CBSE Class 12 Geography Transport And Communication Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON

LAND TRANSPORT
 ROAD TRANSPORT
o Total road length is 56 lakh km (morth.nic.in, Annual Report 2017-18).
o 85% passengers, and 70% of freight are carried by roads
o Shahi road connect Indus valley to Sonar valley
o It is renamed as Grad Trunk (GT) road.
o At present it connects Amritsar to Kolkata

CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
1. Constructed and maintained by central govt./NHAI
2. Meant for interstate transport
3. Movement of defense men and material
4. Connect state capitals
5. Total length 101011 km in 2017-18
6. Accounts 2% of total road length.
7. Carry 40% of road traffic.

Golden quadrilateral
5846 km long, 4/6/lane, high density traffic, connect metro cities, time distance and cost distance decreased orth-South corridor connect Srinagar to Kanyakumari (4076 km)
East - West corridor connect Porbandar to Silchar (3640 km)

STATE HIGH WAYS
- Constructed and maintained by state PWD
- Connect state capitals with Dist. Hqs.
- Account for 4% of road length

DISTRICT ROADS
- Connect Dist.HQ with other towns
- account for 14% of road length

RURAL ROADS
- Connect rural areas
- Accounts 80% of road length
- Regional variation in road density
- Influenced by terrain and climate

OTHER ROADS

BORDER ROADS AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAYS
- BRO was established in 1960
- Helps to develop economy
- Strengthen the defense
- Improvements in connecting the strategic points
- It is a premier multifaceted construction agency
- Highest road way connects Manali –Leh with 4270 mts. Altitude
- Maintain harmonious relation with neighboring countries
- Highest road density is 387.24 /100sq. km in Kerala lowest road density is 10.48 /100 sq km in J&K. It is high in northern plains and low in mountain Areas

FACTORS INFLUENCING ROAD WAYS
- Terrain
- Climate,
- Economic development.
- Industries
- Cities and towns

RAILWAYS
- The first railway line started in 1853 between Bombay and thane
- It is the largest govt. Sector with the length of 66030 km
- It is divided into 16 zones
Northern –New Delhi
2. North Eastern – Gorakhpur
3. NE Frontier – Maligaon
4. N.WesternJaipur,
5.N.Central - Allahabad
6.Western Church Gate Mumbai
7.W. Central – Jabalpur
8. Central CST Mumbai
9. E.Central – Hajipur
10. Eastern-Kol 11. S.Western – Hubli
12. S.Central Secunderabad
13. SE Central-Bilaspur
14. South Eastern-Kolkota
15. Southern- Chennai
16. East Coast-Bhubaneshwar

RAILWAY GAUGES (In March 2016):
- Broad gauge :1.676 mts. 60510 km ,
- Meter gauge: 1m 3880 km
- Narrow gauge -0.762mts & 0.610 mts.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILWAYS
- Conversion of meter and narrow gauges into broad gauge
- Steam engines are replaced by diesel and electrical engines
- Introduction of metro railways
- Use of CNG
- Introduction of internet
- Computerization of reservation
- Container services

WATER TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES
- Cheapest means of transport
- Least consumption of energy
- Suitable for heavy bulky goods
- No friction
- Eco friendly

FACTS ABOUT WATER TRANSPORT
- There are two types of Inland water ways
- Cheapest mode of transport
- Competition from road ways and railways
- Water diversion from the rivers cause less navigable
- Total 14500 km of navigable water ways
- Account 1% of transport
- It consists of rivers, canals, backwaters creeks
- 5685 km of navigable rivers are available
- 2000 km actually used
- Canals are controlled by inland water way authority

There are five inland waterways in India with 10 more to be upgraded.

OCEAN ROUTES
India has coastline about 7517 km there are 12 major ports and 185 minor ports
95 % of India foreign trade and 70 % of value in trade takes place through sea ways
AIR TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES
- Fastest means of transport
- Connect remote areas
- no need to maintain routes and construct
- Suitable for emergency times
- All continents are connected by air ways
- Suitable for difficult terrain
- Reduce travel time
- Maintained by airport authority
- It maintains 126 minor airports 11 international air ports and 86 domestic airports
- 29 civil defense
- There are three divisions
- Air India: provide international air services, Connects all continents
- Delhi and Mumbai air ports accounts for 52% of air service Indian airlines connect Indian subcontinent
- It is the part of air India Pawan Hans helicopter services serves in north eastern states

PIPELINES ADVANTAGES
- Most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distance
- Least consumption of energy
- Suitable for mountain areas and sea bottom
- Asia’s cross country pipe line is constructed between Naharkatia oil field and

Barauni oil refinery
- with the length of 1157 km, it was extended up to Kanpur in 1966 Other pipe lines are Ankaleswar to Koyali , Mumbai High to Koyali Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur
- Salaiya to Mathura – 1256 km
- Numaligarh to Siliguri 660km

COMMUNICATION
- It is divided into
Personal- Mobile, internet Mass - Radio, TV
- Personal communication has become most important. At present user can contact with
the customer directly Fastest means of communication Communication revolution came into world through internet.
- Mass communication consists of radio, TV and satellite communication. Satellite communication is the recent development most useful at the time of emergency. When all other communications are failed it is the only communication which can be used.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication MCQs

Question. In how many zones has the Indian Railways system been divided?
a. 9
b. 16
c. 12
d. 14
Answer. B

Question. On which river and between which two places does the National WaterWay No. 1 lie?
a. The Brahmaputra, Sadiya-Dhubri
b. The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
c. West Coast Canal, Kottapuram to Kollam
d. None of the above
Answer. B

Question. In which of the following year, the first radio programme was broadcast?
a. 1911
b. 1927
c. 1936
d. 1923
Answer. D

Question. Nagpur plan is associated with which of the following?
a. Railway modernisation
b. Road modernisation
c. Waterway development
d. Airways development
Answer. B

Question. Which one of the following is the longest National Highway of India?
a NH-1
b NH-7
c NH-6
d NH-8
Answer. B

Question. Which of these provide helicopter services in hilly areas in the North-East region in India?
a. Air India Ltd.
b. Pawan Hans Ltd.
c. Indian airlines
d. BHEL Ltd.
Answer. B

Question. Match the following:-
Railway Zones         Headquarters
A. Eastern              1. Chennai
B. Northern            2. Secundrabad
C. Southern           3. Kolkata
D. South central     4. New Delhi
A B C D
a. 1 2 3 4
b. 2 3 1 4
c. 3 4 1 2
d. 4 3 2 1
Answer. C

Question. Name the Headquarters of Northern Railway Zone of India?
a Lucknow
b Kanpur
c New Delhi
d Chandigarh
Answer. C

Question. The Golden Quadrilateral connects which of these cities?
a Delhi- Kerala-chennai-Mumbai
b Goa- Delhi-Kolkata-Assam
c Delhi- Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
d Delhi- Chennai- Bengaluru-Pune
Answer. C

Question. Transport industry is comprised of which of the following components?
(a) Transport arteries
(b) Vehicles to carry people and goods.
(c) Organisation to maintain routes
(d) All of the above
Answer. D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Higher living standards and quality of life also depend upon efficient transportation and communication.
II. Assured and speedy transportation supplemented by efficient communication systems also promotes cooperation and unity among people living at different places in a country.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct.
(b) Both I and II are correct
(c) Only II is correct
(d) Both are incorrect.
Answer. B

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Freight transport by road has become important.
II. Road transport provides door to door services.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both statements are incorrect
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains statement I.
Answer. D

Question. With the invention of the internal combustion engine,which of the following transport became important?
(a) Railways
(b) Road Transport
(c) Water Transport
(d) Pipelines
Answer. B

Question. The length of Australian rail network is about ……… km.
(a) 6000
(b) 50,000
(c) 40,000
(d) 120,000
Answer. C

Question. The Union and Pacific Railways connects which of these two cities?
(a) New York to Los Angeles
(b) New York to San Francisco
(c) New York to Chicago
(d) Chicago to San Francisco
Answer. B

Question. Arrange the following seaports of South American continent from North to South direction.
I. Rio De Janeiro sea port
II. Montevideo sea port
III. Callao sea port
IV. Belem sea port
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) IV, III, II, I
(c) I, IV, III, II
(d) IV, III, I, II
Answer. D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options.
I. Trade of commodities depends upon transport.
II. Transport provides a network of links which is essential for trade.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both the statements are incorrect.
(d) Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement I.
Answer. D

Question. Arrange the following satellites in chronological order.
I. Rohini
II. APPLE
III. Aryabhatt
IV. Bhaskar-I
Codes
(a) I, II, III, IV
(b) IV, III, II, I
(c) III, IV, I, II
(d) I, IV, III, II
Answer. C

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Classify roads on the basis of construction and maintenance.
Answer. Roads classified based on construction and maintenance – National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), District Roads and Rural Roads

Question. Name the states with highest and lowest density of roads.
Answer. Highest- Kerala
Lowest – Jammu and Kashmir

Question. Which means of transport is being used widely in India for trading?
Answer. Water transport or oceanic routes

Question. What is NRSC? Where is its headquarters
Answer. The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad provides facilities for acquisition of data and its processing. These are very useful in the management of natural resources.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication Short Answer Type Questions

Question. What are the functions of National Highway Authority of India.
Answer. 
- The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995.
- It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport.
- It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways.
- This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as National Highways.

Question. What is State Highways? Write their features.
Answer. 
- Constructed and maintained by state governments.
- Join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns.
- These roads are connected to the National Highways.
- These constitute 4 per cent of total road length in the country.

Question. Explain the functions of Border Roads Organization.
Answer. 
- The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960. Functions:
- Accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-eastern boundary of the country.
- The BRO also undertakes snow clearance in high altitude areas

Question. Give the reasons for regional variations of the low density of roads in India. Reasons for regional variations:
Answer. 
- The density of roads is influenced by nature of terrain and level of economic development.
- Construction of road is easy and cheaper in the plain areas.
- It is difficult and costly in hilly, mountainous and plateau areas.
- The density and quality of roads is relatively better in plain areas as compared to hilly areas, rainy and forested areas.
- Inaccessible areas also have less density of roads in India.
- Areas having low economic development have less dense network of roads

Question. What is the significance of Konkan railway? Significance of Konkan railway:
Answer. 
- One of the important achievements of Indian Railways has been the construction of Konkan Railway in 1998.
- It is 760-km long rail route connecting Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka.
- It is considered an engineering marvel. It crosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000 bridges and 91 tunnels.
- Asia’s largest tunnel which is nearly 6.5 km long, also lies on this route.
- States of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are partners in this undertaking

Question. What is pipeline? Describe it’s advantages and disadvantages.
Answer. Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distances. Even solids can also be transported by pipelines after converting them into slurry.
Advantages-
- It is a cheap means of transport and can be laid through difficult terrains, dense forest, deserts and high mountains
- It involves low energy consumption. Disadvantages-
- Cost of laying the pipeline is very high
- Leakage in the pipeline can cause serious disasters
- Maintaining the security of pipeline is difficult.
- All solid substances can not be transported

Question. What are the major projects of NHAI?
Answer. NHAI has taken up some major projects in the country under different phases :
i. Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846-km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai Chennai- Kolkata. With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time, distance and cost in of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised.
ii. North-South and East-West Corridors :North-South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076-km long road.
iii. East-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640-km of road length.

Question. Classify the Indian Railway into three categories on the basis of width of the track? Write any one feature of each.
Answer. On the basis of the width of track of the Indian Railways, three categories have been made:
- Broad gauge: The distance between rails in broad gauge is 1.676 metre. The total length of broad gauge lines was 60510 km in March 2016.
- Metre gauge: The distance between rails is one mere. Its total length was 3880 km in March 2016.
- Narrow gauge: The distance between the rails in this case is 0.762 metre or 0.610 metre. The total length of narrow guage was 2297 km in March 2016. It is generally confined to hilly areas.

Question. Classify the satellite system of India. Explain the main feature of each.
Answer. On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system in India can be grouped into two:
Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
- It was established in 1983
- It is a multi-purpose satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological observation.
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
- The IRS satellite system became operational with the launching of IRS-IA in
- March 1988 from Vaikanour in Russia.
- It collects data in several spectral bands and transmit them to the ground stations for various uses.
- It is useful in the management of natural resources

Question. Explain why inland water transport is an important mode of transport.
Answer. 
- Inland water is an important mode of transport because:
- It was the chief mode of transport before the advent of railways.
- It contributes about 1% of the country’s transportation.
- It provides cheap means of transport.
- It also attracts large number of tourists.

Question. Discuss briefly the North Atlantic Sea Route and the South Atlantic Sea Route.
Answer. The North Atlantic Sea Route connects the two industrially developed regions of the world which are North-Eastern USA and North-Western Europe. It accounts for one-fourth of world’s foreign trade. It is the busiest route in the world. The other name of this route is Big Trunk Route. This route has highly advanced ports and harbour facilities. The South Atlantic Sea Route links West European and West African countries with Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in South America. There is limited development and population in South America and Africa. Hence, there is little traffic on this route. The traffic is very low on the route between Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town.

Question. Distinguish between National Highways and State Highways.
Answer. Differences between National Highways and State Highways are

Question. What are the important characteristics of border roads?
Answer. The important characteristics of border roads are
- These roads are constructed on the international borders by some specialised agency in a country.
- These roads are important for strategic as well as defence purposes as they help in providing access to strategically important areas along the borders.
- These roads are important for the economy of the people living along the border areas as these are used to supply goods and connect the border areas with major cities.
- It helps in providing security to the country as in case of any conflict at the borders, sufficient action can be taken early.
- These roads also provide a good transport system to the people living in the border areas of a country.

Question. “Communication through satellites emerged as a new area in communication technology since the 1970s”.
State the advantages of satellite communication in India.
Answer. The advantages of satellite communication in India are
- Satellites are an important mode of communication. The use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has made satellite communication very useful.
- India has made great strides in satellite development. Bhaskar, Challenger and INSAT I-B have made long distance communication, television and radio veryeffective.
- With the use of satellite communication, people can get weather updates of an area. It is also easier to monitor the natural calamites.
- Satellites are used to forecast monsoon rains in India.
These forecast help farmers in planning their crops during monsoon.

Question. In modern times, communication has become specialised. Explain.
Answer. It is true that Communication has become specialised in modern times as earlier people majorly used transport system not only for movement of goods and people but also to send their messages through men. Communication system was not much developed in that period.
Gradually, communication developed and use of different means came into existence, like telegraphs, pagers, telephones, etc. In modern times, new forms of communication like mobile phones, satellite communication, internet, television, radio have been developed which have enhanced the connectivity and brought people more closer to each other. These specialised and modern communication systems have globalised the world.

Question. Describe any three major problems of road transport in the world. 
Answer. Major problems of road transport in the world are
(i) During rainy days, the roads which are unmetalled are damaged seriously. Even unmetalled roads are washed away by floods, which results in breaking up the road network.
(ii) The road transport system records heavy traffic.When roads cannot cope up with the demands of traffic on the road, roads are heavily congested.
(iii) Huge amounts of money is required for construction and maintenance of roads which affects the quality of roads, mainly in developing countries. Road networks of the world are not fully developed.

Question. Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world. Explain this statement.
Answer. Air transport has brought a connectivity revolution in the world in the following ways.
- More than 250 commercial airlines offer transport services throughout the world.
- The areas which were previously inaccessible due to difficult terrain and harsh climate can now be accessed easily by air transport services. For example, the airplanes supply various items of common use to the Eskimos living in regions where the ground is permanently frozen and roads and railways cannot reach there.
- The areas in mountain regions, which become inaccessible due to landslide and avalanches can be reached by air transport.
- The travelling time has reduced from months to days and hours. With new developments such as supersonic aircrafts, the distance between places is reduce greatly like between London and New York.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Name the longest Trans-continental railway of the world. Describe its any four features.
Or Describe the significance of ‘Trans-Siberian’ Railway. 
Answer. Trans-Siberian railway is the longest Trans-continental railway of the world. The Trans-Siberian railways runs from St. Petersburg in theWest to Vladivostok the Pacific coast in the East. It is Asia’ most important route.
Features and significance of the Trans-Siberian railways are
- It connects various important commercial and industrial centres such as Moscow, Ufa, Irkustsk, Chita etc. These centres are important for the economy of the region.
- In Asia, it is the longest as well as double tracked and electrified railways. Due to this, it is possible to link Asian and European markets.
- This railway line has connecting links further Southwards. It connects Odessa in Ukraine, Baku on the Caspian Coast, Tashkent in Uzbekistan etc.
- This railway line is important for trade and commerce between the continents of Asia and Europe. It provides integration of both continents in terms of their economy and society.

Question. ‘Trans-Canadian railway line is considered as the economic artery of Canada.’ Support the statement with suitable examples. 
Or Which is the longest Trans-continental railway of North America? Describe its any four features.
Or Describe the significance of ‘Trans-Canadian Railway’.
Answer. Trans-Canadian railway line is considered as the economic artery of Canada. It is the longest Trans-continental railway line in North America. It covers a distance of 7050 km, running from Halifax in the East to Vancouver on the Pacific Coast. It is economically significant in Canada because
- It connects the important industrial cities of Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Calgary. Goods and people can be easily transported to and from these economic centres with the railways.
- It connects Quebec-Montreal industrial region with the wheat but of Prairie region. Thus, raw materials and finished products are transported with these railways.
- The line also connects the Coniferous forest region in the North to the Quebec Montreal and the Prairies. All these regions have become complementary to each other and they support economic activities.
- A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunderbay (Lake Superior) connects this rail line with one of the most important waterways in the world. This is used for exporting various products.

Question. What is the importance of railways as a mode of land transport? Explain any four main features of the railway network in Europe. 
Or Explain any five characteristics of rail transport in Europe.
Answer. Importance of railways as a mode of land transport are
- Railways provide the cheapest and most convenient mode of passenger transport both for long distance and sub-urban traffic.
- Railways have played a significant role in development and growth of industries. These help in supplying raw materials and other facilities to the factory sites and finished goods to the market.
- They also form the connecting link between the ocean vessels, barges, boats, motor trucks and pipelines.
- Railways are specially suited for transport of bulky materials like coal, petroleum and ores over long distances.
The characteristics of rail transport in Europe are
- The density of rail network is high in Europe. It is considered as one of the most dense rail networks in the world.
- The rail network is either double tracked or multiple-tracked. The total length of rail network is 4,40,000 km.
- Railways carries more passenger traffic as compared to freight in European countries.
- The rail network has underground railways in Europe.For example, underground railways in London, Pairs, Moscow.
- There are various cities that form important nodes in the rail network. These are London, Paris, Milan, Berlin, Warsaw etc.

Question. What is the significance of inland waterways?
Explain the three factors responsible for the development of inland waterways in the world.
Or Analyse the three factors that affect the development of inland waterways. Explain the significance of Rhine inland waterwasys. 
Answer. The significance of inland waterways is
- Inland waterways are suitable for transportation with the help of rivers, canals, creeks etc.
- These are used for carrying both passengers and cargo.
- These are the only means of transport in the dense forests.
- They are suitable for carrying heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber, metallic ores etc.
The three factors responsible for the development of inland waterways in the world are
(i) Navigability This means proper width and depth of the inland waterway that makes navigation possible.
(ii) Water Flow If there is continuous flow of water throughout the year then ships, boats can easily move in the waterways so waterflow is an essential factor.
(iii) Transport Technology Development of proper technology so that heavy cargo like coal, timber, metallic ores can also be easily transported factor for development of inland waterways.
The significance of Rhine waterway is
- It flows through a rich coal field which has made the whole region a prosperous manufacturing area of Germany.
- The waterway links the industrial areas of Germany,France, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands with North Atlantic sea routes, which boosts the industries.
- Ocean going vessels can reach up to cologne through this waterway as it is navigable for 700 km .
- It is the busiest waterways as 20,000 ships and 2,00,000 inland vessels exchange cargos marking it a centre of international trade and commerce.

Question. Which continent has the highest road density? Why do traffic congestions occur on road? Explain any three measures to solve the problem of traffic congestion.
Answer. North America has the highest road density. About 33% of world’s total motorable road length is present in North America. North America also accounts for the highest number of vehicles as compared to Europe.
There is a problem of chronic traffic congestion in most of the cities of the world because of the failure of the road networks in meeting the demands of traffic. In recent years, the traffic on roads has substantially increased. Peaks and troughs of traffic flow on roads can be seen at different times of the day.
The measures to solve the problem of traffic congestion are
(i) Increasing Parking Fee The parking fee for private vehicles should be increased. It will discourage them in using their private vehicles. This will reduce the number of vehicles on the roads and reduce traffic congestion.
(ii) Public Transport Public transport facilities such as public bus service, metro rails, trains etc. should be improved. It will encourage people to use public transport facilities which will substantially reduce the road traffic. Public transport connectivity should be enhanced.
(iii) Expressways Highways and expressways should be constructed. These expressways and highways are wider and larger. They provide seamless connectivity to the people and also accommodate more number of vehicles. This also reduces congestion considerably.

Question.“ Indian railways brought people of diverse cultures together”. Support this statement with examples.
Answer. 
- Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.
- Indian Railways is the largest government undertaking in the country. The length of Indian Railways network was 66,030 km as on 31March 2015.
- It connects people of different regions through its 16 zones.
- It facilitates the movement of goods passengers and contributes to the growth of economy.
- People from different languages, customs and food habits could connect with each other through Indian Railways. By this people of different languages and customs meet and a mix culture is developing and India is developing as “Nation” from “Federation of States”.

Question. Classify means of communication on the basis of scale and quality into two categories. Explain any two characteristics of each category.
Answer. Classification of means of communication on the basis of scale and quality:
1. Personal communication
2. Mass communication
Characteristics:
Personal communication
- Internet is the most effective and advanced one.
- It is widely used in urban areas.
- It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information.
- It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions.
- The internet is a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information on various items.
- The network through internet and e-mail provides an efficient access to information at a comparatively low cost.
- It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.
Mass communication
- Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. and changed the socio-cultural life of people.
- Television broadcasting emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium for disseminating information and educating masses.
- Use of satellite and synoptic view of larger area for economic and strategic reasons.

Question. Describe any five characteristics of National Highways of India
Answer. Characteristics of National Highways of India:
- Constructed and maintained by the central government
- Meant for inter- state transport.
- Meant for movement of defense men and material in strategic areas.
- They connect the cities in different parts ( state, capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions) of traffic.
- They constitute about 2 per cent of the total road length and 40 per cent of the road traffic.
- It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of National Highways.

Question. List the factors which affect the inland water transport?
Answer. 1. Navigability of the water body/channel.
2. Width and depth of the Canal/rivers etc.
3. Continuity in the water flow.
4. Transport technology
5. Demand

Question. Why is Road transport better than rail transport?
Answer. (i) Construction and maintenance is cheaper than railways.
(ii) Provides “Door to Door” services.
(iii) Can be constructed over undulating terrain.

Question. List out the advantages of pipeline transport.
Answer. (i) Pipeline can be laid through difficult terrain as well as under water.
(ii) Initial cost of laying pipeline is high but subsequent cost of maintenance and operation is low.
(iii) Pipelines ensure steady supply.
(iv) It minimizes tranship losses and delays.
(v) It incolves very low consumption of energy.
(vi) It is a quick, cheap, efficient and environment friendly mode of transportation

The mode of communication can be divided into personal and mass communication. Among all the personal communication system internet is the most effective and advanced one. It is widely used in urban areas. It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information. It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions. It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.

Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. It was changed to All India Radio in 1936 and to Akashwani in 1957. All India Radio broadcasts a variety of programmes related to information, education and entertainment. Television broadcasting has emerged as the most effective medium for disseminating information and educating masses. Satellites are mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other means of communication. However, use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area has made satellite communication very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons.

Question. On what basis communication is classified as personal and mass communication?
a. Design and scale
b. Scale and quality
c. Scale and quantity
d. Design and Quality
Answer. B

Question. Which among the following is the most advanced form of personal communication?
a. Television
b. Radio
c. Telephone
d. Internet
Answer. D

Question. Which among the following is an effective audio- visual form of communication?
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Satellite
d. News paper
Answer. B

Question. What are the advantages of satellite?
a. Weather forecast
b. Monitoring of natural calamities
c. Surveillance of border areas
d. All of the above
Answer. D

1. Read the map given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.

Question. Which of the following railway lines is shown on the map?
(a) Trans-Canadian Railways
(b) The Union and Pacific Railways
(c) The Australian Trans-Continental Railways
(d) The Orient Express.
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following is the terminal station of this railway line?
(a) Forrest
(b) Port Pirie
(c) Perth
(d) Albury
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following is the Southern most station of this railway line?
(a) Broken hill
(b) Albury
(c) Melbourne
(d) Sydney
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following ports is located on the coast of Spencer Gulf through which this railway line passes?
(a) Forrest
(b) Port Augusta
(c) Port Pirie
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer. D

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow.

One of the great advantages of water transportation is that it does not require route construction. The oceans are linked with each other and are negotiable with ships of various sizes. All that is needed is to provide port facilities at the two ends. It is much cheaper because the friction of water is far less than that of land. The energy cost of water transportation is lower. Water transport is divided into sea routes and inland waterways.

Rivers, canals, lakes and coastal areas have been important waterways since time immemorial. Boats and steamers are used as means of transport for cargo and passengers. The development of inland waterways is dependent on the navigability width and depth of the channel, continuity in the water flow and transport technology in use. Rivers are the only means of transport in dense forests. Very heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber and metallic ores can be transported through inland waterways. In ancient times, riverways were the main highways of transportation as in the case of India. But they lost importance because of competition from railways, lack of water due to diversion for irrigation and their poor maintenance. The significance of rivers as inland waterways for domestic and international transport and trade has been recognised throughout the developed world. Despite inherent limitations, many rivers have been modified to enhance their navigability by dredging, stabilising river banks and building dams and barrages for regulating the flow of water. The following river waterways are some of the world’s important highways of commerce.

Question. What is water transport?
Answer. Water transport is the process of moving people, goods etc by boat ferries, ships or sailboats over water bodies like sea, oceans, lakes, canals,rivers etc.

Question. How inland waterways are different from sea routes?
Answer. Inland waterways are rivers, lakes, canals used for transportation within the country but sea routes are water transportation routes on seas and oceans.

Question. In what ways, oceanic routes are beneficial for us?
Answer. Oceanic routes are beneficial in the following ways
- There is no need to construct routes over the oceans due to which the construction cost is saved.
- It is much cheaper mode of transport because of the less friction of water as compared to land.

Picture based question questions

1. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows-

Question. Identify and name the type of road?
Answer. International highways

Question. How are they important for the country?
Answer. They help in maintaining harmonious relationship with our neighbouring countries

Question. Which organization constructs roads in high altitude mountainous terrain?
Answer. BRO

Question. How many waterways are declared as National waterway by the Government?
Answer. Five

Question. Identify the National waterway shown on the map.
Answer. National waterway No 3

Question. What is the stretch of the given National waterway ?
Answer. Kollam -Kottapuram

GIST OF THE LESSON:

GENERAL: Transport is a service for the carriage of persons and goods from one place to the other using human’s animals and different kind of vehicles, Movement may be on the land, water, in the air.

MODES OF TRANSPORT

LAND,WATER &AIR

LAND TRANSPORT: most of the transport is done over the land such as man, animals, vehicles, pipelines
It is changed due to invention of steam engine, coal, petroleum. Revolution in transport system

ROAD
- Most economical
- Suitable for short distances
- Suitable for rural areas and hilly areas
- Cheapest means of transport
- Supplementary to the other means of transport
- Door to door service
- Easy to construct and maintain
- There are metaled and un-metaled roads
- Not suitable during rainy season
- Quality of roads depends on country
- Developed countries have good roads
- The total motor able road length is 15 million km 33% N. America
- Highest road density is found inWest Europe
- Traffic flows; increased in recent years. Problems of road ways
- Lack of road side amenities
- Congestion in cities

HIGHWAYS
- Connect distant places. 80meters wide separate traffic lanes bridges, flyovers and dual carriageways help for traffic flow
- Every city and port is connected with highways
- NORTH AMERICA: road density is 0.65 km per sq km
- Every place is within 20km from highway,
- Cities located in the Pacific Ocean are well connected,
- Trans Canadian highway links Vancouver in British Columbia to St. John city in the east.
- Pan American highway connects South America with North America
- Trans -continental Stuart highway connects Darwin with Alice Springs
- Europe has highest no. of vehicles
- In Russia dense highway network is developed in the industrial region
- In china cities are connected with highways
- In India there are many highways connecting cities
- Border roads connect the countries and integrate the people

RAILWAYS
- Suitable for bulky goods, longer distances, high speed , cheap, it varies from country to country
- Types of gauges
Broad gauge:
1. 5 meters 2. Standard gauge: 1.44m 3. Meter gauge : 1: 00 meter 4. Smaller gauges
- Commuter railways are very popular in In UK , USA Japan and India
- There are 13 lakh km of railways in the world
- Europe has densest network in the world
- They are double and multi tracked Belgium has highest density 1km/ 6.5 sq.km industrial regions have highest density of railways
- Underground railways are important between Paris and London ex. Channel tunnel operated by Euro tunnel group
- Most of the railways are found in Urals in Russia
- 40% of rail network is found in North America
- In Canada railways are in public sector
- Australia has 40000 km of railways 25% is found in new southWales
- In South America Rail network is found in Coffee Fazendas and pampas
- There is only one continental rail between Valparaiso and Buenos Aires
- Asia has highest density of rail network
- Africa has 40000 km of rail network south Africa has alone 18000 km or rail net work
- The important routes are
1. Benguela railway throughAngola to Katanga Zambia copper belt
2. Tanzania Railway from the Zambian copper belt to Dar-Es Salam on the coast
- The railway through Botswana and Zimbabwe linking the landlocked states to the Republic of South Africa

TRANS CONTINENTAL RAILWAYS
- Run across the continent
- Link two ends of the continent
- Constructed for economic and political reasons

1. TRANS SIBERIAN RAILWAY
- CONNECT St. Petersburg on the west Vladivostok in the east
- Pass through Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk
- Longest with the length of 9332 km
- Double tracked and electrified
- Helped in connecting west markets to Asian region in the east

2. TRANS CANADIAN RAILWAY
- 7050 KM long connect Halifax in the east, with Vancouver on the west coast
- Connect Montreal, OttawaWinnipeg Calgary
- Constructed in 1886
- Connect Quebec industrial region with wheat belt of prairie region
- It also connectsWinnipeg to thunder water way
- This is Canada s important train route
- Wheat and meat are important exports

3. THE UNION & PACIFIC RAILWAY
- Connect New York on the pacific coast with San Francisco on the west coast
- Pass through Cleveland, Chicago, Omaha , Evans Ogden Sacramento
- Important exports are ores, grain paper, chemicals and machinery

4. THEAUSTRALIAN TRANS CONTINENTAL RAILWAY
- Run east west across southern part of Australia
- Connect Sydney on the east to Perth on the west coast
- Connect Kalgoorli, Broken Hill Port Augusta
- Another major line connects from Adelaide and Alice Springs also joins with this line

5. THE ORIENT EXPRESS
- Runs from Paris to Istanbul
- Pass through Strasbourg , Munich, Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade
- The travel time from London to Istanbul reduced to 96 hours against 10 days
- The exports are cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, and machinery
- There is a proposal to connect Istanbulwith Bangkok through Iran, Pakistan, India , Bangladesh and Myanmar

WATER TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES
- Cheapest
- Suitable for heavy and bulky goods
- No friction
- Lest consumption of fuel
- no route construction
- Various types of ships can travel
- Port facilities to be provided

OCEAN ROUTES
- Connect continents
- Connect longer distances
- Cheapest and smooth travel
- No maintenance cost
- Modern liners equipped with radar, wireless and other navigation aids, development of refrigerated chambers for perishable goods containers used to transport goods easily

IMPORTANT OCEAN ROUTES
I . THE NORTHERN ATLANTIC SEA ROUTE
- connect NE USA withWest Europe
- connect two industrially developed countries
- highest trade is taking place on this route
- ¼ th trade takes place through this route
- This is called Big Trunk route
- Connect with old world with new world

THE MEDITERRANEAN-INDIAN OCEAN ROUTE
- ConnectWest Europe with north Africa, south Africa, and Australia
- Before Suez canal this was an important sea route
- The distance was 6400 longer than Suez canal between Liverpool to Colombo
- The important exports are gold, diamond, copper, tin groundnut , oil palm coffee and fruits

THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE SEA ROUTE
- Connect west European with west African countries
- Less traffic because of less developed countries

NORTH PACIFIC SEA ROUTE
- Connect west coast of North America with Asia
- Connect Vancouver with Yokohama

THE SOUTH PACIFIC SEA ROUTE
- Connect with North America withWest Europe
- Also connect with Australia and New Zealand
- Connect scattered islands of pacific Ocean
- The distance is 12000 km between Panama and Sydney

COASTAL SHIPPING
1. It is convenient for the countries with long coast line
- Ex. USA China India
- It can reduce the congestion on land routes

SUEZ CANAL
- Constructed in 1869 between Port said and port Suez
- Connect Mediterranean and Red Sea
- The distance reduced 6400 km between Liverpool and Colombo
- The length is 160 km 11 to 15 meters depth
- 100 ships can travel each day
- Time taken is 12 hours
- Toll is heavy some time it is better to go by cape route
- A railway line follow along this canal
- A navigable fresh canal also follows from Nile

THE PANAMACANAL
- Connects pacific coast with Atlantic coast
- The length is 72 km
- It has SIX lock systems
- It is 26 meters above sea level
- It reduces distance between New York and San Francisco about 13000km
- The economic importance is less then Suez canal

INLANDWATERWAYS
- Rivers, canals, lakes are the means of inland waterways.
- Boats and steamers are used
- Development depends on a. navigability , water flow transport technology in use, breadth & depth of the channal
- Rivers are only means of transport in the dense forest
- Heavy cargo can be transported through canals
- Problems of Inland water ways are –
- Competition with other means of ways
- Diversion of water to the fields for imigation
- Poor maintenance
- Domestic and international trade can be done through rivers
- By dredging, stabilizing river banks and building dams and barrages for regulating the flow of water

THE RHINEWATERWAYS
- Flow through Germany and Netherlands
- It is navigable up to 700 km form Rotterdam to Basel
- It flows through rich coalfield and industrial region
- It is heavily used inland water way in the world
- Connects with industrial areas of Switzerland with Netherlands

THE DANUBE WATERWAY
- Serves Eastern Europe
- It raises in the Black forest flows many countries
- The chief exports are wheat, maize timber , and machinery

VOLGAWATERWAY
- Most important water way in Russia
- Provides navigable way up to 12000 km
- Drains into Caspian sea
- Volga Moscow canal connect with this canal
- Volga don canal with Black sea

THE GREAT LAKES ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY
- Lake superior , Huron Erie and Ontario are connected by SOO canal andWelland canal
- Estuary of St. Lawrence river form a inland water way
- DULUTH and Buffalo are equipped with all facilities
- The goods are transshipped to small vessels because of rapids
- Canal is 3.5 meters deep

AIR TRANSPORT
Advantages
- Fastest means of transport
- Suitable for longer distances
- Suitable for rugged terrain
- Connect with distant places
- Most comfortable
- Suitable for snow and forest areas
- Suitable in disaster areas
It requires
- Capital intensive, maintenance, infrastructure like hangars, landing fuelling facilities
- Mostly found in developed countries
- No place in the world is more than 35 hours distance
- Distance is measured in hours and minutes
- There are more than 250 commercial airline are working in the world

INTERCONTINANTALAIR LINES
- There is dense network of air route in the northern hemisphere
- Densest one connects USA andWest Europe
- USA alone accounts for 60% of air traffic
- There is limited air services between 10-35 degrees latitudes due to sparse population , limited landmass and economic development

PIPE LINES
ADVANTAGES
- Used to transport liquid and gases and also solids by converting into slurry
- Un interrupted flow
- Least consumption of fuel
- Suitable in the high mountains and sea bottom
- Water, gas, milk also supplied through pipelines
- USA has dense network of pipe lines
- Big Inch is one of the important pipeline connecting Gulf of Mexico with NE
USA
- In other countries it is used to transport oil from oil field to oil refineries
- Iran –India pipeline will be longest in the world

COMMUNICATION
1. Telegraph and telephone are important means of communication
2. During mid-twentieth century AT&T was the monopoly company in the world
- Optical Fiber cable is the breakthrough in the communication
- THE OFC has following advantages 1.100% error free 2. Large quantity of data can be transferred 3. Security 4.rapid

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
- The revolution has come with the invention of Satellite and connection with computers
- It is called INTERNET
- It was started in 1970 after in USA
- It is cheapest among the communication system,
- In India it is started in 1979 with Bhaskar –I Rohini -1980 APPLE 1981, after INSAT series

CYBER SPACE
- Computer space , it is encompassed withWWW, it is electronic digital world connecting computers through network
- The majority of users are in USA UK Germany, Japan China India.

One marks question

Q1. Name two terminals of the ‘Orient Express’.
Answer. Paris and Istanbul.

Q2. Name the famous petroleum pipeline which connects the oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico to the North Eastern states in USA.
Answer. Big inch

Q3. Which are the two major regions of the world having very dense network of Airways?
Answer. Eastern USA andWestern Europe
Three marks question

Q1. List the factors which affect the inland water transport?
Answer. 1. Navigability of the water body/channel.
2. Width and depth of the Canal/rivers etc.
3. Continuity in the water flow.
4. Transport technology
5. Demand

Q2. Why is Road transport better than rail transport?
Answer. (i) Construction and maintenance is cheaper than railways.
(ii) Provides “Door to Door” services.
(iii) Can be constructed over undulating terrain.

Five marks question

Q1. List out the advantages of pipeline transport.
Answer. (i) Pipeline can be laid through difficult terrain as well as under water.
(ii) Initial cost of laying pipeline is high but subsequent cost ofmaintenance and operation is low.
(iii) Pipelines ensure steady supply.
(iv) It minimizes tranship losses and delays.
(v) It incolves very low consumption of energy.
(vi) It is a quick, cheap, efficient and environment friendly mode of transportation

More Important Points

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

LAND

1. Road

2. Railway

3. Pipe Lines

WATER

1. Inland

2. Oceanic

AIR

1. Domestic

2. International

LAND TRANSPORT

ROAD TRANSPORT

• Total road length is 33.1 lakh km

• 80% passengers, and 70% of freight are carried by roads

• Sher shah suri road connect Indus valley to Sone valley

• It is renamed as grand trunk road

• At present it connects Amritsar to Kolkata

CLASSIFAICATION OF RAODS

I NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

• Constructed and maintained by central govt./NHAI

• Meant for inter state transport

• Movement of defense men and material

• Connect state capitals

• Total length is 65769 km

• Accounts 2% of road length

• Carry 40% of traffic

• Golden quadrilateral 5846 km, 4/6/lane.High density traffic, connectmetro cities, time distance and cost distance decreased n-s corridor connect Srinagar to Kanya kumari (4076 km)

East west corridor connect Porbandar to Silchar (3640)

STATE HIGHWAYS
♦ Constructed and maintained by statePWD
♦ Connect state capitals with Dist. Hqs.
♦ account for 4% of road length

DISTRICT ROADS
♦ Connect Dist.,. HQ with other towns
♦ account for 14% of road length

RURAL ROADS
♦ Connect rural areas
♦ accounts 80% of road length
♦ Regional variation in road density
♦ Influenced by terrain and climate

OTHER ROADS BORDER ROADSAND INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAYS
♦ BRO was established in 1960
♦ Helps to develop economy
♦ strengthen the defense
♦ Improvements in connecting the strategic points
♦ It is a premier multifaceted construction agency
♦ Highest road way connects Manali –Leh with4270 mts. altitude
♦ Maintain harmonious relation with neighboring countries
Highest road density is 387.24 /100sq. km in Kerala lowest road density is 10.48 /100 sq km in j&k It is high in northern plains and low in mountain Areas

FACTORS INFLUENCING ROADWAYS
♦ Terrain 2. Climate, 3. Economic development. 4. Industries 5. Cities and towns RAILWAYS
♦ The first railway line started in 1853 between Bombay and thane
♦ It is the largest govt. Sector with the length of 63221 km
♦ It is divided into 16 zones

Northern – 1. New Delhi 2. North Eastern – Gorkpur 3. NE Frontier – Maligoan 4. N.Western- Jaipur, 5.N.Central -Allahabad 6.Western Church Gate Mumbai 7.W. Central – Jabalpur 8. Central CST Mumbai 9. E.Central – Hajipur 10. Eastern-Kol 11. S.Western – Hubli 12. S.Central- Seceuderabad 13. SE Central-bilaspur 14. Seastern-Kolkota 15. Southern- Chennai 16. East Coast- BBSR Coal is transported in large volume by railways
RAILWAY GAUGES : broad gauge :1.676 mts. 46807 km 74.145 meter gauge: 1.ooo mts. 13290 km 21.02% narrow gauge 0.672mts & 0.610 mts. 4.94% 3124 km

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILWAYS
♦ Conversion of meter and narrow gauges into broad gauge
♦ Steam engines are replaced by diesel and electrical engines
♦ Introduction of metro railways
♦ Use of CNG
♦ Introduction of internet
♦ Computerization of reservation
♦ container services

WATER TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES
♦ Cheapest means of transport
♦ Least consumption of energy
♦ Suitable for heavy bulky goods
♦ No friction
♦ Eco friendly

FACTS ABOUTWATER TRANSPORT
♦ There are two types of Inland water ways
♦ Cheapest mode of transport
♦ Competition from road ways and railways
♦ Water diversion from the rivers cause less navigable
♦ Total 14500 km of navigable water ways
♦ Account 1% of transport
♦ It consists of rivers, canals , backwaters creeks
♦ 3700 km of navigable rivers are available
♦ 2000 km actually used
♦ Canals are controlled by inland water way authority

10. There are three inland waterways in India
1. National waterway No.1 - Allahabad to Haldia – 1620 km most important waterway , up to Patna mechanized boats and up to Hardwar manual boats
It is divided in to three segments 1. Haldia to Farakka 560 km 2. Farakka to Patna 460 km 3. Patna to Allahabad 600 km
2. NationalWaterway –No 2- Sadiya to Dubri 891 km steamers can travel up to Dibrugarh
3. NationalWaterway No -3- Kottapuram to Kollam 205 km it includes 168 km west coast canal and Udyogamandal canal
Back waters of Kerala also important waterways

OCEAN ROUTES
India has coastline about 7517 km there are 12 major ports and 185 minor ports 95 % of India foreign trade and 70 % of value in trade takes place through sea ways

AIR TRNSPORT ADVANTAGES
♦ Fastest means of transport
♦ Connect remote areas
♦ no need to maintain routs and construct
♦ Suitable for emergency times
♦ All continents are connected by air ways
♦ Suitable for difficult terrain
♦ Reduce travel time
♦ Maintained by airport authority
♦ It maintains 126 minor airports 11 international air ports and 86 domestic airports
♦ 29 civil defense enclaves in defense service also maintained by the authority
There are three divisions
♦ Air India: provide international air services
♦ Connects all continents
♦ Delhi and Mumbai air ports accounts for 52% of air service Indian airlines connect Indian subcontinent
I t is the part of air India Pawan Hans helicopter services serves in north eastern states

PIPELINES
ADVANTAGES
♦ Most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distance
♦ least consumption of energy
♦ Suitable for mountain areas and sea bottom
♦ Asia’s cross country pipe line is constructed between Naharkatia oil field and Barauni oil refinery with the length of 1157 km, it was extended up to Kanpur in 1966
♦ Other pipe lines areAnkaleswar toKoyali ,MumbaiHigh toKoyali Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur
♦ Salaiya to Mathura – 1256 km
♦ Numaligarh to Siliguri 660km

COMMUNICATION
It is divided into personal- mobile mass radio, TV Personal communication has become most important. Atpresent user can contact with the customer directly Fastest means of communication Communication revolution came intoworld through internetMass communication consists of radio, TV and satellite communication Satellite communication is the recent development most useful at the time of emergency. When all other communications are failed it is the only communication which can be used.

One Marks Questions

Question. What is the total length of roads in India?
Answer: 33.1 lakh kms.

Question. Name the two terminal stations of EastWest Corridor?
Answer: Silchar and Porbandar.

Question. Which is the Longest National highway of India?
Answer: National highway No. 7 (Varanasi to Kanyakumari)

Three Marks Questions

Question. Why is road transport gaining more importance over rail transport? Explain.
Answer:
1. Construction of roads is cheaper.
2. Roads can be constructed even on hilly surface.
3. Roads provide door to door service while railway do not.

Question. Which are the different railway gauges in India?
Answer: There are three railway gauges –
1. Broad Gauge- distance between two lines is – 1.676 mtr.
2. Meter Gauge- distance between two lines is –1.00 mtr.
3. Narrow Gauge -distance between two lines is –0.762 mtr.

Five Marks Questions

Question. Explain the main features of pipeline transport also give two example.
Answer: Useful for transporting gas and liquid material
1. It can be laid down in any type of surface and climate
2. Cost of transport is reduced
3. Help in quick supply of petroleum products
4. No wastage of petroleum due to leakage
5. Environment friendly as no pollution is caused
6. E.g. HVJ pipeline, Jamngar-Loni, LPG pipeline.