CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Assignment Set B

Amniocentesis : Diagnostic technique to detect genetic disorder in the foetus.
Infertility : Inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation of a couple.
Mortality : Death rate (number of persons removed from a population by death) at a given time.
Sterilization : A permanent method of birth control through surgery in male or female.
IUCD : Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device
RCH : Reproductive and Child Health care
STD : Sexually Transmitted Disease
CDRI : Central Drug Research Institute
MMR : Maternal Mortality Rate
MTP : Medical Termination of Pregnancy
VD : Veneral Disease
RTI : Reproductive Tract Infection
PID : Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
ART : Assisted Reproductive Technologies
IVF : In Vitro Fertilisation
ZIFT : Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer

Reasons for Infertility

(i) Physica
(ii) Congenital diseases
(iii) Drugs
(iv) Immunological reaction

Question. Give the term for prenatal diagnostic technique aimed to know the sex ofdeveloping foetus and to detect congenital disorders.
Answer. Amniocentesis.

Question. After a successful in vitro fertilisation, the fertilised egg begins to divide. Where is this egg transferred before it reaches the 8-celled stage and what is this technique called?
Answer. Fallopian tube; Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Question. Give the term for rapid population growth.
Answer. Population explosion.

Question. Name the fluid from which foetal cells are extracted for chromosomalanalysis.
Answer. Amniotic fluid.

Question. Give technical name of female used to bring up in vitro fertilized egg to maturity.
Answer. Surrogate mother.

Question. Name the oral contraceptive developed by CDRI, Lucknow.
Answer. Saheli

Question. Lactational Amenorrhea is a method of contraception Justify. What is the maximum effectiveness of this method in terms of period/duration?
Answer. 
(a) Ovulation and menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. Therefore, as the mother breast feeds, chances of conception are nil.
(b) It is effective only upto a maximum period of six months following parturition.

Question. How are non medicated IUD'S different from hormone releasing IUD'S? Give examples.
Answer. 
(a) Non medicated IUDs = Lippes loop, Copper releasing IUD’S ( CuT, Multiload 375) ® These increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus and release copper ions which suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperm.
(b) Hormone releasing IUDs – Progestasert, LNG–20 – These makes uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.

Question. What are implants? How do they help in preventing fertilisation?
Answer. The structures which contain hormones like progesterone and estrogen and are placed under the skin.

Question. Briefly explain two natural barriers for birth control.
Answer. Periodic abstinence – couple should avoid coitus from 10th to 17th day of menstrual cycle.
Coitus interruptus – Male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation of semen.

Question. Enlist any four possible reasons for infertility in human beings.
Answer. Physical, congenital disease, Drugs, Immunological and even psychological (any four).

Question. Give another name for sexually transmitted diseases. Name two sexually transmitted diseases which are curable and two diseases which are not curable.
Answer.  Veneral disease (VD)/Reproductive tract infection (RTI)
Curable : Syphilis, Gonorrhoea
Non Curable : Hepatitis B, AIDS, Genital herpes

Question. Differentiate between Vasectomy and Tubectomy.
Answer. 
        Vasectomy                                   Tubectomy
1. Method of sterilisation in    1. Method of sterilisation in males females.
2. Vasa defferentia of both     2. Fallopian tube of both sides are sides are cut and tied cut and tied.
3. Prevents movement of       3. Prevent movement of egg at sperms at cut end. cut end.

Question. Name the techniques which are employed in following cases :
(a) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and development.
(b) Embryo is formed in laboratory in which sperm is directly injected into ovum.
(c) Semen collected either from husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into vagina or uterus.
Answer. 
(a) Gamete intra fallopian transfer.
(b) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
(c) Intra uterine insemination.

Question. Mention the various precautions one has to take in order to protect himself/ herself form STDs.
Answer. 
(i) Avoid blood transfusion from an infected person.
(ii) Avoid sex with an unknown partner or multiple partners.
(iii) Always use condom.
(iv) Avoid sharing of injections needles and syringes and surgical instruments.

Question. What are the disturbing trends observed regarding MTP?
Answer. Majority MTP’s performed illegally by unqualified quacks, missuse for female foeticide.

Question. After a successful in vitro fertilisation, the fertilised egg begins to divide. Where is this egg transferred before it reaches the 8-celled stage and what is this technique called?
Answer. Fallopian tube; Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Question. Give the term for rapid population growth.
Answer. Population explosion.

Question. Name the fluid from which foetal cells are extracted for chromosomalanalysis.
Answer. Amniotic fluid.

Question. Give technical name of female used to bring up in vitro fertilized egg to maturity.
Answer. Surrogate mother.

Question. Name the oral contraceptive developed by CDRI, Lucknow.
Answer. Saheli

Question. Lactational Amenorrhea is a method of contraception Justify. What is the maximum effectiveness of this method in terms of period/duration?
Answer. 
(a) Ovulation and menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. Therefore, as the mother breast feeds, chances of conception are nil.
(b) It is effective only upto a maximum period of six months following parturition.

Question. How are non medicated IUD'S different from hormone releasing IUD'S? Give examples.
Answer. 
(a) Non medicated IUDs = Lippes loop, Copper releasing IUD’S ( CuT, Multiload 375) ® These increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus and release copper ions which suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperm.
(b) Hormone releasing IUDs – Progestasert, LNG–20 – These makes uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.

Question. What are implants? How do they help in preventing fertilisation?
Answer. The structures which contain hormones like progesterone and estrogen and are placed under the skin.

Question. Briefly explain two natural barriers for birth control.
Answer. Periodic abstinence – couple should avoid coitus from 10th to 17th day of menstrual cycle.
Coitus interruptus – Male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation of semen.

Question. Enlist any four possible reasons for infertility in human beings.
Answer. Physical, congenital disease, Drugs, Immunological and even psychological (any four).

Question. Give another name for sexually transmitted diseases. Name two sexually transmitted diseases which are curable and two diseases which are not curable.
Answer.  Veneral disease (VD)/Reproductive tract infection (RTI)
Curable : Syphilis, Gonorrhoea
Non Curable : Hepatitis B, AIDS, Genital herpes

Question. Differentiate between Vasectomy and Tubectomy.
Answer. 
        Vasectomy                                   Tubectomy
1. Method of sterilisation in    1. Method of sterilisation in males females.
2. Vasa defferentia of both     2. Fallopian tube of both sides are sides are cut and tied cut and tied.
3. Prevents movement of       3. Prevent movement of egg at sperms at cut end. cut end.

Question. Name the techniques which are employed in following cases :
(a) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and development.
(b) Embryo is formed in laboratory in which sperm is directly injected into ovum.
(c) Semen collected either from husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into vagina or uterus.
Answer. 
(a) Gamete intra fallopian transfer.
(b) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
(c) Intra uterine insemination.

Question. Mention the various precautions one has to take in order to protect himself/ herself form STDs.
Answer. 
(i) Avoid blood transfusion from an infected person.
(ii) Avoid sex with an unknown partner or multiple partners.
(iii) Always use condom.
(iv) Avoid sharing of injections needles and syringes and surgical instruments.

Question. What are the disturbing trends observed regarding MTP?
Answer. Majority MTP’s performed illegally by unqualified quacks, missuse for female foeticide.

Important Questions for NCERT Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health

Question. In context of amniocentesis, which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) It can be used for detection of Down’s syndrome.
(b) It can be used for detection of cleft palate.
(c) It is usually done when a woman is between 14-16 weeks pregnant.
(d) It is used for prenatal sex determination.
Answer: B

Question. Which of the following cannot be detected in a developing fetus by amniocentesis?
(a) Down’s syndrome
(b) Jaundice
(c) Klinefelter’s syndrome
(d) Sex of the fetus 
Answer: B

Question. The permissible use of the technique amniocentesis is for
(a) detecting sex of the unborn fetus
(b) artificial insemination
(c) transfer of embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother
(d) detecting any genetic abnormality. 
Answer: D

Question. Fetal sex can be determined by examining cells from the amniotic fluid by looking for
(a) chiasmata
 (b) kinetochore
(c) barr bodies
 (d) autosomes. 
Answer: C

Question. Which of the following contraceptive methods involve a role of hormone ?
(a) Pills, Emergency contraceptives, Barrier methods
(b) Lactational amenorrhea, Pills, Emergency contraceptives
(c) Barrier method, Lactational amenorrhea, Pills
(d) CuT, Pills, Emergency contraceptive 
Answer: B

Question. Select the hormone-releasing Intra-Uterine Devices.
(a) Lippes Loop, Multiload 375
(b) Vaults, LNG-20
(c) Multiload 375, Progestasert
(d) Progestasert, LNG-20
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) IUDs once inserted need not be replaced.
(b) IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself.
(c) IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms in the uterus.
(d) IUDs suppress gametogenesis.
Answer: C

Question. The contraceptive ‘Saheli’
(a) blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus, preventing eggs from getting implanted
(b) increases the concentration of estrogen and prevents ovulation in females
(c) is an IUD
(d) is a post-coital contraceptive.
Answer: A

Question. The function of copper ions in copper releasing IUDs is
(a) they inhibit gametogenesis
(b) they make uterus unsuitable for implantation
(c) they inhibit ovulation
(d) they suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms. 
Answer: D

Question. Which of the following is hormone-releasing IUD?
(a) LNG-20
(b) Multiload 375
(c) Lippes Loop
 (d) Cu7
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following is incorrect regarding vasectomy?
(a) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid
(b) No sperm occurs in epididymis
(c) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied
(d) Irreversible sterility 
Answer: B

Question. Which of the following approaches does not give the defined action of contraceptive?
(a) Hormonal contraceptives            Prevent/retard entry of sperms, prevent ovulation and fertilisation
(b) Vasectomy                                  Prevents spermatogenesis
(c) Barrier methods                          Prevent fertilisation
(d) Intra uterine devices                   Increase phagocytosis of sperms, suppress sperm motility and fertilising
                                                         capacity of perms
Answer: B

Question. Tubectomy is a method of sterilisation in which
(a) small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up
(b) ovaries are removed surgically
(c) small part of vas deferens is removed or tied up
(d) uterus is removed surgically. 
Answer: A

Question. Which of the following is a hormone releasing Intra Uterine Device (IUD)?
(a) Multiload 375
(b) LNG - 20
(c) Cervical cap
(d) Vault
Answer: B

Question. One of the following is not a method of contraception. Which one?
(a) Condoms
(b) Pills of a combination of oxytocin and vasopressin
(c) Lippes Loop
(d) Tubectomy
Answer: B

Question. What is amniocentesis? How is it misused?
Answer : Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to determine sex and metabolic disorder of an unborn foetus. This technique is often misused to kill an unborn normal female foetus.

Question. Why there is a statutory ban on amniocentesis?
Why is this technique so named?
Answer : There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis because it is being misused to kill unborn normal female foetuses. This technique is based on the principle that amniotic fluid contain cells from the skin of the foetus and other sources and therefore can be used to determine its sex, chromosomal abnormalities, etc. hence named amniocentesis.

Question. (a) Mention the problems that are taken care of by Reproduction and Child Health Care Programme.
(b) What is aminocentesis and why there is a statutory ban on it?
Answer : (a) Reproduction and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes cover wide range of reproduction- related areas. Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society are the major tasks under these programmes.

Question. If implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people, then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis? Write the use of this technique and give reason to justify the ban.
Answer : Better techniques and new strategies provide more efficient care and assistance to people but these are often misused by the people for their benefit. Best example of this is amniocentesis. Amniocentesis is a prenatal sex and disorder determining test which can be used to determine any chromosomal, biochemical and enzymatic abnormality in an unborn foetus. But, this technique is often misused to kill the normal unborn female foetus therefore it is banned. Yes, the ban is fully justified so as to prevent the growing number of female foeticides in the country

Question. Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programmes are currently in operation. One of the major tasks of these programmes is to create awareness amongst people about the wide range of reproduction related aspects as this is important and essential for building a reproductively healthy society.
(a) “Providing sex education in schools is one of the ways to meet this goal.” Give four points in support of your opinion regarding this statement.
(b) List any two ‘indicators’ that indicate a reproductively healthy society.
Answer : (a) Providing sex education is one of the most effective ways to create a reproductively healthy society because
(i) it will provide the pre-requisite knowledge to the curious adolescents, which will prevent them from getting misguided.
(ii) it will create awareness about STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) and ways to prevent and cure them.
(iii) it will teach methods of family planning and taking care of a female during pregnancy.
(iv) it will also create awareness about topics such as infertility and different methods of curing the same.
(b) Two indicators of reproductively healthy society are :
(i) Reproductively healthy society does not emphasise on a single sex. In such society, the female and male sex ratio is maintained. Moreover, due to implementation of family planning measures, the population size is under control.
(ii) A reproductively healthy society has fewer incidences of diseases related to reproductive system and few cases of spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Incidences of death of pregnant women or foeticide due to complicated pregnancies are much reduced due to availability of precise health care for pregnant women.
 

Question. Name an IUD that you would recommend to promote the cervix hostility to the sperms.
Answer : Progestasert is a hormone releasing IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device) which makes the cervix hostile to the sperms.

Question. State one reason why breast-feeding the baby acts as a natural contraceptive for the mother.
Answer : Ovulation, and therefore the menstrual cycle, does not occur during intense lactation period (following parturition). Therefore, breast feeding the baby act as a natural contraceptive for the mother but that too upto a maximum period of six months.

Question. Why are copper containing intrauterine devices considered an ideal contraceptive for human females? 
Answer : Copper containing intrauterine devices (CuT, Cu7, etc) are considered an effective contraceptives for human females as the Cu ions released by them suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of the sperms. Hence, they act as effective birth control method.

Question. What do oral pills contain and how do they act as effective contraceptives? 
Answer : Oral pills contain either progestin (progestogen) alone or a combination of progestogen and estrogen both. Oral pills inhibit ovulation motility and secretory activity of oviducts and changes the cervical mucus that impairs transport of sperms and also alter the uterine endometrium and makes it unsuitable for implantation. Hence, they act as effective contraceptives for human females.

Question. Why is “Saheli” considered an effective contraceptive for women to space children?
Answer : ‘Saheli’ is an oral contraceptive pill containing non-steroidal preparation called centchroman. It has high contraceptive value with little side effects. Saheli acts by inhibiting ovulation, inhibiting the motility and secretory activity of oviducts, impairs cervix to unable transport of sperms and make uterus unsuitable for implantation. Hence, it is considered as effective contraceptive to space children.

Question. How do ‘implants’ act as an effective method of contraception in human females? Mention its one advantage over contraceptive pills.
Answer : Subcutaneous ‘implants’ are under the skin implantation of synthetic progesterone. They are an effective contraceptive method as they check ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm transport. ‘Subcutaneous implants’ are more advantageous than contraceptive pills as they are long lasting, once implanted they are effective upto 5 years.

Question. At the time of Indepencence, the population of India was 350 million, which exploded to over 1 billion by May 2000. List any two reasons for this rise in population and any two steps taken by the government to check this population explosion. 
Answer : All round development in various fields and increased health facilities along with better living conditions has significantly improved the quality of life of people and has resulted in explosive growth of the population. Two major steps taken by the government to check this population growth are :
(i) People are educated a front the advantages of a small family try using various contraceptive methods.
(ii) There is statutory raising of marriageable age of females to 18 years and of males to 21 years.

Question.  (a) List any four characteristics of an ideal contraceptive.
(b) Name two intrauterine contraceptive devices that affect the motility of sperms.
Answer : (a) An ideal contraceptive must have the following four characteristics :
(i) It must be safe and user friendly. (ii) It must be easily available.
(iii) It must be reversible with little or no side effects. (iv) It must in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire or sexual act of the user.
(b) CuT and Multiload 375 are two copper releasing
IUDs that affect the motility of the sperms.

Question. Name two hormones that are contstituents of contraceptive pills. Why do they have high and effective contraceptive value? Name a commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.
Answer : Two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills are progestogen (progesterone) and estrogen. Oral pills may contain either progestogen alone or a combination of both progestogen and estrogen.
Oral (contraceptive) pills have high and effective contraceptive value as they help to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting body’s natural cyclical hormones. They usually stop the body from ovulating, change cervical mucus to make it difficult for sperm to go through cervix, and prevent implantation of the fertilised egg. ‘Saheli’ is a commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.

Question. A woman has certain queries as listed below, before starting with contraceptive pills. Answer them :
(a) What do contraceptive pills contain and how do they act as contraceptives?
(b) What schedule should be followed for taking these pills?
Answer : (b) Contraceptive pills have to be taken daily for 21 days starting within the first five days of menstrual cycle and this has to be repeated after a gap of 7 days in the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception.

Question. Name and explain the surgical method advised to human males and females as a means of birth control. Mention its one advantage and one disadvantage.
Answer : Surgical methods of birth control advised to human males and females are vasectomy and tubectomy respectively. In vasectomy a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small cut on the scrotum while in tubectomy a small part of the Fallopain tube is removed or tied up through a small cut in the abdomen or through vagina. Both vasectomy and tubectomy are permanent birth control methods with no side effects but one dis- advantage of this procedure is that their reversibility is very poor.

Question. Describe the lactational amenorrhea method of birth control. 
Answer : Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) is a natural method of birth control and is based on the fact that ovulation or the cycle does not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. As no medicines or devices are used in these methods, side effects are almost nil. However, this method is effective up to maximum period of six months after parturition.

Question. Name any two assisted reproductive technologies that help infertile couples to have children. 
Answer : Two methods of assisted reproductive technology that help infertile couple to have children are test tube baby and Artificial Insemination Technique (AIT).

Question.Expand : GIFT and ICSI.
Answer : GIFT : Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer. ICSI : Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.

Question. After a brief medical examination, a healthy couple came to know that both of them are unable to produce functional gametes and should look for an ‘ART’ (Assisted Reproductive Technique). Name the ‘ART’ and the procedures involved that you can suggest to them to help them bear a child. 
Answer : Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) help to solve infertility problems in infertile couples. In the given case, both the partners are unable to produce functional gametes so, the technique that we would suggest to them is Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT). In this procedure the superovulation is done as in IVF. Two collected oocytes alongwith about 200,000-500,000 motile sperms for each Fallopian tube are placed in a plastic tube container. It is then transferred through laproscope and inserted 4 cm into the distal end of the Fallopian tube where the combination is injected. This method is better than IVF. Its success rate is 27-30%.

Question. An infertile couple is advised to adopt test- tube baby programme. Describe two principle procedures adopted for such technologies.
Answer : Two principle procedures adopted for test tube baby programme are ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer) and IUT (Intra Uterine Transfer). In this procedure fusion of ovum and sperm is done outside the body of a woman, in the laboratory to form a zygote. The zygote is then allowed to divide forming
8 blastomeres and is transferred into the Fallopian tube (ZIFT - Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer). If the embryo is with more than 8 blastomeres it is transferred into the uterus (IUT - Intra Uterine Transfer) to complete its further development. Thus , this is in vitro fertilisation (IVF - fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body) followed by embryo transfer (ET).

Question. A couple where both husband and wife are producing functional gametes, but the wife is still unable to conceive, is seeking medical aid. Describe any one method that you can suggest to this couple to become happy parents.
Answer : In the given case, both the partners are producing normal gametes but female is unable to concieve. This means that there is some problem with Fallopian tube or uterus or hormonal levels of the female. Thus, the method that we suggest to the couple is of surrogacy. In this method the ova from the wife and sperms from the husband are induced to form zygote in the laboratory. The zygote is then allowed to divide to form embryo. A developing embryo is then implanted in the uterus of another female (surrogate mother). The surrogate mother then gives birth to the child.

Question. “Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection” and ‘Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer’ are two assisted reproductive technologies. How is one different from other?
Answer : The differences between ICSI and GIFT are :