CBSE Class 12 Geography Manufacturing Industries Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON:

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

A. On the basis of size, capital investment Labour Force

1. Large
2. Medium
3. small
4. Cottage

B. On the basis of Ownership

1. Public
2. Private
3. Joint
4. coperative

C. On the basis of Product

1. Basic goods industries
2. Capital goods industries
3. Intermediate goods industries
4. Consumer goods industries

D. On the basis of Raw Materials

1. Agro based
2. Forest based
3. Mineral based
4. Industrial raw material based processed

E. Nature of Product

1. Metallurgical
2. Mechanical
3. Chemical
4. Textile
5. Food processing
6. Electricity generation
7. Electronics 8. Communication

LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES LOCATIONALFACTORS

1. Raw materials
2. Power
3. Transport
4. Labour
5. Historical factors
6. Industrial policy

MAJOR INDUSTRIES IRON STEEL INDUSTRIES

RAWMATERIALS: iron ore, coking coal limestone, dolomite, manganese, and fireclay

TYPES OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES

1. Integrated steel plants
2. Mini steel plants
3. Rolling mills
4. Ancillary industries 

INTEGRATED STEEL PLANTS TISCO
• 250kmaway from Kolkata
• Water– Subarnarekha Kharki Rivers
• Iron ore Naomundiand Badampahar
• Coal– Jodamines fromOrissa
• Coking coal– Jharia

ROUKELA
• Collaboration with Germany
• Located nearbyraw materials
• Coal-Jhariairon ore-Sundargarh
• Power-Hirakud water –Koel

BHILAI
• Russian collaboration
• Iron ore–Dalli Rajhara
• Coal-Korba&Kargali
• Water-Tandula Dam
• Power –Korba

THE COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1. Oneof thetraditional industriesinIndia
2. India is famous formuslin, calicos chintz

ADVANTAGES/AVAILABLE FOR COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRIES
1. Cotton cloth is most comfortable in tropical climate
2. Large are a under cotton cultivation
3. Availability of abundant skilled labour

ADVANTAGES OF COTTON TEXTILES INMUMBAI
1. Close to cotton growing areas
2. Mumbai port facility
3. Availability of capital for industries
4. Availability of cheap labour
5. Machines can be imported

SECTORS OF COTTON TEXTILES
• Organized sector
• Un organized sector
• It includes power looms and hand looms
• Organized sector production declined from 81% to 6%
• Decentralized sector produces 59% power looms and 19% hand looms

PROBLEMS OF COTTON MILLS
1. Competition from synthetic fiber
2. High cost of production
3. Erratic power supply
4. Frequent strikes, lockouts
5. Climatic changes decrease production

SUGAR INDUSTRY
1. Most important industry
2. India is the largest producer of sugarcane
3. 8%of sugar production in India
4. Khandasari, jaggary also produced in India
5. Provide employment to 4 lakh persons
6. Itis a seasonal industry
7. At present there are 506 mills with the production of 17699 lakh tones

DIMENSIONS OF NEWINDUSTIRAL POLICY
1. Industrial licensing has been can celled expect
1. Security 2. Strategic 3. Environmental concerns
2. Public sectors reduced from 17 to 3
3. Atomic energy & railways kept under government
4. Govt. offered share holdings to financial institutions, public workers
5. No private permission is required to invest in de-licensing sector
6. FDI is the supplement of domestic investment
7. FDI provide technological innovation
8. Access to global managerial skills optimum use of nature man resources
9. Liberalized t o attract MNS and private sector
10. Mining and communications high way construction thrown to private
11. Globalization means integrating national economy with world economy

INDUSTRIAL REGIONS CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
1. Number of industrial units
2. Number of industrial workers
3. Quantity of power used
4. Output
5. Value added by manufacturing

MUMBAI PUNE REGION
1. Extended from Mumbai to Sholapur
2. Connect Kolaba Ahmednagar, Satara Sangle Jalgaon

FAVOURABLEFACTORS
1. Cotton hinterland
2. Moist climate
3. Opening of Suez Canal
4. Mumbai port facility
5. Hydel power from Western Ghats
6. Opening of Mumbai high
7. Nuclear power plant at Tarapur
8. Industries:
Engineering goods, oil refineries, petrochemicals, leather goods, synthetic, plastic, drugs, fertilizers.

Very Short Answer question

Question. Name the largest centre of electronic industry in India.
Answer: Bangalore.

Question. Name any two industrial centre of Chota Nagpur region.
Answer: Ranchi, Bokaro.

Question. Jute mills are mostly located in which state of India?
Answer: West Bengal.

Question. When was the first modern textile mill set up?
Answer: In 1854 in Mumbai.

Question. Manufacturing is an activity considered under which type of economic activity?
Answer: Secondary activity.

Question. What are the types of industries in India on the basis of their ownership?
Answer:
(i) Public sector industries
(ii) Private sector industries
(iii) Cooperative sector industries.

Important Questions for NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries

Question. Explain light industry with examples.
Answer: Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods.
Examples — electrical industries.

Question. Which is the only industry in India having self reliant positions?
Answer: Textile industry is the only industry in India which is self reliant.

Question. What were the major objections of the National Jute Policy 2005? Why has been the internal demand for jute on the increase?
Answer: In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the following objectives:
(i) To increase productivity
(ii) To improve quality
(iii) To ensure good prices to the jute farmers
(iv) To enhance the field per hectare
The internal demand for jute has been on the increase because of the following reasons:
(i) The Government of India has made the use of jute packaging mandating.
(ii) The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Question. How were cotton textiles produced in ancient India?
Answer: In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.

Question . “Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.” Mention them.
Answer: The three phases are:
(i) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Question. How many jute mills are there in India? Where are most of them located?
Answer: There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of them are located in west Bengal, mainly along the banks of the High river, in a narrow belt.

Question. Mention one challenge faced by the jute industry.
Answer: Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitions like Bangladesh.

Question. How many sugar mills are there in India? Where are they located?
Answer: There are over 460 super mills in India. They are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Question. Explain any three physical factors for the location of an industry in a particular area.
Answer: The location of industries are influenced by several factors:
1. Availability of Raw Material: The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity.
2. Favourable Climate: The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its growth and functioning. For instance, in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.
3. Market: Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to sell-off the finished goods are likely to have more industries.

Question. Define mineral based industries.
Answer: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

Question. What are the types of industries in India on the basis of their ownership?
Answer:
(i) Public sector industries (ii) Private sector industries
(iii) Cooperative sector industries.

Question. Describe the causes of Concentration of Cotton textile industries in the cities of Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
Answer: 1. Humid climate
2. Raw material
3. Nearest to market
4. Skilled labour
5. Banking Facilities
6. Import and export Facility etc.
7. Water supply

Question. Explain any three major objectives of New Industrial policy of India, which was announced in 1991.
Answer: 1. Industrial licensing has been cancelled excpet 1. Security, 2. Strategic, 3.environmental concerns
2. Public sectors reduced from 17 to 3
3. Atomic energy & railways kept under government

Question. What is the role of Iron and steel industry in the economic development of India?
Answer: The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doorstorapid industrial Development in India.
The Indian iron and steel industry consist of large integrated steel plants as well as mini SteelMills: + Integrated steel Plants.
(1) TISCO-Tata lron and steel plant at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.
(2) TISCO-Indian Iron & steel Company at Hirapur, Kultiand Burnpur in West Bengal.
(3) VISL-Visvesvaraiya Iron and steel Works Ltd. at Bhadravati in Karnataka.
(4) Rourkela steel plant in Sundargarh district of Orissa. (Setup in Collaboration Germany)
(5) Bhilai steel Plant in Durg district of Chhattisgarh (Setup in Collaboration with Russia)
(6) Durgapur steel plant in West Bengal. (Setup in Collaboration with UK)
(7) Bokaro steel plant in Jharkhand. (Setup in Collaboration with Russia)
(8) Vizag steel plant at Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh (It is First port based steel plant)
(9) Vijaynagar steel Plant at Hospet in Kamataka
(10) Salem steel plant in Tamil Nadu.
A part from those major steel plants, thereare more than 206 steel units located in different parts of the country.

Question. Explain the major industrial region and their Characteristics of India.
There are 8 major industrial regions in India:
Answer:  (1) Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region-
Major Industries - Cotton textile, Chemical Industry.
(2) HugliIndustrialRegion-
Major Industries-Jute Industry, Hindustan Motors Ltd. Diesel engine factory
(3) Bangalore - Chennai Industrial Region-
Major Industries - Heavy Engineering Industry, Machine tools, Telephone, Bharat Electronics.
(4) Gujarat Industrial Region-
Major Industries - Cotton textile Industry, Petro - Chemical Industry.
(5) ChotanagpurRegion–
Major Industries - Heavy Metal Surgical Industry, Iron & steel Plants.
(6) Vishakhapatnam - Guntur Region
Major Industries - Ship building Industry, Petro - Chemical Industry.
(7) Gurgaon - Delhi - Meerut Region
Major Industries - Electronics, Light Engineering & Electrical goods.
(8) Kollam - Tiruvanantapuram Region

Important Questions for NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries
 

Question. Explain any three reasons for the expansion of sugar Industry in the southern states of India.
                                  Or
Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states of India? Give three reasons.
Answer: In recent years, the mills have shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because:
(i) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
(ii) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(iii) Super industry can thrive only if it is run by corporatives and they are popular and more successful in the southern states.

Question. How have the agro-industries in India given a major boost to agriculture?
Answer: The agro industries in India have given a major boost agriculture by raising its productivity.

Question. “The cotton textile industry has the largest concentration in and around Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat)”. Give reasons.
Answer: (i) Availability of raw material: Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the regions where we see large production of cotton resulting in regular supply of raw material to the industry.
(ii) Moist climate: These regions are gifted with moist climate which provides favourable condition for the growth of cotton.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour: Maharashtra and Gujarat are densely populated states. Migrated people are also there in large numbers. As a result, there is no dearth of labour force in these two cities.
(iv) Accessible port facilities: Mumbai is a major seaport in India. This forms the base of important export of cotton.

Question. (i) Look at the following flow chart that shows the processes of production.
Fill in the products derived through the various processes of production in the boxes given below.

(ii) Why is it important to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn? Give reasons.
Answer: (i) 1. Raw fibre
2. Yarn
3. Fabric
4. Garments
(ii) Yarn is sold at ` 85 per kg while if it is sold as a trouser it may fetch ` 800 per kg. Value is added at every stage from fibre to yarn to fabric and to garments.

Question. (i) Which are the two major challenges faced by sugar industry of India?
(ii) Why should the sugar mills be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country?
Answer: (i) Challenges faced by sugar industry:
• Old and inefficient methods of production.
• Transport delays in Sugarcane reaching to the factories. As once cut the sugar in the cane begins to decrease and has to be transported to the factory within 48 hours.
(ii) Sugar mills should be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country due to the following reasons:
• The raw-material used in sugar industry is bulky.
• Sucrose contents reduce if there is a delay in haulage.

Question. The jute-textile industry is mainly concentrated in the Hugli basin. Mention four factors for the same.
Answer: There are about 70 jute mills in India mostly located in West Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river. Factors responsible for the location in the Hugli basin are:
(i) Nearness of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to help the movement of raw material to the mills.
(iii) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Question. Enumerate the factors that led to the expansion of cement industry after the Independence.
Answer: The factor that led to the expansion of cement industry after Independence are given below:
(i) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989.
(ii) Various policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.
(iii) Improvement in the quality has found the produce a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country.

Question. Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India is concentrated around the Chota Nagpur plateau region.
                                Or
Why does the Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industry? Give reasons.
Answer: It is because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include:
(i) Chhotanagpur plateau region has large reserves of iron ores. Low cost of iron ore is avast able here
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity is available in this region
(iii) Cheap labour is available
(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market is possible.

Question. Classify manufacturing industries on the ownership.
Answer: On the basis of ownership manufacturing industries are categorised as given below:
(i) Public sector: This sector is owned and operated by government agencies. For example, BHEL, SAIL, etc.
(ii) Private sector: This sector is owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, TISCO, Dabur Industries.
(iii) Joint sector: This sector is jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Oil.
(iv) Cooperative sector: This sector owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately, such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the car industry in Kerala.

Question. How to make a garment? Arrange the following in the correct sequence: 
(i) Weaving or knitting of fabric
(ii) Manufacturing of garment (stitching)
(iii) Spinning of yarn
(iv) Dyeing and finishing of garment
Options:
(A) (iii) - (iv) - (i) - (ii)
(B) (iv) - (iii) - (ii) - (i)
(C) (iii) - (i) - (iv) - (ii)
(D) (i) - (iv) - (ii) - (iii)

Answer : C

Question. How to manufacture Steel? Arrange the following in the correct sequence: 
(i) Pig iron
(ii) Blast furnace
(iii) Shaping metal
(iv) Steel making
Options:
(A) (ii) - (i) - (iv) - (iii)
(B) (iii) - (i) - (iv) - (ii)
(C) (i) - (iv) - (ii) - (iii)
(D) (ii) - (iii) - (iv) - (i)

Answer : A

Question. Identify the process in sequence for the shaping of Steel: 
(i) Forging
(ii) Pressing
(iii) Casting
(iv) Rolling
Options:
(A) (i) - (iv) - (ii) - (iii)
(B) (iv) - (ii) - (iii) - (i)
(C) (iii) - (i) - (iv) - (ii)
(D) (ii) - (i) - (iii) - (iv)

Answer : B

Question. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into Public and Private Sectors? 
(A) Employment conditions
(B) The nature of economic activity
(C) Ownership of enterprises
(D) Number of workers employed in the enterprise

Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? 
(A) HAIL
(B) SAIL
(C) TATA Steel
(D) MNCC

Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following industries manufactures Telephones, Computer, etc.?
(A) Steel
(B) Electronic
(C) Aluminium Smelting
(D) Information Technology

Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material? 
(A) Aluminium
(B) Cement
(C) Plastic
(D) Automobile

Answer : B

Question. Which of the two steel plants are in collaboration with Russia? 
(A) Bhadravati and Salem
(B) Bokaro and Jamshedpur
(C) Burnpur and Durgapur
(D) Bhilai and Bokaro

Answer : D

Question. Which of the following industries use bauxite as a raw material? 
(A) Aluminium
(B) Cement
(C) Jute
(D) Steel

Answer : A

Question. Study the picture given below and answer the following question: Where is this Sewage Treatment Plant under Yamuna Action Plan situated?
(A) Faridabad
(B) Firozabad
(C) Ahmedabad
(D) Nasirabad

Answer : A

Question. Analyze the information given below, considering one of the following correct options: 
It not only results in irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
(A) Water Pollution
(B) Noise Pollution
(C) Air Pollution
(D) Soil Pollution

Answer : B

Question. Analyze the information given below, considering one of the following correct options: 
These plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
(A) Heavy Steel Plants
(B) Major Steel Plants
(C) Mini Steel Plants
(D) Light Steel Plants

Answer : C

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following: 
(A) Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.
(B) They move away from each other.
(C) The agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(D) They depend on the latter for raw materials and to sell their products.

Answer : B

Question. Find the incorrect option from the following: 
(A) We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn.
(B) Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres we produce.
(C) The weaving, knitting and processing units can use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
(D) There are some large and modern factories in these segments.

Answer : C

Assertion and Reason Based MCQs

Directions : In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false and R is true.

Question. Assertion (A): The handspun Khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.
Reason (R): Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A): India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. 
Reason (R): Other problems are the low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A): Rain water harvesting increases industrial pollution. 
Reason (R): Rain water helps industry to meet water requirements.
Answer : D

Question. Assertion (A): The economic strength of the country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
Reason (R): India's prosperity lies in diversifying its manufacturing industries.
Answer : B

Case-based MCQs

I. Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. Manufacturing industries fall in _________ and agriculture in __________ . RA
(A) Primary, Secondary Sector
(B) Secondary, Tertiary Sector
(C) Primary, Tertiary Sector
(D) Secondary, Primary Sector

Answer : D

Question. Manufacturing provides job opportunities to reduce dependence on agriculture. Identify which sector the following jobs belong to:
Choose the correct option:
(A) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
(B) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
(C) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4
(D) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following options does not help in modernising agriculture? 
(A) Manufacturing farm equipment
(B) Providing unskilled labour force
(C) Supplying fertilizers and pesticides
(D) Producing tube well pumps and sprinklers

Answer : B

Question. In order to attract foreign manufacturing firms, a country needs to develop: 
(A) Agrarian facilities
(B) Cultivable lands
(C) Media facilities
(D) Infrastructure facilities

Answer : D

II. Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4: 2: 1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel. Where should the steel plants be ideally located? Remember that the finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers. In 2016, with 95.6 million tonnes of crude steel production, India ranked 3rd among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2016, per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 63 kg per annum against the world average of 208 kg.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. Which industry is called the basic industry of India? 
(A) Textile Industry
(B) Sugar Industry
(C) Cement Industry
(D) Iron and Steel Industry

Answer : D

Question. Index of a country's development is regarded on what basis? Select the appropriate option: 
(A) Extraction and processing of steel.
(B) Production and consumption of steel.
(C) Production and manufacturing of steel.
(D) Consumption and manufacturing of steel.

Answer : B

Question. Apart from iron ore, coking coal and limestone in a fixed proportion, minor quantities of which of the following is also used in manufacturing of steel? 
(A) Manganese
(B) Copper
(C) Both A & B
(D) Neither of the above

Answer : A

Question. Manufacturing steel is not every person's business. Suppose you are working in a Steel Industry, what will be the proportion of Iron Ore, coking coal and limestone you would use to produce steel? 
(A) 2: 1: 4
(B) 4: 1: 2
(C) 4: 2: 1
(D) 2: 4: 1

Answer : C

III. Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh water. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are:
• Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.
• Primary treatment by mechanical means: It involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water. Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to groundwater resources also needs to be regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones. The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. How many treatments are there for industrial effluents? 
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 5
(D) 4

Answer : A

Question. What could be done to reduce pollution of machinery and equipment?
(A) Stop the use of machinery
(B) Use generators fitted with silencers
(C) Use manual labour
(D) None of the above

Answer : B

Question. The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with _________ concerns. 
(A) social
(B) cultural
(C) environmental
(D) political

Answer : C

Question. ________ treatment involves biological, chemical and physical processes. 
(A) Primary
(B) Secondary
(C) Tertiary
(D) None of the above

Answer : C

IV. Read the text given below and answer the questions that follow:

In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, power-looms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc., contributed towards its localisation. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works. While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high-quality yarn produced in the country. Weaving is done by handloom, power loom and in mills. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question. Why did our Traditional Industries suffer a setback during the Colonial Period?
(A) No machines were available.
(B) They could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
(C) They lacked knowledge.
(D) They had no motivation to compete. 

Answer : B

Question. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a _____ industry. 
(A) Cottage
(B) Primary
(C) Secondary
(D) Basic

Answer : A

Question. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc., contributed towards its localisation.
(A) False
(B) True
(C) Some what true
(D) Not sure

Answer : B

Question. Weaving is done by:
(A) Hand loom
(B) Power loom
(C) Mills
(D) All of these

Answer : D

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. How is Public Sector different from Private Sector?
Answer : In public sector, government owns most of the assets and provides all the services, e.g., railways or post office. While in the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL).

Question. Describe the various physical and human factors responsible for the location of Industries.
Answer : (i) Physical Factors:
(a) Availability of raw materials–Ideal location should be near the sources of raw materials.
(b) Power resources–Power resources like coal and electricity must be available for the industry.
(c) Water and favourable climate.
(ii) Human Factors:
(a) Cheap and efficient labour.
(b) Capital and bank facilities.
(c) Good market.
(d) Transport facility.

Question. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials used.
Answer : Classification:
(i) Agro-based: Cotton, wool, jute, silk textile, etc.
(ii) Mineral-based: Iron and steel, cement, etc.

Question. Define Public Sector Industries.
Answer : Industries which are owned and operated by Government Agencies are called Public Sector Industries.

Question. Why is Cotton Textile Industry the largest industry in India today?
Answer : (i) Cotton Textile Industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after Agriculture.
(iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP).

Question. Which industry, due to its seasonal nature, is ideally suited to the cooperative sector?
Answer : Sugar Industry.

Question. Name two most important sugar producing states in India.
Answer : Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Question. What is the importance of the Information Technology sector for the Indian economy? Explain.
Answer : The importance of IT sector is as follows:
(i) It has provided employment to over one million people.
(ii) This Industry is said to be a major Foreign Exchange earner.
(iii) It has helped in the growth of the Service Sector.
(iv) It provides employment to innumerable Men and Women.

Question. Mention any one factor that has contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile industry in India.
Answer : (i) The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the Market.
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments.

Question. Why is Iron and Steel Industry called a basic Industry? Explain.
Answer : Iron and steel Industry is the Basic Industry as: 
(i) All the other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.
(iii) It provides variety of consumer goods. 

Question. What is a negative effect of Industrialisation?
Answer : Pollution

Question. Examine what are the causes of industrial pollution of freshwater resources.
Answer : Freshwater resources are polluted by:
(a) Organic and inorganic wastes;
(b) Effluents discharged by industries into rivers.
The main culprits are paper and pulp, chemical, textile, petroleum refineries, tanneries, electroplating industries, etc.

Question. What is thermal pollution?
Answer : The pollution caused by the discharge of hot water from factories and thermal plants into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Describe the importance of manufacturing sector in countries like India.
OR
"Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of economic development of the country." Support the statement with examples.
OR
Describe the importance of manufacturing
Answer : The economic strength of a country lies in the development of Manufacturing Industries because:
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on the agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.
(iv) It brings down regional disparities.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands Trade and Commerce and enhances prosperity.
(vi) It brings much needed Foreign Exchange.

Question. Classify Industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other?
Answer : On the basis of sources of raw material, industries are classified as follows:
(i) Agro-based industries: These industries are based on agricultural raw material, e.g., cotton, jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oils.
(ii) Mineral-based industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries, e.g., iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals, etc.

Question. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?
Answer : Classification according to their main role:
(i) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans, etc.

Question. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples
Answer : (i) Classification of the industries on the basis of capital investment:
(a) Small scale industry
(b) Large scale industry
(ii) Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore in any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry.
For example, Iron and Steel Industry/Cement industry (any other relevant example). When the investment is less than one crore in an industry,it is considered as a small scale industry, e.g.,Plastic Industry, Toy Industry, etc.

Question. Classify Industries on the basis of ownership and give one example of each category.
Answer : Classification of Industries on the basis of ownership:

Question. Describe any three major problems faced by the weaving and processing sectors in Cotton Textile Industry.
OR
Describe any three major problems faced by Cotton Textile Industry in India. 
Answer : Three major problems faced by Cotton Textile in India are:
(i) The weaving knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country.
(ii) There are some large and modern factories in those segments but most of the production is in fragmented small units which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the Industry.
(iii) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
(iv) Low output of labour and stiff competition with synthetic fibre Industry.

Question. ”Agriculture gives boost to the Industrial Sector.”Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : Agriculture gives boost to the Industrial Sector:
(i) Agriculture provides raw material to Industries.
(ii) Agriculture provides market for Industrial products.
(iii) Agriculture helps boost new Industrial products.
(iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials.

Question. Why is there a tendency for the Sugar Mills to concentrate in Southern states of India in recent years? Give three reasons. 
Answer : Shifting of Sugar Industries to Southern states is because:
(i) Sugarcane that grows there has higher sucrose content.
(ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing season.
(iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.
(iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.

Question. Explain any three factors which were responsible for the concentration of Cotton Textile Industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years.
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton.
(ii) Ready markets are available.
(iii) Well-developed means of transportation.
(iv) Abundant skilled and unskilled labour at cheap rate.
(v) Moist climate which is suitable for the Cotton Industry.

Question. Why is Cotton Textile Industry the largest Industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Answer : (i) Cotton Textile Industry contributes 14 per cent of the total Industrial Production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the Second largest after Agriculture.
(iii) It earns Foreign Exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP).

Question. Explain any three factors responsible for the location of Cotton Textile Industry in Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
Answer : (i) Availability of raw cotton, market and transport including accessible port facilities.
(ii) Cheap labour.
(iii) Moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in Mumbai and Ahmedabad region.

Question. Why are we not able to perform to our full potential in the production of Iron and Steel in India? Explain any three reasons.
OR
”India is an important Iron and Steel producing country in the World. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.

Answer : India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
(i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of power.
(iv) Poor Infrastructure.

Question. Why do we have maximum concentration of Iron and Steel Industry in Chota Nagpur Plateau region? Give any three reasons
OR
Why has the Chota Nagpur region maximum concentration of Iron and Steel Industries? Explain any three.
Answer : Refer to Answer of Long Q.1.

Question. “Industrialisation and Urbanisation go hand in hand”. Validate the statement.
Answer : (i) After an industrial activity starts in a town, urbanisation follows. Industry provides employment to the people of the area. Population migrates from rural hinterlands to seek jobs. Housing and transport facilities are developed to accommodate these people. Other Infrastructural developments take place leading to growth and development of the town into a city.
(ii) Sometimes Industries are located in or near the cities.
(iii) Cities provide markets for manufactured goods.
(iv) Cities provide various services like Banking and Insurance, etc.

Question. What are Software Technology Parks? State any two points of significance of Information Technology Industry in India.
Answer : Software Technology Park: Software Technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. Significance of IT industry:
(i) A major impact of this industry has been an employment generation. Up to 31st March, 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons.
(ii) It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are Women.
(iii) This industry has been a major Foreign Exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(iv) The continuous growth in the Hardware and Software is the key to the success of the IT industry in India.

Question. What is the importance of the Information Technology sector for the Indian economy? Explain.
Answer : The importance of IT sector is as follows:
(i) It has provided employment to over one million people.
(ii) This Industry is said to be a major Foreign Exchange earner.
(iii) It has helped in the growth of the Service Sector.

Question. Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the Automobile Industry in India? Name two centres where this industry is located.
Answer : (i) The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market.
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the Industry with Global Developments. The two Centres of Automobile Industry are Jamshedpur and Gurugram.

Question. Examine the impacts of Liberalisation on Automobile Industry of India.
Answer : Impacts of Liberalisation on Automobile Industry are:
(i) Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced.
(ii) The coming of new and contemporary models.
(iii) Healthy growth of the market.
(iv) FDI in new technology.
(v) Aligned the industry with global development.
(vi) Industry has experienced a quantum jump.

Question. “The Iron and Steel Industry is the Basic as well as Heavy Industry.” Support the statement with three points.
OR
Why is Iron and Steel Industry called a Basic Industry? Explain.
Answer : Iron and Steel Industry is the Basic Industry as:
(i) All the other Industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of Engineering goods.
(iii) It provides variety of Consumer goods.
(iv) Construction material, Defence, Medical, Telephonic, Scientific equipment, etc., are the gift of Iron and Steel Industry.

Question. Distinguish between Integrated Steel Plants and Mini Steel Plants, stating three points of distinction.
Answer : (i) An Integrated Steel Plant is larger than a Mini Steel Plant.
(ii) Mini Steel Plant uses steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant uses basic raw materials, i.e., iron ore for making steel.
(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel.

Question. Explain the ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced.
Answer : The ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced are:
(i) Treated waste water can be recycled for reuse in industrial processes.
 (ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirement for industrial process.
(iii) Treating hot and polluted waste water from industries before releasing it into our rivers and lakes.
(iv) Installing water treatment plants at the industrial sites for recycling.
(v) Legal provisions must be made to regulate the use of groundwater for industrial use.

Question. ‘‘Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect National or State boundaries.’’ Justify the statement.
Answer : Consequences of Environmental degradation do not respect National or State boundaries because:
(i) The increase in pollution of land water, air, noise and resulting in degradation of the environment cannot be overlooked.
(ii) Pollution of river waters affects all as most of the rivers pass through different states.
(iii) Air pollution caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases adversely affects human health and the atmosphere as a whole.
(iv) Thermal pollution of river water affects aquatic life irrespective of State and National Boundaries.

Question. How has the ever increasing number of industries in India made position worse by exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources? Explain.
Answer : Increasing number of industries exerting pressure on Fresh water resources:
(i) Industries are heavy users of water.
(ii) More demand of hydroelectric power. (iii) Industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers causing Water pollution.
(iv) Multiplying urban centres, due to Industries, has caused pressure on water resources.
(v) Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained)

Question. Suggest any three measures to minimize the Environment Degradation by Industries in India. 
OR
Suggest any three steps to minimize the Environmental degradation caused by the Industrial development in India. 
Answer : Three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are:
(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
 (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(vi) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(vii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain with examples any five factors that are responsible for Industrial location.
Answer : Five factors responsible for industrial location are:
1. Availability of raw material at low cost.
2. Government Policies.
3. Availability of specialized labour.
4. Availability of markets and services facilities like banking, transport, etc.
5. Availability of power.
6. Any other relevant point to be explained with example.

Question. Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of Manufacturing Industries? Explain with examples.
OR
Analyse the role of the manufacturing Sector in the Economic Development of India.
OR
“The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of Manufacturing industries.”Support the statement with arguments.
Answer : The economic development of a country is measured by the development of Manufacturing industries in the following ways:
(i) Manufacturing Industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in Secondary and Tertiary Sectors.
(iii) Industrial development is a pre-condition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iv) Manufacturing activities expand Trade and Commerce.
(v) Exports bring in much needed Foreign Exchange.
(vi) Manufacturing is the process of value addition.
(vii) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(viii) It increases the GDP/ National Income of the country.

Question. What is the Manufacturing Sector? Why is it considered as the backbone of development?Interpret the reason.
Answer : Definition of Manufacturing Sector:Production
of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuableprodu cts is called Manufacturing.
It is considered as a backbone of development because:
(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands Trade and Commerce.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Question. What is Manufacturing Sector? Describe four types of manufacturing sector on the basis of Ownership. 
Answer : Manufacturing Sector: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. For example: paper is
manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane and aluminium from bauxite.
Four types of manufacturing sector on the basis of ownership are:
(i) Public sector owned by government agencies.
For example: BHEL, SAIL, etc.
(ii) Private sector owned by individuals or a group of individuals. For example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc.
(iii) Joint sector jointly owned by the state and individuals. For example: Oil India Ltd, etc.
(iv) Cooperative sector is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For example: AMUL, Mother Dairy, etc.

Question. Why are maximum Jute Textile Mills located in the Hugli Basin?  
OR
Explain any five factors that are responsible for the location of the ‘Jute Mills’ mainly along the banks of the ‘Hugli River’.
OR
Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of Jute Industry in West Bengal.
OR
Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of Jute Mills along the banks of the Hugli river.

Answer : Factors responsible for the location of the Jute Mills in Hugli Basin:
(i) Proximity of jute producing areas.
(ii) Cheap water transport supported by a good network.
(iii) Water transport is supported by good network of railways and roadways.
(iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(v) Availability of cheap labour.
(vi) Kolkata port facility is available.
(vii) Insurance and banking facilities are also available.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

Question. Explain any two main challenges faced by the Jute Industry in India. Explain any three objectives of National Jute Policy.
Answer : Challenges faced by the jute industry are:
(i) Stiff competition in the International Market from synthetic substitutes.
(ii) To stimulate demand the products need to be diversified.
(iii) Stiff competition from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, etc.
Objective of National Jute Policy:
(i) Increasing productivity.
(ii) Improving quality.
(iii) Ensuring good prices to the Jute Farmers.
(iv) Enhancing the yield per hectare.

Question. Why are Sugar Mills concentrated in Sugarcane producing areas? Explain any three problems faced by Sugar Industry in India.
Answer : Sugar Industries are concentrated in the sugarcane producing areas because:
(i) The raw material used in the Sugar Mills, is Sugarcane which is bulky.
(ii) In haulage, its sucrose content reduces.
(Any other relevant point) (Any two)
Challenges:
(i) Seasonal nature of the Industry.
(ii) Old and inefficient methods of production.
(iii) Transport delays for Sugarcane to reach to the Mills.
(iv) Need to maximize the use of bagasse.

Question. Why was the Cotton Textile Industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.
Answer : Cotton Textile Industry was concentrated in the Cotton growing belt in the early years because of:
(i) Availability of raw cotton- e.g. belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat
(ii) Proximity to market
(iii) Transport
(iv) Port facilities
(v) Cheap labour
(vi) Moist climate

Question. Explain any five factors that are responsible for concentration of ‘Iron and Steel’ Industries mainly in ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau Region’.
Answer : Concentration of Iron and Steel Industries in Chota Nagpur Plateau Region:
(i) High grade raw material in proximity.
(ii) Availability of labour.
(iii) Raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky containing heavy transport cost.
(iv) Road and rail transport facilities are available.
(v) Vast growth potential in the home market.
(vi) Low cost iron ore.

Question. Explain the ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced.
OR
How can the Industrial Pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways.

Answer : The ways through which the Industrial Pollution of fresh water can be reduced are:
(i) Treated waste water can be recycled for reuse in Industrial processes.
(ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirement for Industrial process.
(iii) Treating hot and polluted waste water from industries before releasing it into our rivers and lakes.
(iv) Installing water treatment plants at the Industrial sites for Recycling.
(v) Legal provisions must be made to regulate the use of groundwater for Industrial use.

Question. ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control over Industrial Pollution.’
Substantiate the statement with examples.
Answer : (i) On one hand, industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion but on the other hand, these are also the cause of environmental degradation which prompt to
the different types of air and Water Pollution.
(ii) There is an increasing requirement to adopt a further sustainable model.
(iii) Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly.
(iv) Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation.
(v) Industries use – Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
(vi) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds should be done. There should be no thermal plants in the cities.

Question. How are Industries responsible for environmental Degradation in India? Explain with examples.
Answer : Industries are responsible for environmental Degradation in India in the following ways:
1. Pollution of land, water and air from industries causes Environmental degradation.
2. Burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories emit smoke in the air.
3. Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers.
4. Dumping of wastes from industries render the soil useless.
5. Rain water carrying pollutants from wastes dumped by industries percolates and contaminates the ground water.
5. Any other relevant point.

Question. Explain five types of ‘Industrial Pollution.’
Answer : Five types of industrial pollution:
1. Air pollution.
2. River water pollution.
3. Underground water pollution.
4. Noise pollution.
5. Soil pollution.
6. Any other relevant point.

Question. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
Answer : The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment is as follows:
1. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Question. Explain any five measures to control Industrial Pollution in India. 
Answer : Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are listed below as:
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.
(ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are man-made and are designed to cool the heated water from industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants attached to Industries.
(iv) Instructing Industries to be set up far from residential areas.
(v) Backing the constitutional provisions by a number of laws − acts, rules and notifications.

Important Questions for NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries

Question. How will our country be able to compete in the international market?
Ans. Our manufactured goods must be at par in the quality with those in the international market.

Question. Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic and heavy industry?
Ans.  The iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because of the following reasons:
(i) All the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on this industry for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods.
(iii) This industry contributes a lot in providing employment opportunities to the people.
(iv) It helps in the development of agriculture.

Question. What are called basic or key industries? Give examples.
Ans. Basic or key industries are those which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods.
Examples — iron and steel industry, aluminium smelting industry.

Question. Define small scale industry.
Ans. A small scale industry is one in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

Question. What is NTPC?
Ans. NTPC i.e. National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporations in India.

Question. State the challenges faced by the jute industry.
Ans. The major challenges before jute industry leading to its decline are:
1. After the partition, most of jute producing areas have gone to east Pakistan, now Bangladesh, and thus jute industry is facing the problem of shortage of raw material.
2. India is facing high cost production and stiff international competition, especially from Bangladesh, and international market like Brazil and Philippines are also giving serious challenges to India.
3. Continuous decline in the demand of jute due to increase in the demand of its substitutes is another major problem faced by this industry.
4. Old and outdated machinery is another major problem leading to decline in the production of jute products.

Question. Why is iron and steel industry known as a heavy industry?
Ans. Iron and steel industry is known as a heavy industry because all the raw material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky.

Question. Name all the seven states of India where aluminium smelting plants are located.
Ans. (i) Odisha
(ii) West Bengal
(iii) Kerala
(iv) Uttar Pradesh
(v) Chhattisgarh
(vi) Maharashtra
(vii) Tamil Nadu

Question. Where are organic chemical plants located?
Ans. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

Question. When and where was the first cement plant set up in India?
Ans. In India, the first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.