CBSE Class 12 Geography Human Development Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON:

“Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their opportunities for education health care income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic social and political  reedom”.

HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT: Progressive democratization and increasing empowerment

of people are seen as the minimum conditions for human development.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

• India ranked 130 among 188 countries according to 2015 UNDP report

• HDI value is 0.609

• Fall in medium group among the nations

• Low score is due to

1. Historical Factors

Colonization, imperialism, neo imperialism,

2. Socio Cultural Factors

Human rights violation, social discrimination, crimes, terrorism, war

3. Political Factors

Nature of state, form of government, level of empowerment,

IDICATORS OF ECONOMIC ATTAINMENTS

• Access to all resources by all the people

• Prevalence of poverty , deprivation, malnutrition various types of prejudices

• Large scale regional disparities

• Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Gujrat, Delhi have high per capita income

• Low per capita income is found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir

INDICATORS OF HEALTHY LIFE

• Long life without ailment is called longevity

• Availability of pre, post health care facilities decrease the death rate

• Old age health care, adequate nutrition and safety of individual are important measures for health

• Death rate decreased from 25.1 / 1000 to 8.1 /1000

♦ IMR decreased from 148 to 70
♦ Life expectancy increased from 37.1 years to 65.3 years
♦ Decreased birth rate from 40.8 to 26.1
♦ Decline in sex ratio in rural areas is alarming

INDICATORS OF SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
♦ Access to knowledge about society and environment
♦ Literacy rate is the indicator of social development
♦ Literacy rate increased to65.4%
♦ Literacy rate is Higher than the national average in many states
♦ Kerala has highest and Bihar has lowest literacy

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN INDIA
♦ Kerala with 0.638 placed on the top
♦ Orissa with 0.404 placed at the bottom
♦ Due to highest sex ratio and literacy Kerala place on the top
♦ Due low sex ratio, per-capita income, and low literacy Orissa kept at the bottom

REASONS FOR LOW HDI
♦ Low Literacy Rate
♦ Low Economic Development
♦ Regional Disparities

POPULATION ENVIORNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
♦ Social inequalities, discriminations deprivations displacement of people, abuse of human rights cause low HDI
♦ Methods to increase the HDI
i) Sustainable development
ii) Government Expenditure on public health and education
iii) Increase social and political freedom

GIST OF THE LESSON:

GROWTH: It is the quantitative and value neutral, it may be positive, or negative.

DEVELOPMENT: Qualitative change which is always value positive.

CONCEPT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The concept of human development was introduced by DR. Mahbub-ul- Haq. Human development is a process of enlarging people choices and raising the level of their wellbeing.

People can live meaningful life. Life with some purpose, people must be healthy, develop their talents, participate in society and be free to achieve their goal.

THE FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• EQUITY: equal opportunities available to everybody.

Irrespective of gender, race, income ( in case of India women and low caste people drop out the school is more)

• SUSTAINABILITY: continuity in availability of resources, each generation must have opportunities,

• PRODUCTIVITY: productivity in terms of labor productivity, it should be constantly enriched.

• EMPOWERMENT: to have power to make decisions. Increasing freedom and capability, good governance, and govt. policies.

APPROACHES TO HUMANDEVELOPMENT

• INCOME APPROACH: oldest method, level of income leads to development

• WELFARE APPROACH: higher the expenditure on education, health, and other amenities by the government.

• BASIC NEEDS APPROACH: it was introduced by ILO

• SIX BASIC NEEDS

Health

Education

Food

Water Supply

Sanitation

Housing

• CAPABILITY APPROACH: associated with Prof. Amartya Sen. Access to education and health facilities. 

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISIONS
Size of the country and per-capita income are not directly related to human development. Like Sri Lanka and Trinidad and Tobago have higher rank than India in human development.
THERE ARE THREE GROUPS OF HDI
♦   HIGH      ABOVE 0.8    57 COUNTRIES
♦ MEDIUM  0.5-0.799      88 COUNTRIES
♦ LOW         BELOW 0.5    32 COUNTRIES

♦ COUNTRIES WITH HIGH INDEX VALUE: NORWAY, ICELAND, AUSTRALIA education and health care are priorities for the government.

♦ COUNTRIES WITH MEDIUM INDEX: it consists of large group, emerged after Second World War, adopting people oriented policies.

♦ COUNTRIES WITH LOW INDEX VALUE: large number of these countries are very small.
Political turmoil, social instability, civil war, high incidence of diseases.

One Marks Questions

Question. Which state of India has highest HDI?
Answer: Kerala.

Question. Which state of India has the lowest literacy rate?
Answer: Bihar.

Question. Name the state of India that has the highest poverty incidence ratio.
Answer: Odissa and Bihar.

Question. Name any four countries having low human development index. Discuss three reason for low human development index.
Answer: (1) Democratic Republic of Congo
(2) Nigeria
(3) Burundi
(4) Mozambique
Reasons for low HDI
• Political turmoil
• Social instability (civil war)
• Famine
• High incidence of diseases.

Question. Name four countries having high human development index. Discuss three reasons for high human development index.
Answer: Four counties with high human development index:
1. Norway
2. Australia
3. Netherlands
4. U.S.A
Reason for high HDI
• Investment more in the Social Sector (education, health care)
• Good governance
• Free from political turmoil and instability.

Question. Define human development. What is the basic goal of human development? Explain with examples the four pillars of human development.
Answer: Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.
The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
The four pillars of human development: -
• Equity –It refers to providing equal access to opportunities available to everybody irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
• Sustainability-sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities for sustainable human development.
• Productivity-It refers to human labour productivity in terms of human work. It must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.
• Empowerment –It means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capabilities, good governance and people –oriented policies, so as to empower people.

Question. Discuss in detail about the alternative view of development given by Dr. Mahbub –ul – haq and Prof. Amartya Sen.
Answer: For many decades a country’s level of development was measured only in terms of its economic growth.
The ideas that the quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they have and freedoms they enjoy are important aspects of development now and the works of Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen are important in this regard.
• According to Haq-development in all about enlarging people’s choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity. The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
• Prof.Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom or decrease in unfreedom as the main objective of dvelopment.
• The works of these economist are path breaking and have succeeded in bringing people to the centre of any discussion on development.

Question. Explain various indicators of human development.
Answer: United Nation’s Development Programs has suggested the following indicators of human development.
1. Health
2. Education
3. Access to resources

Question. Explain the reasons for low human development index in few states of India.
Answer: Reasons –
1. Low rate of literacy in the sates like Bihar, M.P and Orissa.
2. Low economic development in the states like Orissa, Assam and Bihar etc.
3. Lack of effective implementations of govt. policies in these states.

Question. What is Human Development? Explain the indicators of Human Development in India.
Answer: Human development- it is the enhancement in the people’s choice and improvement in their lives.
The concept of human development was introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-haq in 1990.
Key Areas in Human Level Indicators
1. Access to resources Purchasing power (in $)
2. Health Life expectancy at birth
3. Education Adult literacy rate & gross Enrolment ratio.

One Marks Question

Question. Who introduced the concept of Human development?
Answer: Dr. Mahbub ul Haq

Question. Which countries has the highest human development index?
Answer: Norway

Question. Write four pillars of the human development.
Answer: Equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.

Three Marks Question.

Question. Name four countries having high human development index. Discuss three reasons for high human development index.
Answer: Four counties with high human development index:
1. Norway
2. Australia
3. Netherlands
4. U.S.A
Reason for high HDI
♦ Investment more in the Social Sector (education, health care)
♦ Good governance
♦ Free from political turmoil and instability.

Question. Name any four countries having low human development index.Discuss three reason for low human development index.
Answer: (1) Democratic Republic of Congo
(2) Nigeria
(3) Burundi
(4) Mozambique
Reasons for low HDI
♦ Political turmoil
♦ Social instability (civil war)
♦ Famine
♦ High incidence of diseases.

Question. Discuss in detail about the alternative view of development given by Dr. Mahbub –ul –haq and Prof. Amartya Sen .
Answer: For many decades a country’s level of development was measured only in terms of its economic growth.
The ideas that the quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they have and freedoms they enjoy are important aspects of development now and the works of Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen are important in this regard.
♦ According to Haq-development in all about enlarging people’s choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity . The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
♦ Prof.Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom or decrease in unfreedom as the main objective of dvelpment.
♦ The works of these economist are path breaking and have succeeded in bringing people to the centre of any discussion on development

Five Marks Question

Question. Define human development .What is the basic goal of human development? Explain with examples the four pillars of human development.
Answer: Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices , increasing their opportunities for education, health care , income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic , social and political freedom.
The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
The four pillars of human development:-
♦ Equity – It refers to providing equal access to opportunities available to everybody irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
♦ Sustainability- Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities for sustainable human development.
♦ Productivity- It refers to human labour productivity in terms of human work. It must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.
♦ Empowerment –It means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capabilities, good governance and people –oriented policies, so as to empower people.