CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproductive Health Assignment Set A

Question-To form embryo in vitro, the male gamete is transferred into female gamete directly. Such technique is called_________.
(a) IUI
(b) IUT
(c) ICSI
(d) GIFT
Answer-(c)

Question- The most important component of the oral contraceptive pills is
(a) progesterone
(b) growth hormone
(c) thyroxine
(d) luteinizing hormone
Answer-(a)

Question-RCH stands for
(a) Routine Check-up of Health
(b) Reproduction Cum Hygiene
(c) Reversible Contraceptive Hazards
(d) Reproductive and Child Health Care
Answer-(d)

Question-Which of the following groups of contraceptives are included under barrier methods?
(a) Condom, Vaults, IUDs, Cervical caps
(b) IUDs, Diaphragm, Abstinence, Injections
(c) Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical caps, Vaults
(d) Surgical methods, Oral contraceptives, Cervical caps,vaults
Answer-(c)

Question-The technique which makes use of amniotic fluid for the detection of prenatal disorder is called as
(a) leproscopy
(b) amniocentesis
(c) endoscopy
(d) ultrasound
Answer-(b)

Question-What is the marriageable age for the females and males respectively in India?
(a) 18, 18
(b) 18, 25
(c) 21, 18
(d) 18, 21
Answer-(d)

Question-The Test-tube Baby Programme employs which one of the following techniques?
(a) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
(b) Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI)
(c) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
(d) Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
Answer-(d)

Question-The diaphragm, cervical cap and vaults are
(a) disposable contraceptive devices
(b) Reusable contraceptives
(c) Non-medicated IUDs
(d) Cu-releasing IUDs
Answer-(b)

Question-IUDs stands for
(a) Intra Uterine Devices
(b) Internal Uterine Devices
(c) Inseminated Uterine Devices
(d) Injected Uterine Devices
Answer-(a)

Question-Hepatitis B is transmitted through
(a) blood transfusion
(b) intimate physical contact
(c) Sexual contact
(d) All of these
Answer-(d)

Question-The technique called gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) is recommended for those females
(a) who cannot produce an ovum.
(b) who cannot retain the foetus inside uterus.
(c) whose cervical canal is too narrow to allow passage for the sperms.
(d) who cannot provide suitable environment for fertilization.
Answer-(a)

Question-Which of the following ions plays an effective role in the activity of IUDs?
(a) Iron
(b) Zinc
(c) Copper
(d) Ammonium
Answer-(c)

Question-Which one amongst the following is the first country in the world to initiate action plans and programmes at a national level to attain total reproductive health as social goal?
(a) China
(b) India
(c) Japan
(d) USA
Answer-(b)

Question-Which of the following contraceptives is one of the most widely accepted method of contraception in India?
(a) Sterilization
(b) Intra Uterine device
(c) Withdrawal or coitus interruption
(d) Medical termination of pregnancy
Answer-(b)

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Amniocentesis : Diagnostic technique to detect genetic disorder in the foetus.

Infertility : Inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation of a couple.

Mortality : Death rate (number of persons removed from a population by death) at a given time.

Sterilization : A permanent method of birth control through surgery in male or female.

IUCD : Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device

RCH : Reproductive and Child Health care

STD : Sexually Transmitted Disease

CDRI : Central Drug Research Institute

MMR : Maternal Mortality Rate

MTP : Medical Termination of Pregnancy

VD : Veneral Disease

RTI : Reproductive Tract Infection

PID : Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

ART : Assisted Reproductive Technologies

IVF : In Vitro Fertilisation

ZIFT : Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer

Reasons for Infertility

(i) Physical

(ii) Congenital diseases

(iii) Drugs

CBSE for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Very Short Answer Questions 

Question. Describe the lactational amenorrhea method of birth control. 
Answer. Lactational amenorrhea is based on the principle that during the period of intense lactation after parturition, menstrual cycle or ovulation does not occur.

Question. Why is ‘Saheli’ considered to be an improved form of oral contraceptive for human female?
Answer. “Saheli” contains a non-steroidal preparation and is a once-a-week pill, with high contraceptive value and very less side-effects. Therefore, it is considered an improved form of contraceptive pills.

Question. At the time of Independence, the population of India was 350 million, which exploded to over 1 billion by May 2000. List any two reasons for this rise in population and any two steps taken by the government to check this population explosion.
Answer. Two reasons for increase in population are:
(i) A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate.
(ii) Increase in number of people in reproducible age.
Two steps for checking population explosion:
(i) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the females to 18 years and males to 21 years.
(ii) Incentives given to couples with small families.

Question. Explain how do the following act as contraceptives:
(a) CuT (b) ‘Saheli’ 
Answer. (a) Cu²⁺ ions released suppress sperm motility, lowers the fertilising capacity of sperms.
(b) Inhibit ovulation, implantation, as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms.

Question. The alarming population growth is leading to scarcity of basic requirements. Suggest with reasons, any two population control measures other than contraception to address the situation. 
Answer. Following are the population control measures other than contraception:
(a) Advertisements in the media to generate awareness about advantages of small families.
(b) Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and that of males to 21 years, to delay the number of births.
(c) Incentives given to couples with small families, to motivate others to comply. 

Question. An infertile couple is advised to adopt test-tube baby programme. Describe two principle procedures adopted for such technologies. 
Answer. (i) IVF/In vitro fertilisation: It is the fertilisation of gametes outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body.
(ii) ET/Embryo transfer: Embryos formed by fusion of gametes is transferred into reproductive tract or uterus.

Question. Why is medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) carried out?
Answer. MTP is carried out to get rid of unwanted pregnancies. It is also essential when the foetus is suffering from an incurable disease or when continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal to the mother and/or foetus or terminate pregnancy in rape cases.

Question. Following table gives certain terms associated with ART. Fill in the spaces a, b, c and d. 
IVF and ET          a
b                     Introduction of zygote/embryo with 8 blastomeres into fallopian tube
c                     Introduction of ova of a donor into the fallopian tube
d                     Introduction of semen from the husband or healthy donor into the uterus
Answer. (a) Test tube baby programme
(b) ZIFT (Zygote intra fallopian transfer)
(c) GIFT (Gamete intra fallopian transfer)
(d) IUI (Intra uterine insemination)
IUI (Intra Uterine Insemination): In this method, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus.This technique is used in cases where the male is unable to inseminate sperms in the female reproductive tract or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation.

Question. How can childless couples be helped by the following assisted reproductive technologies:
(a) GIFT? (b) Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection?
Answer. (a) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer): It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development.
(b) Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): It is a process in which an embryo is formed in the laboratory, in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.

Question. All reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are STDs but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with example.
Answer. Among the common STDs, hepatitis-B and AIDS are not infections of the reproductive organs though their mode of transmission could be through sexual contact also. All other diseases like gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, are transmitted through sexual contact and are also infections of the reproductive tract.

Question. Name an oral pill used as a contraceptive by human females. Explain how does it prevent pregnancy. 
Answer. ‘Saheli’ is an oral pill used as a contraceptive by females. Oral pills inhibit ovulation and implantation, as well as, alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of sperms.Thus, fertilisation and further pregnancy is prevented.

Question. A couple where both husband and wife are producing functional gametes, but the wife is still unable to conceive, is seeking medical aid. Describe any one method that you can suggest to this couple to become happy parents. 
Answer. Methods: IVF/ZIFT/AI
IVF (In vitro fertilisation): Ova from wife and sperm from the husband is collected. It is induced to form zygote under simulated laboratory conditions.

Question. How do copper and hormone releasing IUDs act as contraceptives? Explain. 
Answer. The copper releasing IUDs release Cu ions, which suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

CBSE for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Long Answer Questions

Question. (a) Expand IUD.
(b) Why is hormone releasing IUD considered a good contraceptive to space children?
Answer. (a) IUD—Intra uterine devices.
(b) Hormone releasing IUDs are considered a good contraceptives because
(i) they make the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
(ii) they increase the phagocytosis of sperms within uterus and the Cu ions released, suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.

Question. A woman has certain queries as listed below, before starting with contraceptive pills. Answer them.
(a) What do contraceptive pills contain and how do they act as contraceptives?
(b) What schedule should be followed for taking these pills?
Answer. (a) Contraceptive pills contain progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combination.
They act by either of the following way:
(i) inhibit ovulation (ii) inhibit implantation
(iii) alter quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of sperms.
(b) Contraceptive pills should be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting within first five days of menstrual cycle (to be repeated after a gap of 7 days).

Question. Explain the zygote intra-fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT). How is intra-uterine transfer technique (IUT) different from it? 
Answer. Zygote intra fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT) is a technique of in vitro fertilisation wherein the zygote or early embryo having up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube to complete its further development.
Intra uterine transfer (IUT) technique is different from ZIFT as the embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus in IUT.

Question. (a) Name and explain the mode of action of any two types of IUDs.
(b) List the advantages of usng ‘Saheli’ as a contraceptive. 
Answer.
(a) Intra uterine devices (IUDs)
OO These devices are inserted by doctors in the uterus through vagina.
OO There are three types of IUDs available:
(a) Non-medicated IUDs: These increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus, e.g.,Lippes loop.
(b) Copper releasing IUDs: Along with phagocytosis of sperms, the copper ions released suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms, e.g., CuT, Cu 7, Multiload 375.
(c) Hormone releasing IUDs: These make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms, e.g., Progestasert, LNG-20.
(b) Advantages of Saheli:
(i) It is non-steroidal (ii) It is taken only once a week
(iii) It has high contraceptive value (iv) It has less side effects.

Question. How are Assisted Reproductive Technologies helpful to humans? How are ZIFT and GIFT different from intra-uterine transfers? Explain.
Answer. The infertile couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
ZIFT: The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.
This is called zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT).
GIFT: It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female, who cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo.
Intra-uterine transfer (IUT) refers to the introduction of embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus of a female to complete its further development.

Question. If implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people, then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis?
Write the use of this technique and give reason to justify the ban.
Answer. There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis to legally check female foeticide. This sex determination technique has been misused to eliminate girl child before birth.
This technique is also used to detect the abnormal chromosomes or any genetic disorder.The ban is justified to prevent female foeticide which could lead to change in sex ratio of the population.

Question. Briefly explain IVF and ET. What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?
Answer. IVF refers to in vitro fertilisation and ET refers to embryo transfer. Gametes from the male and female are collected hygienically and induced to fuse in the laboratory set up under simulated conditions. The zygote formed is collected and is introduced into the uterine of a host or surrogate mother at an appropriate time. Early embryos (up to 8 cell) are generally transferred to the fallopian tube whereas embryos with more than 8 cells are transferred to the uterus.

Question. Name two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills. Why do they have high and effective contraceptive value? Name a commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.
Answer. Progestogen-estrogen combination, Progestogen or Progesterone are present in contraceptive pills.
They inhibit ovulation, implantation and alter quality of cervical mucus to retard entry of sperm.
Saheli is a commonly prescribed oral pill.

Question. (a) List any four characteristics of an ideal contraceptive.
(b) Name two intrauterine contraceptive devices that affect the motility of sperms.
Answer. (a) The ideal contraceptive should be
(i) user-friendly, (ii) effective and easily available,
(iii) not interfering with the sexual drive, (iv) reversible with no or least side effects.
(b) CuT, Cu7 and Multiload 375 affect motility of sperms.

Question. Name three incurable sexually transmitted diseases and their causative organisms.
Answer. Sexually transmitted disease Causal agent
(i) Hepatitis-B Hepatitis-B virus
(ii) Genital herpes Herpes simplex virus
(iii) AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Question. Expand the following and explain any one of them. 
(a) IVF (b) ZIFT (c) IUI (d) MTP
Answer. IVF — In-vitro Fertilisation
ZIFT — Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
IUI — Intra-Uterine Insemination
MTP — Medical Termination of Pregnancy

Question. Within what age group sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are reported to be very high.
Mention three practices to avoid them. 
Answer. In the age group of 15–24 years, STDs are reported to be very high. Following are the three practices to avoid them:
(i) Abstain sexual contact with unknown partners or multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of any doubt, medical help should be taken for early detection.

Question. What are the consequences of population explosion?
Answer. Following are the consequences of population explosion:
(i) It is causing an absolute scarcity of the basic requirements, i.e., food, clothing, fuel and shelter.
(ii) There is greater demand for fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal).
(iii) Eco-degradation.

Question. Suggest and explain any three Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) to an infertile couple. 
Answer.
(i) Test Tube Baby Programmes
OO In this method, ova from the wife/donor (female) and the sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory.This process is called in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
OO The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube (process is called zygote intra fallopian transfer or ZIFT) and if embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus (process is called intra uterine transfer or IUT).
OO In females who cannot conceive, embryos formed by fusion of gametes in another female (called in vivo fertilisation) are transferred.
(ii) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
OO It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo.
(iii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
OO It is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory by directly injecting the sperm into an ovum.The embryo is later transferred by ZIFT or IUT.

Question. A large number of married couples the world over are childless. It is shocking to know that in India the female partner is often blamed for the couple being childless.
(a) Why in your opinion the female partner is often blamed for such situations in India?
(b) State any two reasons responsible for the cause of infertility.
(c) Suggest a technique that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with the male partner.
Answer. (a) Female partner is often blamed due to following reasons:
(i) Social mind set
(ii) Inequality of sexes
(iii) Lack of awareness/male dominated society.
(iv) Awareness is to be created that abnormality can occur in both male and females and infertility issues with suitable examples
(v) Mutual respect towards both the partners in case of the problem and to find the remedy from medical experts
(vi) Educate them to find the reason and not believe in superstitions. (Any two)
(b) Infertility is caused due to physical abnormality in reproductive system, congenital, immunological or psychological problems.
(c) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), artificial insemination (AI), Intra uterine insemination (IUI) can help couples where the problem is with male partner.

Question. A village health worker was taking a session with women. She tells the women that one has to be very careful while using oral pills as method of birth control. Wrong usage can actually promote conception.
(a) Analyse the statement and compare the merits and demerits of using oral pills and surgical methods of birth control.
(b) Village women were confused as to how a thin metallic copper loop can provide protection against pregnancy. Justify the use, explaining the mode of action of IUDs.
Answer. (a)  

(b) Mode of action of IUDs

(i) Increased phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
(ii) Cu++ released suppresses sperm motility.
(iii) Hormone releasing IUDs make uterus unsuitable for implantation.

Question. STDs are a threat to reproductive health. Describe any two such diseases and suggest preventive measures. 
Answer.
- Infections or diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI).
- STDs are caused by bacteria (syphilis, gonorrhoea), virus (AIDS, hepatitis B, genital herpes, genital warts), protozoans, nematodes, ectoparasites (trichomoniasis, chlamydiasis) and fungi.
- Early symptoms: Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain and swellings in the genital region.
- Complications due to chronic STDs: Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, or even cancer of the reproductive tract.
- Transmission of hepatitis-B and HIV also occurs by the following ways:
(i) Sharing of injection needles or surgical instruments with infected persons;
(ii) transfusion of infected blood;
(iii) transfer from infected mother to the foetus through placenta.
- By following simple principles, STDs can be prevented.
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) Contact a qualified doctor for any doubt, in early stage of infection.

Question. Name and explain the surgical method advised to human males and females as a means of birth control. Mention its one advantage and one disadvantage. 
Answer. OO These are terminal and permanent methods which block the transport of gametes, thereby
preventing conception effectively.
OO In males, a small part of the vas deferens is removed and tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. This is called vasectomy.
OO In females, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or vagina. This is called tubectomy.
Advantage : It is the permanent and most effective method of preventing conception as it blocks transport of gametes.
Disadvantage: The process of surgical method is irreversible.