CBSE Class 12 Geography Migration Types Causes And Consequences Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON:

First census was conducted in 1872 and first complete census in 1881.

BASED ON PLACE OF BIRTH

• In 1961 two components introduced a. place of birth b. duration

• In 1971 place of last residence and duration in the place of enumeration is added in1981 PLACE OF BIRTH: if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration –life time migrant

• PLACE OF RESIDENT: if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration-known by last residence

STREAMS OF MIGRATION

1. Rural to urban

2. Rural to rural

3. Urban to rural

4. Urban to urban

• During 2001 315 million migrants- based on last residence

• 98 million changed their place of residence in the last ten years

• The stream was dominated by female migrants

• Female predominate the streams of short distance rural to rural migration

• Male domination in rural to urban

• 96% migrated from neighboring countries to India

SPATIAL VARIATION
1. Migrants from Uttar Pradesh & Bihar came to Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujrat, and Haryana
2. Maharashtra stands first in immigration
3. Greater Mumbai received highest no. of migrants
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
1. PUSH FACTORS
2. PULL FACTORS
• PUSH FACTORS - Migrate from rural to urban due to poverty, high pop. Pressure on land, lack of basic facilities, flood, drought, cyclonic storms, earthquake, wars local conflicts,
stagnation in agriculture and lack of job opportunity.

• PULL FACTORS - better opportunities, presence of regular work, higher wages, higher education, health facilities, source of entertainment
• Marriage migration is only 2% in the country

CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
• Uneven distribution of population over the space
• Benefit both the places of migration

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
• Major benefit is remittance sent by migrants
• It is one of the source of foreign exchange
• In 2002 it was 11 billion dollars
• Punjab, Kerala, Tamil Nadu receive significant amount in the form of foreign remittance
• Remittance used for food, repayment of debts, treatment,marriage, child education, agricultural inputs, construction of house.
• People migrate form Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab in high percentage.

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES
• Redistribution of population
• Male Pop. Increases in cities
• Age and skill pop. Migrate from rural to cities
• Imbalance in age sex composition

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
• Migrants act as agents of social change
• New technology, family planning, girl’s education are diffused
• Intermixing of different cultures
• It is positive change for national integrity but leads to unanimity
• It creates social vacuum and sense of dejection
• People may fall in antisocial activities

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
• Pressure on existing facilities
• Formation of slums shanty colonies
• Over exploitation of natural resources leads to pollution
• Depletion of ground water
• Sewage disposal has become major problem

OTHER CONSEQUENCES
• Change in women status
• Male selective migration in rural areas
• Women migration leads to autonomy but causes vulnerability to problems
• Loss of skilled persons in rural areas

One Marks Questions

Question. What is migration?
Answer: Spatial mobility.

Question. Which are the four streams of migration in India?
Answer: Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Urban Urban to rural

Question. Name any two beneficiary states of India from international migrant remittances?
Answer: Punjab and Kerala.

Three Marks Questions

Question. Distinguish between push and pull factor:
Answer: Push factor
1. People migrate from rural to urban area due to unemployment in the village.
2. Cause due to over population and pressure on agricultural land.
3. Hamper and rural development.
Pull factor
1. People migrate from rural to urban area in search of better education, medical facilities and employment.
2. Cause due to weak infrastructure in the rural area.
3. Helps in urban development.

Question. What are the main causes of migration in India?
Answer: There are several causes of migration in India
1. Poverty
2. Lack of health
3. Lack of education facilities 
4. Natural calamities- flood or drought etc.
5. War
6. Marriage
7. Job opportunities
8. High wages
9. Education facilities 
10. Heath facilities
11. Entertainment

Five Marks Questions

Question. Explain economic, social and demographic consequences of migration.Write two points of each.
Answer: Economic consequences:
1. Plays important role in the development of industries and agricultural.
2. Development of slums is a negative impact of migration.
3. One of the source of foreign exchange.
Social consequence:
1. Flow of new thought like family planning, female education and new technology from urban to rural area.
2. Mixing of two cultures together.
Demographic consequences:
1. Redistribution of population in the country.
2. Affecting sex ratio of the state.