Movement spread in the countryside:
(i) In Awadh, Peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here the Movement was against Talukdars and Landlords who demanded from Peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. 
(ii) Peasants had to do begar and work at Landlords' farms without any payments.
As tenants, they had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted so that they have no right over the leased land.
(iii) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and social boycott of oppressive Landlords.
In the meantime, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh.
(iv) The Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up in the villages. The Peasant Movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with.
(v) As the Movement spread, the Houses of Talukdars and Merchants were attacked Bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Answer : Simon Commission:
(i) The new government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.
(ii) It was set up in response to the Nationalist Movement.
(iii) The Commission was to look into the functioning of the Constitutional System in India and suggest changes.
(iv) The problem was that the Commission didn‘t have a single Indian Member.
(v) When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’.
(vi) All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Question. Describe the composition of tricolour flag designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
Answer : (i) It was designed in Bengal.
(ii) It was tricolour flag.
(iii) Having red, yellow and green colours.
(iv) It had eight lotuses representing our eight provinces.
(v) A Crescent Moon representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact‘.
Answer : The main features of ‘Poona Pact’ were:
(i) The Poona Pact (September 1932) gave Depressed Classes (later to be known as Scheduled Caste) reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative Councils.
(ii) They were to be voted in by the general electorate.
(iii) The Act came into force due to Gandhiji’s fast unto death.
(iv) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s stand. 

Question. What were Mahatma Gandhi‘s views on women‘s participation in the National Movements?
Answer : (i) According to Gandhiji, the Woman is the companion of man and gifted with equal rights of freedom and liberty.
(ii) The Woman is more fit than a man to take exploration and bolder action in non-violence.
(iii) The Woman is the better half of humanity, not the weaker sex. 

Question. ”Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement.
Answer : Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.  History and fiction, folklore and songs helped with promotion of nationalism. Literature also helped to arouse national feelings. The ideas of nationalism also developed through the celebration of regional festivals. As the national movement developed nationalist leaders became more and more of icons and symbols in unifying and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. 

Question. “British rule in India would have collapsed if Indians had not cooperated.” How did this statement help in starting a Mass Movement in India against the British Rule? 
Answer : (i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians and if Indians had refused to cooperate, British rule in India would have collapsed within a year.
(ii) He proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
(iii) It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had awarded to the Indians.
(iv) A boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Assemblies, Schools and Foreign Goods would show their non-cooperation to the British Empire.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience campaign would be launched.

Question. How did Women participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer : Participation of Women in the Civil Disobedience Movement: 
(i) Women in large number participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) During Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
(iii) They participated in Protest Marches and manufactured salt.
(iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
(v) Many went to jail.
(vi) They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. 

Question. What were the effects of non-cooperation on the economic front?
Answer : Foreign goods were boycotted, Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire many traders refused to import foreign cloth the import of foreign cloth reached to half.

Question. What were the causes for the gradual slowing down of the Non- cooperation movement in the cities?
Answer : (1) Khadi was more expensive than the mill produced cloth and the poor could not afford it.
(2) British institutions were boycotted but the process of establishing Indian institutions was slow so the students and teachers started joining the British institution again.

Question. Describe the main events leading to civil disobedience.
Answer : (1) Worldwide economic depression
(2) Simon commission was constituted in 1927 in London and no Indian member was appointed.
(3) Lord Irwin announced that Dominion State would be granted to India.
(4) At the Lahore congress session resolution for purna swaraj was passed.

Question. What did freedom mean to Plantation workers in Assam?
Answer : (1) Right to move freely in and out of their enclosures.
(2) Retaining link with their villages.
(3) They were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission which they wanted.

Question. What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?
Answer : (1) Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number.
(2) They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.
(3) Many women went to jails.
(4) In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty.

Question. Explain the problems faced in unifying people.
Answer : All credits of glorious past were attributed to the Aryans and their contributions therefore it became difficult to bring all communities on a single platform.

Question. Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure?
Answer : (1) It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.
(2) With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

Long Answer Type Questions :

Question. Describe the Incident and impact of the Jallianwala Bagh.
OR
Explain the reason and effects of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. 
OR
Explain the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people. 
OR
Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the aftermath. Which basic human rights did the British violate? 
Answer : Incident and Impact of the Jallianwala Bagh: On 13th April, large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh.
Some of them had come to protest against the government’s new repressive measures and others had come to attend Baisakhi fair. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds to create a feeling of terror. Impact:
(i) As the news spread, crowd took to the streets in North Indian towns.
(ii) There were strikes, clashes with Police.
(iii) Attacks on government buildings.
(iv) The Government responded with brutal repression to terrorise people.
(v) Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground.
(vi) People were flogged and villages were bombed.
(vii) The British violated the freedom of speech and expression. 

Question. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
Answer : The attitude of the Indian merchants and the Industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) During the First World War, Indian Merchants and Industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a Rupee-Sterling Foreign Exchange ratio that would discourage Import.
(iii) To organise business interest they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (in 1920) and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries—FICCI ( in 1927).
(iv) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(v) Most businessmen came to see ‘Swaraj’ as a time when Colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and Trade and Industry would flourish without constraints.
(vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
(vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business

Question. What were the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement? Elaborate.
Answer : Limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Dalit participation was limited. They began organising themselves, demanding Reserved Seats in Educational Institutions and a Separate Electorate. Dr B. R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s proposal and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
(ii) Muslim political groups were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. When the Civil Disobedience Movement started, there was a sudden atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Alienated from the Congress, large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle. Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of
Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of Hindu majority.

Question. Describe the development which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer : The following developments took place which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha Movements in various places. (ii) In 1916, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. 
(iii) Then in 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
(iv) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha Movement amongst Cotton Mill Workers.
(v) In 1919, he decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act.
(vi) Rallies were organised in various places.
(vii) At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919)? How was it opposed or organised? Explain.
Answer : Gandhiji decided to launch a nation-wide Satyagraha:
(i) This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council.
(ii) Indian members opposed the Act. 
(iii) It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities.
(iv) It allowed detention of Political Prisoners without trial for two years.
(Any two points to be explained.)
It opposed in the following ways:
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(ii) Workers went on strike.
(iii) Shops were closed.
(iv) Communication, Railway, Telegraphs lines were disrupted.

Question. Explain the meaning and notion of 'Swaraj' as perceived by the Plantation Workers. How did they respond to the call of the Non-cooperation Movement? 
Answer : (i) For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(ii) (a) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.
(b) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
(c) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
(d) They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a Railway and Steamer strike, they were caught by the Police and brutally beaten up.

Question. Who had organized the Dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? Describe his achievements. 
Answer : Dr. B. R. Ambedkar had organized the Dalits into the “Depressed Classes Association” in 1930.
Following were his achievements:
(i) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar organized the Dalits into Depressed Classes Association because he wanted Dalits to get a share in the political power.
(ii) He clashed with Gandhiji in the Second Round Table Conference. He demanded separate electorate for the Dalits.
(iii) He signed the Poona Pact with Gandhiji and got reservation of seats for the Dalits in Legislatures. 

Question. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging in the nineteenth century India? Explain. 
Answer : (i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised with the image of Bharat Mata.
(ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the Motherland.
(iii) Novel Anandamath. 
(iv) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. 
(vi) Icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of Nationalism.
(vii) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
(viii) Reinterpretation of history to instil a sense of pride in the nation. 

Question. Define the term 'Civil Disobedience Movement'. Describe the participation of rich and poor peasant communities in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'. 
Answer : Civil Disobedience Movement means to disobey the rule of the British Government. Participation of rich and poor peasant communities:
(i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of UP were active in movement.
(ii) Rich peasants participated in the movement as a struggle against high revenue demand.
(iii) Rich peasants organized their community to support Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) The poor peasants participated as they wanted their unpaid rent to be remitted.

Question. How did Colonial Government repress the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer : Colonial Government repressed the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’:
(i) The Colonial Government took brutal steps to repress the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) The government began arresting the congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested (April 1930).
(iv) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar facing armoured cars and police firing, many were killed.
(v) Gandhiji was himself arrested.
(vi) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
(vii) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked women and children were beaten.
(viii) About 100,000 people were arrested.

Question. How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century? Explain with examples.
Answer : Collective belongingness means that people began to believe that they were all a part of the same nation and discovered some unity, which bound them together.
Examples of main cultural processes:
(a) Figures or Images: These helped in creating an image with which people could identify the nation. Devotion to this motherly figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism. It was with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India was associated with the image of Bharat Mata. This image was firstly created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote the song 'Vande Mataram' in his novel Anandamath. Then Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata. He was greatly inspired by the
Swadeshi Movement.
(b) Movement to Revive Folklore: In the late 19th century, in India, Nationalists started recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured the villages to gather folk songs and legends. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the Movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India”.
(c) Icons and Symbols: During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a Tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre – representing the Gandhian ideals of self-help.
(d) Reinterpretation of History: Many Indians started looking at the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times. This glorious time, in their belief, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized. These Nationalists urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable condition of the life of Indians under the British rule.

Question. Why was the ‘Salt March’ considered an effective symbol of resistance against Colonialism? Explain.
Answer : Salt March:
(i) Salt was consumed by all the sections of the society.
(ii) It was the most essential item of food.
(iii) The tax on salt and the Government Monopoly over production.
(iv) Gandhiji found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(v) On 31st January, 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
(vi) The idea was to make the demands wide ranging, so that all classes within Indian Society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a United Campaign.
(vii) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the Salt Tax. 

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the 'Non-Cooperation Movement'? How did this Movement unite the country? Explain. 
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi declared that British Rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and if Indians had refused to cooperate, the British rule in India would have collapsed within a year. He proposed that the Non-Cooperation Movement should unfold in stages.
(i) It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had awarded to the Indians.
(ii) A boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Assemblies, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience campaign would be launched.
Unification of the Country:
(i) In many places, Merchants and Traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or invest in foreign trade. Foreign cloth was boycotted.
(ii) Thousands of students left the Governmentcontrolled Schools and Colleges, Headmasters and Teachers resigned, and Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
(iii) The Council Elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.

Question. How had the ‘First World War’ created economic problems in India? Explain with examples.
OR
What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India? 
Answer : (i) It created new economic and political problems. The war had led to huge expenditure which was financed by heavy loans and an increase in taxes. Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
(ii) The prices had doubled between 1913 and1918 and the common people underwent great hardships.
(iii) Crops had failed between 1918-19 and 1920-21 leading to famine and disease. There were epidemics killing between 12-13 million people(Census, 1921).
(iv) People’s hope that the end of the war would bring an end to their misery and near to their goals and this led to their support to the National Movement.
(v) The Muslims were antagonised by the British ill-treatment of the Khalifa, after the First World War.
(vi) Indian villagers were also incensed by the British Government’s forced recruitment of men in the army.
(vii) The Congress and other parties were angry with the British for not consulting them before making India a party on their side against Germany.
(viii) Taking advantage of the First World War, many revolutionary parties cropped up and they incited the people to join the anti-Colonial Movement in India (i.e., the National Movement).

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off Civil Disobedience Movement because:
(i) By drawing inspiration from Gandhiji's Salt March, thousands of people broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of Government Salt Factories.
(ii) People boycotted foreign cloth and picketed liquor shops. In many regions, peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned and forest people broke forest laws going into reserved forests, to graze cattle or collect firewood and fruits.
(iii) British Officials, seeing the incidents, decided to clamp down on nationalists. When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, people demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
(iv) When Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked Police posts, Municipal Buildings, Law Courts and Railway Stations.
(v) Frightened the government responded with brutal repression. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and around 1,00,000 Satyagrahis were put in jail. Seeing so much of violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Movement and entered into a Pact with Irwin on 5th March, 1931.

Question. How was the sense of collective belonging developed during the Freedom Movement? Explain. 
OR 
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in the making of Nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
OR
How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of Collective belonging?
Answer : (i) This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles and growing anger among people against the Colonial Government.
(ii) But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people‘s imagination:
(a) The identity of the nation symbolised in a figure or image of Bharat Mata created through literature, songs, paintings, etc.
(b) Movement to revive Indian folklore to enhance nationalist sentiments.
(c) Role of icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
(d) Creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. 

Question. The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and groups. Give reasons for the participation of the following:
(a) Rich Peasants
(b) Poor Peasants
(c) Business Classes
(d) Industrial Working Classes
(e) Women. 
OR
Why did the different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
OR
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples. 
Answer : The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in Civil Disobedience Movement are as follows:
(a) Rich peasants- Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the Movement because, being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the Trade Depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the Government to reduce the revenue demand made them fight against high revenues.
(b) Poor peasants- Joined the Movement because they found it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the Landlord to be remitted.
(c) Business class- They reacted against Colonial Policies that restricted activities because they were keen on expanding their Business and for this they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel Colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without restrictions.
(d) Industrial working class- They did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Some workers did participate in, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian
programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their own Movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
(e) Women- There were large scale participation of women in the Movement. They participated in Protest Marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many
went to jail. 

Question. How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities? Explain its impact on the economic front.
OR
How had Non–Cooperation Movement spread in cities. Explain.
OR
How did the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front.
Answer : The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was started by the Congress Party in January 1921. Initially, this movement started with middleclass participation in the cities. Thousands of Students, Teachers and Lawyers gave up their institutions and profession and joined the movement. This movement began in different cities across the country. The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy of British India. The economic effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement were as follows –
(i) As Foreign goods and Foreign clothes were boycotted, the Import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922, and its value dropping from 102 crore to 57 crore rupees.
(ii) In many places, Merchants and Traders refused to trade in Foreign goods or Invest in foreign Trade.
(iii) As people discarded imported clothes and started to use Indian clothes, production of Indian textile mills and Handlooms went up. 

Question. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension:
(i) In December, 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
(ii) In India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.
(iv) The Congress had been declared illegal.
(v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, Demonstrations and Boycotts.

Question. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer : Congress was reluctant in the participation of Women because:
(i) Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence of Women within the Organization. 
(ii) Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.
Participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in Protest Marches.
(ii) Manufactured salt and picketed liquor shops.
(iii) Boycotted foreign goods.
(iv) Many went to jail.
(v) Women from High Caste families and from rich peasant households participated.
(vi) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see Service to Nation as a sacred duty of women.

Question. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples.
Answer : Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country:
(i) Gandhiji led the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) Thousands in different parts of the country broke the Salt Law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of Government Salt Factories.
(iii) In the country side like the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the Movement.
(iv) As rich peasant communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(v) As the depression continued and cash invoice dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted and thus, they joined the Movement.
(vi) Merchants and Industrialists supported the Movement by giving financial assistance and refused to buy and sell the imported goods.
(vii) The Industrial working class of Nagpur region participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM).
(viii) Railway workers, Dock workers, Coal-mine workers of Chota Nagpur, etc., participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
(ix) Women also participated in large numbers.

Question. Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of Untouchability.
Answer : Following methods were adopted by Gandhiji to eliminate Untouchability:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if Untouchability was not eliminated.
(ii) He called the ‘Untouchables’ Harijan or the Children of God.
(iii) He organized satyagraha to secure their entry into temples and access to Public well, tanks, Roads and Schools.
(iv) He himself cleaned Toilets to dignify the work of bhangi, the sweepers.
(v) He persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up ‘The Sin of Untouchability’.

Question. Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle of India.
Answer : Significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched against the arrival of the Simon Commission. This continued between 1930 and 1934.
(ii) Complete Independence was the main aim of Civil Disobedience Movement which formulated this demand in the Lahore Session.
(iii) It was fully fledged Mass Movement.
(iv) Mahatma Gandhi started the famous Salt March.
(v) On 6th April, he ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(vi) This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.