CBSE Class 12 Geography Secondary Activities Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON:
MANUFACATURING, CHARACTERISTICS OFMODERN LARGE SCALE MANUFACTURING, CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

GENERAL:
1. Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming rawmaterials into valuable products
2. Manufacturing:
Involves a full array of production from handicrafts to moulding iron and steel and stamping out plastic toys to assembling delicate computer components or space vehicles
Application of power
mass production
identical products
specialized labour, standardized commodities

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN LARGE SCALE MANUFACTURING

• Specialization of skills/ methods of production
• Mechanization
• Technical innovation
• Organizational structure and stratification
• Uneven geographic distribution

Factors affecting location of Industry

• Access to market
• Access to raw material
• Access to labour supply
• Access to sources of energy
• Access to transportation& communication skills
• Government policy
• Link to industries

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

A. BASED ON SIZE
1. Cottage/House Hold
2. Small Scale
3. Large Scale 

B. BASED ON INPUT/RAWMATERIAL

1. Agro Based
2. Mineral Based
3. Chemical Based
4. Forest Based
 5. Animal Based

C. BASED ON OUTPUT/PRODUCT

1. Basic Industries
2. Consumer Industries

D. BASED ON OWNERSHIP

1. Public Sector 2. Private Sector 3. Joint Sector

TRADITIONAL LAREGE SCALE INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
• High proportion of employment
• High density of housing
• Poor services inferior quality
• Pollution, waste heaps
• Unemployment, emigration derelict land areas

RUHR COAL FIELD –GERMANY
• One of the major industrial area
• Coal, iron, steel are bases for the economy
• Demand for coal declined so industry shrinking
• Ruhr region is producing 80% of steel production
• Problems of industrial waste and pollution
• New industries emerged in the place of old industries such as car assembly new chemical industry, universities.

CONCEPT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
• Latest generation manufacturing unit
• Application of R&D unit
• Professional workers(white collar) share large group
• Highly skilled specialists (blue collar) also working
• Robotics are used in assembly line
• Computer Aided Design is used
• Electronic controls
• Neatly spaced, low modern dispersed office plant and lab buildings
• Planned business parks for high-tech industries
• Regionally concentrated, self sustained highly specialized techno-poles
• Silicon valley in San Francisco and silicon forest near Seattle are techno poles

STEEL INDUSTRIES
• Base for other industries so it is called basic industry
• Provide raw material to other industries
• Also called heavy industry
• Use bulky material
• Produce heavy material

RAWMATERIALS
A. Coal B. Lime Stone C. Coke D. Iron ore E. Manganese

FEATURES
Located nearby raw material or Near the ports Mini steel industries are located nearby markets Located nearby integrated steel plants for scrap

DISTRIBUTION
Most complex and capital intensive industry a. North America: USA –
North Appalachian region: PITTISBURG, Great lake region: CHICOGO, GARRY, ERIE,

CLEVELAND LORAIN BUFALLO, DULUTH
Atlantic region SPARRPWS POINT AND MORRISVILLE b. Europe UK - Birmingham, & Sheffield
Germany: Duisburg, Dortmund Dusseldorf Essen France: Le Creosote St.Ettienne
Russia:Moscow, St. Petersburg. LipetskTulaAsia:Nagasaki,TokyoYokoma of Japan Shanghai,Tangshan andWuhan in China Jamshedpur, Kulti Burnpur Durgapur Roukela Bhilai Bokaro Salem Vizak of India

COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
THREE SUB SECTORS
1. Handloom
Provide more labour employment, semi-skilled workers, small capital, spinning weaving and finishing of fabrics are important functions
2. Power loom - Machines are used, less labour intensive, volume of production increases
3. Mill sector: highly capital intensive produces cloth in bulk
Distribution: INDIACHINAUSAPAKISTAN UZBEKISTAN EGYPT - Egypt produces half of the world cotton
UK NWEUROPE JAPAN produce textiles by importing raw material from other countries Industry facing stiff competitionwith synthetic fiber now it is declining trend due to technology It is shifted to less developed countries

Human geography through the corridors of time
There are different schools of thought which explained in their perspective the nature of man’s interaction with nature.
The three schools of though in human geography are:
• Welfare or humanistic school of thought – in human geography was mainly
concerned with the different aspects of social well being of the people.
• Radical school of though – employed Marxian theory to explain the basic
cause of poverty and social inequality.
• Behavioural school of thought – land great emphasis on lived experience and also on the distribution of ethnicity, race and religion.
Fields and sub field of human geography.
Learn from the book page 4-5-6

Question. Cotton textile industry exists in three sectors.
Answer: a) handloom sector
• It is labour intensive.
• Provides employment to semi skilled workers.
• Requires small capital investment.
• Spinning weaving and finishing of fabric are done in this sector.
b) Power loom sector
• It is capital intensive.
• Volume of production is high.
• Large machines are used
Distribution
• Raw cotton is produced in India, China, USA, Pakistan Uzbekistan & Egypt.
• Cotton textile is produced in Japan, UK and NW Europe.
• Europe imports cotton.

Question. Why is cotton textile showing a declining text?
Answer: Cotton textile industry is showing a declining trend because it faces stiff completion from synthetic fiber.

Question. What is the recent trend of cotton textile industry?
Answer: Cotton textile industry is shifting it’s base from developed to less developed countries where the labour costs are low.

Iron and steel industry

Question. Why is iron and steel industry considered to be a basic industry?
Answer: The iron and steel industry forms the industrial base of country.
It provides raw material for other industries. Such as machines and tools.

Question. How is steel made?
Answer:
• Iron is extracted from its ore in blast furnace.
• Coal, limestone manganese water are raw material.
• The moulded and cooled iron is known as Pig iron.
• Pig iron is made into steel by adding strengthening material (Mn)
• Traditional integrated steel plants are large and located near the raw materials which are heavy.

Question. What is the significance of Mini Steel Plant?
Answer:
• Mini steel plants are less expensive to build and operate.
• The plants can be located near market because they rely on scrap metal as raw materials.
• In mini steel plant one step process is involved in the production of steel.
The above mentioned reasons are responsible for the gaining popularity of Mini Steel Plant.
Distribution
a) USA
• Appalachian region - centre – Pittsburg. Losing popularity so knows as ‘Rust Bowl’ of USA.
• Great Lake Region – centres – Chicago, Gary, Erie, loarain Cleveland and Duluth.
• Atlantic coast – sparrow point, Morrisville.
• The industry is now moving towards, southern states e.g. Alabama
b) UK
• Centers – Birmingham Sheffield, sceen Thrope port Talpot
c) Germany
• Centers – Duisburg, Dortmeund, Dusseldorf, Essen
d) France
• Centres – St Ettinne, Le Creusot
e) Russia
• Centres – Moscow, Tula, Lipetsk, St Petersburg
f) Ukraine
• Centres – Krivoi Rog, Donetsk
g) Japan
• Centres - Nagasaki, Tokyo, Yokohama
h) China
• Centres – Shanghai, Tienshan, Whuan
i) India
• Centres – Jamshedpur, Burnpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Bhadravadi.

One Marks Question

Question. Where is Silicon Valley situated?
Answer. California (USA)

Question. Which area is called the ‘Rust Bowl’ of the USA?
Answer. Pittsburgh

Question. What are the characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing?
Answer Specialization of skills/methods of production.
1. Mechanization
2. Technological innovations.
3. Organizational Structure & Stratification.
4. Uneven geographic Distribution.

Three Marks Question

Question. Classify industries based on raw material used.
Answer. (i) Agro-based industries: Example tea, sugar, cotton , jute textile.
(ii) Forest – based industries: Example paper , pulp , furniture
(iii) Mineral Based:
(a) Nonferrous industries Copper , Aluminum etc.
(b) Ferrous industries: Iron , Manganese

Question. What are the Characteristics of foot loose industries.
Answer. 1. Light industries that often do not use raw material but component parts.
2. Power requirement usually only electricity available from the national grid
3. Employs small labour force
4. Non polluting
5. Accessibility needs to be near a road network.

Question. What are the three sub sectors of cotton textile industry?
Answer. Handloom
Powerloom
Mills

Five Marks Question

Question. Why are high tech industries located in the periphery of metropolitan area?
Answer. 1. Space for single – story factories and future expansion.
2. Cheaper land values
3. Accessibility to main roads
4. Pleasant environment
5. Labour supply from nearby

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Multiple Choice Questions

Question. Modern manufacturing is characterised by which of the following?
(a) A complex machine technology
(b) Huge amount of capital
(c) Large organisations and infrastructure
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Question. The dependence of industries on labour has reduced because of
(a) quality control
(b) hydro-electricity
(c) infrastructure
(d) automation
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Secondary activities – Ground based activities
(b) Manufacturing – Conversion of raw materials into finished goods
(c) Mechanisation – Use of gadgets and machines to accomplish task
(d) Automation – Advanced stage of mechanisation
Answer : A

Question. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) Access to market – Increasing purchasing power.
(b) Access to raw material – To avoid wastage of raw materials.
(c) Access to transportation – For easy movement of raw materials to factories and finished goods to the market.
(d) Government policy – Global policies made by government are important to promote balanced economic development in a country.
Answer : D

Question. Match the following correctly.
List I (Classification of Industries)       List II  (Examples)
A. Cottage or Household industries        1. Synthetic fibres
B. Agro-based industries                         2. Artefacts
C. Chemical based industries                 3. Timber
D. Forest based industries                      4. Iron and steel
E. Basic industry                                     5. Cotton textile
F. Consumer goods industries                6. Vehicles
Codes
     A B C D E F
(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(b) 6 5 4 3 2 1
(c) 2 5 1 3 4 6
(d) 4 5 1 6 3 2
Answer : C

Question. Match the following:
List-I (Classification of Industries)       List-II (Examples)
A. Cottage manufacturing                     1. Tea plantation business
B. Mineral based industries                  2. Woollen textiles
C. Agri-business                                   3. Pottery industries
D. Animal based industries                  4. Furniture
Codes
     A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 1 4 3 2
(d) 2 4 1 3
Answer : B

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Case Based MCQs

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.

It is the smallest manufacturing unit. The artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce everyday goods in their homes with the help of their family members or part-time labour. Finished products may be for consumption in the same household or, for sale in local (village) markets, or, for barter. Capital and transportation do not wield much influence as this type of manufacturing has low commercial significance and most of the tools are devised locally.
Some common everyday products produced in this sector of manufacturing include foodstuffs, fabrics, mats, containers, tools, furniture, shoes, and figurines from wood lot and forest, shoes, thongs and other articles from leather; pottery and bricks from clays and stones. Goldsmiths make jewellery of gold, silver and bronze. Some artefacts and crafts are made out of bamboo, wood obtained locally from the forests.

Question. What marks the household industries the smallest manufacturing units?
(a) It is based on local raw materials
(b) It is based on modernised tools
(c) Everday goods are produced at homes
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following is not correct about the finished goods of cottage manufacturing?
(a) These may be for consumption in the same household of artisAnswer :
(b) These are for sale in the international markets.
(c) These are for Barter system
(d) These are for villagers
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following South-East Asian countries has developed labour-intensive small scale manufacturing in order to provide employment to its population?
(a) Brazil
(b) India
(c) Indonesia
(d) China
Answer : C

Question. Which of the follwong factors distinguished small scale manufacturing from household industries?
(a) Its production techniques
(b) Place of manufacturing
(c) Power Driven machines
(d) All of the above
Answer : D

Read the case/source given and answer the following questions.

The iron and steel industry forms the base of all other industries and therefore, it is called a basic industry. It is basic because it provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production. It may also be called a heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy.
Iron is extracted from iron ore by smelting in a blast furnace with carbon (coke) and limestone. The molten iron is cooled and moulded to form pig iron which is used for converting into steel by adding strengthening materials like manganese.
The large integrated steel industry is traditionally located close to the sources of raw materials–iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone-or at places where these could be easily brought, e.g. near ports. But in mini steel mills access to markets is more important than inputs. These are less expensive to build and operate and can be located near markets because of the abundance of scrap metal, which is the main input. Traditionally, most of the steel was produced at large integrated plants, but mini mills are limited to just one-step process - steel making - and are gaining ground.

Question. How iron is manufactured from iron ore?
Answer : Iron is extracted from iron ore by smelting in a blast furnace with carbon (coke) and limestone. The molten iron is cooled and moulded to form pig iron which is used for converting into steel by adding strengthening materials like manganese.

Question. Why iron and steel industry is regarded as a key industry and bulky industry ?
Answer : The iron and steel industry forms the base of all other industries and therefore, it is regarded as a key industry. It is basic because it provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production.
Iron ore industry may also be called a bulky or heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy like machine tools, parts of automobiles, railways and so on.

Question. How significance of mini steel plants is growing in recent time?
Answer : The significance of mini steel plants is gaining in recent time in the following ways
- As compared to large integrated steel industry, mini steel mills need only nearness to market places rather than other location factors; thus, these can be set up anywhere.
- Mini steel mills are less expensive to build and operate.
They need only scrap metal which is the main input.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Why are modern manufacturing industries concentrated in few places in the world? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : Modern manufacturing industries are concentrated in a few places in the world because
(i) Raw Material Modern industries require large quantities of raw material. Industries are mainly located near mines, farms and seas. For example, jute mills inWest Bengal, cotton textile in Maharashtra, etc.
(ii) Power Resources The main sources of power are coal, oil and hydro-power that are not evenly distributed. For example, iron and steel industries get coal from Jharia and Raniganj coal-field.
(iii) Means of Transport The modern industries require cheap, developed and quick means of transport. For example, the world’s great industrial region is situated at the end of North Atlantic Ocean route. Great lakes in USA provide cheap transport to the industrial centres.

Question. Give a brief note on the Ruhr coal field, Germany.
Answer : Ruhr coal field has been one of the most important industrial regions of Europe for a long time. Coal, iron and steel formed the basis of the economy but with the decline in demand of coal, the industry started shrinking.
The Ruhr region is responsible for 80 per cent of Germany’s total steel production. The future success of Ruhr is now based on the newly developed industries like huge Opel car assembly plant, new chemical plants, universities.
Out-of-town shopping centres have appeared resulting in a ‘New Ruhr’ landscape.

Question. Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent. Comment.
Answer : The reasons for country like Africa for being industrially backward inspite of having immense natural resources are
- Lack of demand and absence of market for manufactured goods.
- Absence or lack of required energy or power sources.
- Poorly developed transportation and communication facilities are equally responsible for the underdeveloped industrial structure.
- Political instability and improper government and regional policies lead to unbalanced economy.
- The African countries do not have the advanced technology, therefore are backward in industrialisation.
- The climate of most of the countries where mineral based industries could be set-up is not favourable.

Question. Examine any five characteristics of footloose industries in the world.
Answer : Footloose industries are those industries that can be located at a wide variety of places and are not dependent on any specific raw material. The characteristics of these type of industries are
(i) These industries require a smaller plant in size as compared to heavy and small industries.
(ii) It needs skilled workers as the industrial process is advanced. The labour force is small and production is in small quantities.
(iii) These are environment-friendly industries and do not create any pollution.
(iv) These industries produce goods that are high in value but smaller in size, so, transport cost is negligible and products are transported by road networks.
(v) They do not require specialised raw materials. The raw material of these industries can be obtained at any place.

Question. What are the basis on which industries are classified? Give examples.
Answer : Industries are classified on various basis which are
- On the Basis of Size On this basis, industries are classified as cottage or household industries, small scale industries and large scale industries. The size is determined by capital, number of workers and volume of production.
- On the Basis of Inputs/Raw Materials On this basis, industries are agro based industries, chemicals based industries, mineral based industries, etc. The nature of input determines their operations.
- Industries Based on Output/Product On this basis, industries are classified as basic industries and consumer goods/non basic industries.
- On the Basis of Ownership On this basis, industries are classified into public sector, private sector and joint sector industries. 

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world. 
Answer : The major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world are
- Modern industrial activities are carried out at a few number of places in developed countries.
- The structure and form of industries change with the progress of economy, scientific and technological advancements. For example, the textile industry in UK witnessed constant growth up to first half of 20th century.
- The industry declined with the shift of the textile industry to less developed countries like India where labour costs are low.
- High-tech industries have been diffusing to less developed countries from more developed countries.
For example, in earlier days, Germany developed iron and steel industry by importing iron from Brazil. Now, Brazil might make steel and Germany would import steel and work with these to make engineering products such as cars, computers, etc.
- Other changes that have been observed are that large factories are giving way to smaller units dispersed over large areas and employing several thousands of people. These regions have become the centres of economic and political power.

Question. Differentiate between small scale manufacturing industry and large scale manufacturing.
Answer : Differences between small scale and large scale manufacturing industries are

Question. Classify the industries on the basis of inputs/raw materials.
Answer : On the basis of inputs or raw materials, industries are classified as
- Agro Based Industries These industries involve the processing of raw materials of the products which are obtained from agricultural farms and fields. The finished products are sold in the rural and urban markets. These industries include food processing, sugar, pickle, fruit juices, spices, textile etc.
- Minerals Based Industry Minerals are used as raw materials in these industries. These include ferrous metallic minerals such as iron and steel industry, non-ferrous metallic minerals such as aluminium, copper, gold etc and non-metallic minerals based industries like cement industry.
- Chemical Based Industry These industries use natural chemical minerals. These include petroleum, salt, sulphur, potash, plastic industries. They also use raw materials obtained from wood and coal.
- Forest Based Industries These industries use major and minor forest products such as wood, timber etc. These include paper industry, furniture industry, lac industry etc.
- Animal Based Industries These industries are based on the products obtained from animals. These include leather industry, woolen, textile industry etc.