CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Making of A Global World MCQs

Answer : America 

Question. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) The Second World War. 
(ii) The Great Depression.
(iii) The Chinese Revolution.
(iv) The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations.
Options:
(A) (i) - (iii) - (iv) - (ii)
(B) (iii) - (iv) - (ii) - (i)
(C) (iv) - (ii) - (i) - (iii)
(D) (ii) - (i) - (iv) - (iii)

Answer : D

Question. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Indentured Labour was abolished. R
(ii) Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) had a terrifying impact
on livelihoods of the African people and the local economy.
(iii) The First World War was fought.
(iv) Potato Famine in Ireland.
Options:
(A) (iv) - (ii) - (iii) - (i)
(B) (iii) - (i) - (ii) - (iv)
(C) (i) - (iv) - (iii) - (ii)
(D) (ii) - (iii) - (iv) - (i)

Answer : A

Question. In Trinidad what was referred as Hosay? 
(A) Annual Muharram procession marking a Carnival.
(B) Christmas celebration
(C) Easter festival
(D) New Year celebration

Answer : A

Question. Until 18th century, which two countries were considered the Richest in the World? 
(A) China and Japan
(B) England and France
(C) India and China
(D) England and Italy

Answer : C

Question. Why were the Europeans attracted the most to Africa? 
(A) By its natural beauty.
(B) By the opportunities for investment.
(C) For its vast land resources and mineral wealth.
(D) For recruitment of labour.

Answer : C

Question. Most Indian Indentured workers came from: 
(A) Eastern Uttar Pradesh
(B) North-Eastern States
(C) Jammu & Kashmir
(D) None of the above

Answer : A

Question. Study the picture and answer the question that follows: (Image 9) Which of the following aspects best signifies this image of ship "Alexandra"?
(A) Irish emigrants waiting to board the ship.
(B) Meat being loaded on the ship.
(C) Emigrants leaving for the US.
(D) Transport to the gold mines.

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following options best signifies the above picture? 
(A) A distant view of Surat and its river
(B) New Orleans
(C) Transvaal Gold Mines
(D) Stalingrad in Soviet Russia

Answer : A

Question. Study the below given information and identify the correct option in reference to it from among the given options: 
Consider the jute producers of Bengal. They grew raw jute that was processed in factories for export in the form of gunny bags. But as gunny exports collapsed, the price of raw jute crashed more than 60 per cent. Peasants who borrowed in the hope of better times or to increase output in the hope of higher incomes faced ever lower prices, and fell deeper and deeper into debt. Thus, the Bengal jute growers’ lament: Grow more jute, brothers, with the hope of greater cash. Costs and debts of jute will make your hopes get dashed. When you have spent all your money and got the crop off the ground, … traders, sitting at home, will pay only Rs 5 a maund.
(A) The Great Depression
(B) India and the Great Depression
(C) Post-War Recovery
(D) Rise of mass production and consumption

Answer : B

Question. Study the below given information and identify the correct option in reference to it from among the given options:
The Silk Routes are a good example of vibrant premodern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name ‘Silk Routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century. But Chinese pottery also travelled through the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian Missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did Early Muslim Preachers a few centuries later. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the Silk Routes. 
(A) Pre-modern Trade and cultural links
(B) Trade and cultural exchange
(C) Silk Routes link the world
(D) Chinese Silk cargoes

Answer : C

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following: 
(A) Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1980s.
(B) Rinderpest moved like forest fire in Africa.
(C) The loss of cattle due to this destroyed African livelihoods.
(D) Colonial Government forced the Africans into the labour market.

Answer : A

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following:
(A) The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s.
(B) During this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production,employment, incomes and trade.
(C) The exact timing and impact of the depression varied across countries.
(D) But in general, agricultural regions and communities were the best affected.

Answer : D

Assertion and Reason Based MCQs

Directions : In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.

Question. Assertion (A): The Silk Routes are a good example of pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. 
Reason (R): The name 'Silk Routes' points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): The First World War was a war like no other before. 
Reason (R): The First World War was mainly fought in Europe.
Answer : D

Question. Assertion (A): Most Indentured labour in India came from present day Eastern UP, Bihar, Central India and dry districts of Tamil Nadu. 
Reason (R): In mid 19th century, the regions of Eastern UP, Bihar, Central India and Tamil Nadu where affected due to inflation in prices after First World War.
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A): Europe emerged as the centre of World Trade in the 19th century. 
Reason (R): Till the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries.
Answer : B

Question. Assertion (A): US quickly recovered after First World War.
Reason (R): US exports boosted European recoveryand  world trade over the next six years.
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A): World Bank and IMF were established after the Second World War. 
Reason (R): Second World War caused an immense amount of economic destruction and many parts of Europe and Asia were destroyed.
Answer : A

Case-based MCQs

I. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

All through history, human societies have become steadily more interlinked. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millennia, cowries (the Hindi cowrie or seashells, used as a form of currency) from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa. The long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced as far back as the seventh century. By the thirteenth century it had become an unmistakable link.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. In ancient times who travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment? 
(A) Travellers
(B) Traders
(C) Priests
(D) All of them

Answer : D

Question. Besides goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, they also carried: 
(A) gold
(B) germs and diseases
(C) silver
(D) none of the above

Answer : B

Question. In English, meaning of Cowrie is: 
(A) Seashells
(B) Nutshells
(C) Walnut shells
(D) None of these

Answer : A

Question. The long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced between: 
(A) Sixth-twelfth Century
(B) Eight-fourteenth Century
(C) Seventh-thirteenth Century
(D) Ninth-sixteenth Century

Answer : C

Question. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
The Silk Routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name 'silk routes' points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century. But Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later. Much before all this, Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. The Silk routes are a good example of:
(A) Modern trade
(B) Pre-modern trade
(C) Ancient trade
(D) Global trade

Answer : B

Question. Silk is a _________ product. 
(A) Japanese
(B) Korean
(C) American
(D) Chinese

Answer : D

Question. What was exported from India through Silk route?
(A) Oil
(B) Petroleum R
(C) Textile and Spices
(D) Herbs

Answer : C

Question. Early Christian Missionaries and ______ preacherstravell ed through this route to Asia. RA
(A) Christian
(B) Sikh
(C) Muslim
(D) Buddhist

Answer : C

Question. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain. As urban centres expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grain prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the 'Corn Laws'. Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Laws.
After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. In eighteenth century the demand for food grains increased in Britain due to: 
(A) Less production
(B) Population growth
(C) Crop failure
(D) Ancient techniques

Answer : B

Question. Expansion of urban centres and growth of industries pushed up the prices of: 
(A) Agricultural products
(B) Defence products
(C) Economy
(D) Living

Answer : A

Question. The Government restricted the Import of: 
(A) Medicines
(B) Textiles
(C) Corn
(D) Cooking oil

Answer : C

Question. _______ were unhappy with high food prices. 
(A) Urban dwellers
(B) Industrialists
(C) Poor people
(D) Both (A) and (B)

Answer : D

Question. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

The trade in meat offers a good example of this connected process. Till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. But live animals took up a lot of ship space. Many also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight or became unfit to eat. Meat was hence, an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor. High prices in turn kept demand and production down until the development of a new technology, namely, refrigerated ships, which enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances. Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point – in America, Australia or New Zealand – and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. To the earlier monotony of bread and potatoes many, though not all, could now add meat (and butter and eggs) to their diet. Better living condition promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. Example of connected process is trade in meat. Connection here refers to: 
(A) Simple policies of the government
(B) Cheap Prices
(C) Role of Technology
(D) All the above

Answer : C

Question. Animals were shipped live from: U
(A) Germany to America
(B) America to England
(C) America to Europe
(D) Europe to Asia

Answer : C

Question. ________ enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances. 
(A) Ships
(B) Big voyages
(C) Refrigerated Ships
(D) Steamers

Answer : C

Question. America, Australia and New Zealand were the ________ point for the export of meat to Europe. 
(A) Starting
(B) Mid
(C) Ending
(D) None of the above

Answer : A

Question. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the end of the First World War. It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the US). It was a war waged for six years on many fronts, in many places, over land, on sea and in the air. Once again death and destruction was enormous. At least 60 million people, or about 3% of the world's 1939 population, are believed to have been killed, directly or indirectly, as a result of the war. Millions more were injured. Unlike in earlier wars, most of these deaths took place outside the battlefields. Many more civilians than soldiers died from war-related causes. Vast parts of Europe and Asia were devastated, and several cities were destroyed by aerial bombardment or relentless artillery attacks. The war caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. Reconstruction promised to be long and difficult.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. The difference between First World War and Second World War was: 
(A) Two decades
(B) One decade
(C) Three decades
(D) Four decades

Answer : A

Question. The Second World War was fought for _______ years on many fronts, in many places, over land,sea and air. 
(A) five years
(B) two years
(C) six years
(D) ten years

Answer : C

Question. In 1939 about _______ of world population were at least _______ million people, who were killed in Second World War. 
(A) 5%, 50
(B) 6%, 60
(C) 3%, 30
(D) 3%, 60

Answer : D

Question. Vast parts of _______ were devastated. 
(A) Europe and Asia
(B) Africa and Asia
(C) Europe and Africa
(D) Africa and America

Answer : A

Question. Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow:

Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Entering Africa's in the east, Rinderpest moved west 'like forest fire', reaching Africa's Atlantic coast in 1892. It reached to Cape (Africa's southernmost tip) five years later. Along the way rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed Africa's livelihoods. Planters, mine owners and Colonial Governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market. Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa. Similar stories can be told about the impact of Western conquest on other parts of the nineteenth-century world.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late ________. 
(A) 1980s
(B) 1780s
(C) 1880s
(D) 1870s

Answer : C

Question. It was carried by infected ________. 
(A) Cows
(B) Hens
(C) Goats
(D) Cattle

Answer : D

Question. Rinderpest reached in the Cape after ________years. 
(A) One
(B) Five
(C) Three
(D) Four

Answer : B

Question. The loss of cattle destroyed livelihoods of _______. 
(A) Indians
(B) Americans
(C) Asians
(D) Africans

Answer : D

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question. What do 'Silk Routes' refer to?
Answer : Network of routes connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa. 

Question. Who discovered the continent of America? 
Answer : Christopher Columbus.

Question. Who was a well-known pioneer of mass production?
Answer : Henry Ford. 

Question. What do we call the law that allowed the British Government to restrict the import of corn?
Answer : Corn Laws.

Question. Who are referred to as the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer : The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

Question. What is referred to as El Dorado? 
Answer : An imaginary city of gold situated in South America.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question. Explain any three effects of population growth in England in the late eighteenth century. 
Answer : (i) Food could now be imported into England.
(ii) Demand of food grains increased as urban centers expanded.
(iii) Due to pressure from land groups, government restricted import of corn by enacting Corn Laws. 

Question. What was the importance of the Indian trade for the British?
Answer : 1. Trade Surplus – Britain had a Trade Surplus with Indian. Britain used this Surplus to balance its trade deficit with other countries.
2. Home Charges – Britain’s trade Surplus in India also helped to pay the so called home charges that included private remittance home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debt and pensions of British officials in India.
3. Major Supplier of cotton – India remained a major supplier of raw cotton to British which was required to feed the cotton textile industry of Britain.
4. Supplier if indenture workers – Many indenture workers from Bihar, U.P., central India migrated to other countries to work in mines and plantations.

Question. How Bretton Woods System Worked?
Answer : 1. The international monetary system is the system linking national currencies and monetary system.
2. The Briton woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system the national currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate.
3. The Bretton woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the western industrial nations.

Question. What were the effects of the British Government’s decision to abolish the corn laws?
Answer : 1. Food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it would be produced within the country.
2. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast Areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries.
3. As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food imports.
4. Around the world in eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia land were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

Question. What were the advantages of invention of refrigerated ship?
Answer : 1. This reduced the shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe.
2. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet.
3. To the earlier, monotony of Bread and Potatoes many, not all could add meat, butter or egg.
5. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.

Question. Why did Europeans flee to America in the nineteenth century, Explain.
 Answer : Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because:
(i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
(ii) Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
(iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
(iv) Scrapping of Corn Laws, led to inability of British agriculture to compete with imports.
(v) Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future
(vi) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves. 

Question. Describe the impact of ‘Rinderpest’ on people’s livelihoods and local economy in Africa in 1890s? 
                                                        OR
Write a note to explain the effects of the coming of Rinderpest to Africa. 
Answer : Impact of Rinderpest: (i) Rinderpest killed 90% of cattle in Africa.
(ii) The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. (iii) Planters, Mine Owners and Colonial Government successfully monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained to strengthen their power and to force Africans into Labour Market. (iv) Control over the cattle resources enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa. 

Question. Describe the economic conditions of Britain after the ‘First World War’. 
                                                      OR
Explain the impact of the First World War on the British economy.
                                                      OR
Explain the three impacts of the First World War on the British economy. 
Answer : Economic conditions of Britain after the First World War: After the First World War, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position. Britain was burdened with huge external debts. The war had led to an economic boom, a large increase in demand, production and employment. When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased. At the same time, the government reduced bloated war expenditures to bring them into line with peace time revenues. These debts led to huge job losses. Many agricultural economists were also in crisis. (Note: If candidate write in points, it is also to be considered.) 

Question. Mention any three effects of the British Government’s decision for the abolition of the Corn Laws. 
                                                                            OR
Write a note to explain the effects of the British Government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Answer : (i) Food could be imported into Britain at a much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country.
(ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries. 
(iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.
(iv) Around the world—in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia—lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand. 

Question. Why did the Industrialists and people living in cities of Britain forced the government to abolish Corn Laws in the 18th Century? Give two reasons. 
Answer : (i) Population growth from the late 18th century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices. Under pressure from Farmers, the Government restricted the Import of Corn. These laws were commonly know as the ‘Corn Laws’.
(ii) On the other hand, the Industrialists and people living in cities forced the Government to abolish the Corn Laws.

Question. In what ways did food items offer scope for long distance cultural exchange? Explain. 
OR “Food offers many examples of long distance cultural exchange.” Justify this statement.
Answer : (i) Traders and Travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled West from China to become Spaghetti.
(iii) Arab traders took pasta to Sicily, an Island now in Italy in 5th century.
(iv) Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnut, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors. 

Question. How had Indian trade been beneficial for the British during seventeenth century? Explain 
Answer : Trade with Indians was greatly beneficial to the British in the 17th century. Various other products like cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, peter and tea were also traded. All these items were in demand in Britain and their availability from India enhanced the quality of life for the British.

Question. Elucidate any three factors that led to the Great Depression.
 Answer : (i) Agricultural over-production remained a problem and it was made worse by falling agricultural prices.
(ii) As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production and bring a large volume of produce to the market but it pushed down prices. 
(iii) In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US, it was extremely easy to raise loans in the US.
(iv) But in the first half of the 1920s, countries that depended crucially on US loan faced an acute crisis.
(v) The withdrawal of the US loans affected the rest of the world in different ways. In Europe, it led to the failure of small major banks and the collapse of currencies such as the British Pound Sterling. 

Question. “The Multinational Companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for investment.” Explain the statement
 Answer : (i) Since the Revolution in 1949, China gradually came in the field of world economy. It attracted the foreign MNCs because of its lowest economic structure.
(ii) Wages were relatively low.
(iii) China had the largest population besides labour. They also formed a large consumer base. 

Question. Explain the following:
(i) G-77 (ii) Great Depression of 1929 
Answer : (i) G-77 Organisation was formed by the former colonies to demand a New International Economic Order.
(ii) It was a period of serious decline in production, employment, income and trade. 

Question. ‘China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries.’ Justify the statement.
 Answer : China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries because:
(i) Wages were relatively low in countries like China.
(ii) This was because of the low cost structure of the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages.
(iii) TVs, Mobile phones and Toys seen in the shops seem to be made in China. 

Question. Mention three reasons for the creation of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. 
Answer : (i) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the Industrial countries.
(ii) When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt economies, they became less dependent on the IMF and the World Bank. 
(iii) Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods Institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards newly developing countries.
(iv) The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. "Indian trade had played a crucial role in late nineteenth century world economy". Analyse the statement. 
Answer : Indian trade had played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century:
(i) By helping Britain to balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy.
(ii) Britain's trade surplus in India also helped pay the so called ‘Home Charges’.
(iii) British manufacturers flooded the Indian market.
(iv) Increased food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain.
(v) The value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British Import from India.

Question. Explain the impacts of the First World War?
Answer : 1. It was the first modern industrial was which involved industrial nations.
2. Machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons etc are used on a massive scale.
3. Unthinkable death and destruction.
4. Most of the people killed and injured were man of working age.
5. Declined the household income.
6. Men were forced to join in the war.
7. Women slapped into undertake jobs which they were not used to.

Question. What were the effects of the great Depression on the Indian economy?
Answer : 1. The economy depression immediately affected Indian Trade, as India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928-1934
2. Agriculture prices fell sharply, but the colonial government refused to reduce revenues. Peasants producing for the world markets were worst hit.
3. Raw jute was produced, processed in the industries to make gunny bags. Its exports collapsed and prices fell by 60% peasants of Bengal fell into debt traps.
4. Peasants used up their savings mortgaged lands and sold their precious jewelry to meet their expanses.

Question. 19th century indenture has been described as a ‘New system of slavery’. Explain .
Answer : In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indians and Chinese laborers went to work on plantations in mines and in mines and in road and railways construction projects around the world.
1. In India, indentures laborers were hired under contracts which promises return travel to India after they had worked for five years on plantations.
2. Gradually in India cottage industries declined, land rents rose, land were cleared for mines and plantations. All this affected the lines of the poor. They failed to pay their rents become indebted, and were forced to migrate in search of work.
3. The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean islands, Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam, Mauritius, Fiji and Ceylon and Malaya.
4. Recruitment was done by agent engaged by employers and paid small commission.

Question. “One important feature of the US economy in the 1920’s was mass production.” Explain.
Answer : 1. A well known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer, ‘Henry Ford’.
2. He adopted an assembly line technique of a slaughter house.
3. He realized that the ‘Assembly line’ method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles.
4. This method forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously
5. This was a way of increasing output per worker by speeding up the pace of work.
6. This doubling go daily wages was considered ‘best cost – cutting decision’ he had ever made.

Question. Describe the role of 'Technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century. 
Answer : Role of Technology:
(i) The railways, steamships and the telegraph, for example, were important inventions without which we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth century world.
(ii) Technology advances were often the result of larger social, political and economic factors.
(iii) Colonization stimulated new investments.
(iv) Improvement in transport.
(v) Larger ships helped to move food more cheaply.

Question. Describe the impact of Great Depression on Indian economy. 
Answer : The Impact of Great Depression on Indian economy:
(i) India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
(ii) As agricultural prices fell sharply internationally, as a result of this, prices plunged in India.
(iii) Despite this, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
(iv) Peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their jewellery and precious metals.
(v) India became exporter of metal.
(vi) Town dwellers found themselves better off.
(vii) Industrial investment grew. 

Question. Critically examine the expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century. 
Answer : Expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century:
(i) In many parts of the world, these developments meant loss of freedom and livelihoods.
(ii) In late 19th century, Europeans conquest brought about many destructive economic, social and ecological changes in the Colonies.
(iii) In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
(iv) The example of indentured labour migration.
(v) Great misery and poverty for others.
(vi) New forms of coercion in Asia and Africa. 

Question. After 19th century, how did the Indentured labourers discover their own ways of survival? Explain. 
Answer : (i) Initially, the indentured labourers found it difficult to adjust to the harsh living conditions of the plantation. But very soon they discovered new ways of survival.
(ii) They developed new forms of individual and collective self expression, blended art, cultural forms, old and new.
(iii) In Trinidad, the cultural Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religions joined. 
(iv) The Protestant religion ‘Rastafarianism’ is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migration to Caribbean.
(v) Chutney music popular in Trinidad and Guyana is another creative expression of the post indenture experience.

Question. Describe any five factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods System and the beginning of globalisation. 
Answer : The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system are:
(i) Decline in economic power of the USA.
(ii) Change in the international financial system.
(iii) Unemployment in industrialised countries.
(iv) Shifting of production enterprises.
(v) Changes in China.

Question. Explain any five factors that led to the Great Depression of 1929. 
                                                         OR
What do you know about the Great Depression? Write any two causes of it. 
Answer : The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced decline in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were amongst the most affected.
Causes of Great Depression:
(i) Post-World War, economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural over production was a problem. As prices slumped, farm produce rotted.
(ii) Many countries financed loans from the US.
(iii) US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial crisis.
(iv) Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to close down in Europe and in the US because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors.
(v) American capitalists stopped all loAnswer :