CBSE Class 12 Geography Mineral And Energy Resources Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON:

A mineral is a natural substance of organic /inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.

TYPES OF MINERALS-METALLIC MINERALS AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS

A. Ferrous: Iron manganese
B. Non Ferrous; Copper Bauxite Non Metallic Minerals
A. Fuel mineral: Coal, Petroleum,
B. Other Non-metallic: Lime Stone

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE EXPLORATION OFMINERALS

1. Geological survey of India
2. Oil and Natural Gas Commission
3. Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd.
4. National Mineral Development Corporation
5. Indian Bureau of Mines
6. Bharat Gold Mines
7. Hindustan Copper Ltd
8. National Aluminum Ltd
9. Dept. of Mining and Geology

DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS

1. Metallic minerals occur in peninsular region
2. Coal reserves are found in valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Sone, Damodar
3. Petroleum occurin sedimentary deposits of Assam and Gujarat
4. New reserves are discovered in Krishna Godavari Cauvery basins
5. Most of the minerals occurin east of line linking Mangalorean Kanpur
6. There are located in three broad belts

NORTH EASTERN PLATEAU REGION
1. CoverWest Bengal, Orissa, Chhattisgarh
2. Minerals areiron coal manganese, bauxite, mica

SOUTH WESTERN PLATEAU REGION
1. Covers Karnataka, Goa, Kerala & Tamilnadu
2. Minerals are ferrousmetals, limestone, bauxiteiron ore, andmanganese coal depositsmonazitein Kerala iron orein Goa

NORTH WESTERN REGION
1. CoverWest Bengal,Orissa,Chhatisgarh
2. Minerals areiron coalmanganese, bauxite, mica

SOUTH WESTERN PLATEAU REGION
1. Covers KK, Goa, Kerala &Tamilnadu
2. Minerals are ferrousmetals, limestone, bauxiteiron ore, andmanganese coal depositsmonazitein Kerala iron orein Goa

NORTH WESTERN REGION
1. Minerals arecopper zinc, sandstonegranitemarble, gypsumfullers earth dolomite and limestone.
Petroleum in Gujarat, Himalayan belt, minerals are copper lead, zinc,cobalt tungsten

FERROUS MINERALS: IRON, MANGANESE, CHROMITE

1. Iron ore: largest iron oreinAsia, Hematite and Magnetite are the two types of iron ores, it has great demand in the international market

The total reserveis about 20 bi.Tones 955 is located in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu Orissa: Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj Jhar mining centers; Gurumahishani, Sulaipet Badampahar Kiruburu Bonai Jharkhand; Noamundi and Gurumahisani located in west and east Singhbhum Chh; Durg Danteware Bailadila Dalli Rajhara
Karnataka: Sundur, Hospet, Bababudnhills, Tumkur Chitradurg Ms. Chandrapur, Bhandara Ratnagiri
Andhra Pradesh: Kurnool, Karinagar CudapahAnantapur

2. MANGANESE
Used in steel making, Orissais the leading producer, Bonai, Kandahar, Sundergarh,. Gangpur,Koraput Kalahandi Bolangir are important producers
KAR: Darwad, Bellary Belgaum N.Canara Chikmagalur
Maharashtra : Nagpur, Bahandara Ratnagiri Non Ferrous-minerals

3. BAUXITE

It is the oreof aluminum
Aluminum is used to make construction, aircraft, utensils, electrical items ORISSA: Kalahindi, Sampalpur are leading producers
Lohardhaga In Jharkhand,KolabaThaneRatnagiri ofMSBhavnagar, Jamnagar ofGuj.

COPPER USE DINELECTRICAL INDUSTRY

Distribution: Singhbhumin Jharkhand, Balaghat ofMP, JhunjhunuAlwar of raj.Minor producers are Hassan of Karnataka, Agnigundale of AP

NON METALLICMINERALS

MICA: usedin electrical industry and furnace

Foundin Hazaribagh of Bihar Nellore of ap. Jaipur Bhilwara of RAJ

COAL, PETROLEUM NATURALGAS, NUCLEAR MINERALS COAL: there are three types of coal

1. Anthracite: found in Himalayan region
2. Bituminous: located in Gondwana field DVC, Godavari Valley Sone Valley Jharia, Raniganj, Mahanadi Valley ChandaWardha
3. Nyvelylignites: found inTamilnadu
4. Tertiary coal is found inAssam.ARP, MEG. NAG. J&K

WINDENERGY

1. Pollution free
2. In exhaustible
3. Simple machinery
4. Wind rotateturbines to produce electricity
5. Permanent wind systems are used to rotate turbines
6. India planned to establish 250 wind driven turbines with 45 mw potential
7. There are 12 suitable locations
8. India is able to produce 3000 mw, it can produce 50000 mw
9. Lamba and Kutch in GUJ are suitable places

TIDALWAVE ENERGY
Energy produced with the help of tides and waves of sea west coast is more suitable

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
1. Hot wateris used to rotateturbines
2. Ground water is heated and gushed out and can be used for generating electricity
3. Hot springs and geysers are used to generate electricity

BIO ENERGY
1. Energy generated fromagricultural, animalwaste, urbanwaste, itcan be converted in to electrical
energy
3. Develop rural areas
4. Clean the environment
5. Cheap and easilyavailable in ruralareas

CONSERVATION OFMINERAL RESOURCES
1. Use non-conventional resources
2. Recycling of metals
3. Reuse of energy resources
4. Use alternative resources
5. Use scrap metals

GIST OF THE LESSON

- Mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties

CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
- Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
- There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals.
- All minerals are exhaustible over time.

DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN INDIA

3 belt of minerals
1. The North Eastern Plateau Region
2. The South Western Plateau Region
3. The North Western Region
- Himalayan belt=copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, tungsten
- Assam valley and off shore of Mumbai- mineral oil

FERROUS MINERAL
Iron ore
- India has largest reserve of iron ore in Asia
- 2 types of iron ore
1. Hematite
2. Magnetite

MANGANESE

Uses
o Smelting of iron ore
o Manufacture of Ferro alloys
- Leading producer-Odisha
- Odisha- Bonai. Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Koraput
- Karnataka-Bellary, Chikmangalur, Tumakuru
- Maharashtra-Ratnagiri, Nagpur [located far from steel plants]
- Madhya Pradesh-Balaghat, Jhabua

NON FERROUS MINERALS

Bauxite
- Used in the manufacturing of aluminium
- Largest producer-Odisha
- Odisha- Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Koraput
- Jharkhand- Lohardaga
- Gujarat- Bhavnagar, Jamnagar
- Chhattisgarh- Amarkantak Plateau
- Madhya Pradesh- Katni, Jabalpur, Balaghat
- Maharashtra- Ratnagiri, Pune

COPPER

Uses
o Electrical industry making wire
o Electric motors, transformers, generators
o Jewellery[mixed with gold]
- Jharkhand- Singhbhum
- Madhya Pradesh- Balaghat
- Rajasthan- Jhunjhunu, Alwar

NON METALLIC MINERALS
Mica

Use
- Electrical and electronic industries
- Jharkhand- Hazaribagh Plateau
- Andhra Pradesh- Nellore
- Rajasthan- Jaipur to Bhilwara, Udaipur
- Karnataka- Hasan, Mysore
- Tamilnadu- Coimbatore, Kanyakumari
- Kerala- Alleppey
- Maharashtra- Ratnagiri
- West Bengal- Purulia, Bankura

ENERGY-RESOURCES COAL

Use
o Generation of thermal power
o Smelting of iron ore
- 80%coal deposits in India bituminous type
- Occur in rock sequences of two geological ages
1. Gondwana[200 million years old]
2. Tertiary[15-60 million years old]

GONDWANA COAL
- Located in Damodar valley
- Lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt
- Imp coal fields-Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro
- Jharia is the largest coal field
- Other river valleys associated with coal- Godavari, Mahanadi, Sone

COAL MINING CENTRES
- Madhya Pradesh- Singrauli
- Chhattisgarh- Korba
- Orissa- Talcher, Rampur
- Maharashtra- Chanda-Wardha, Kamptee, Bander
- Andhra Pradesh-Singareni, Pandur

TERTIARY COAL
- Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Nagaland
- Meghalaya- Cherrapunji
- Assam- Makum, Nazira
- Arunachal Pradesh- Namchik-Namphuk
- Jammu and Kashmir-Kalakot

Brown coal/lignite
- Tamilnadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir

PETROLEUM
- Source of energy for all internal combustion engines
- Many by products- fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, Vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap, cosmetics
- Oil exploration and production-Oil and Natural Gas Commission [1956]
- Assam- Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran
- Gujarat-Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana
- Mumbai high

Two type of refineries
1. Field based-Digboi
2. Market based –Barauni

NATURAL GAS
- Gas authority of India limited-1984-To transport and market natural gas Located
- Tamilnadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra

NUCLEAR ENERGY RESOURCES
- Mineral used for generation of nuclear energy
1. Uranium
2. thorium

Uranium-
- Singhbhum- Jharkhand
- Udaipur. Alwar- Rajasthan
- Durg- Chhattisgarh
- Kullu- Himachal Pradesh

Thorium- from monazite and ilmenite

Rich monazite deposit-
- Kerala- Palakkad, Kollam
- Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam
- Odisha- Mahanadi delta
1948-Atomic Energy commission set up
1954-Atomic Energy Institute-Trombay
1967-renamed Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

Nuclear power projects
- Maharashtra- Tarapur
- Rajasthan- Kota [Rawatbhata]
- Tamilnadu- Kalpakkam
- Uttar Pradesh- Narora
- Karnataka- Kaiga
- Gujarat- Kakrapara

NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Advantages
- Inexhaustible
- Eco friendly
- Cheap
- Low running cost

Disadvantage
- Initial cost high

SOLAR ENERGY
2 process to tap solar energy
1. Photovoltaic
2. Solar thermal technology

Advantages
- Cost competitive
- Environment friendly
- Easy to construct

Uses
- Heaters
- Crop dyers
- Cookers
High potential-Western India - Rajasthan and Gujarat

WIND ENERGY
- Pollution free
- Inexhaustible
- The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electrical energy
- The permanent wind systems such the trade winds, westerlies and seasonal wind like monsoon have been used as source of energy.
- local winds-land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity
- Wind power plant at Lamba in Kutch Gujarat is the largest in Asia
- Potential areas- Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka

TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY
- Energy from tidal waves and ocean currents
- High potential-west coast of India

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
- Hot springs
- Geysers
- Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh

BIO ENERGY
- From biological products-agricultural residues, municipal industrial and other wastes
- Bioenergy is a potential source of energy conversion. It can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking
- It will also process the waste and garbage and produce energy

Advantages
- Improves economic life of rural areas in developing countries
- Reduces environmental pollution
- Enhances self reliance
- Reduce pressure on fuel wood
- Eg Okhla in Delhi

CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
- Use of scrap metals[recycle of metal- copper, lead, zinc]
- Use of substitutes for scarce metals
- Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced so that the existing reserve may be used for a longer period.
- The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy should be developed to replace the exhaustible resources

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral And Energy Resources MCQs

Question. Which of the following is not an example of ferrous minerals?
a. Iron ore
b. Manganese
c. Cobalt
d. Bauxite
Answer. D

Question. Which of the following regions is not associated with the availability of petroleum?
a. Assam
b. Gujarat
c. Mumbai High
d. Madhya Pradesh
Answer. D

Question. Neyveli coal reserves are found in which of the following region?
a. North-east plateau region
b. South-west plateau region
c. North-western region
d. North-eastern states
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following minerals are provided as raw materials for the cement industry?
a. Gypsum and lead
b. Cobalt and limestone
c. Dolomite and limestone
d. Zinc and bronze
Answer. C

Question. Which of the following mines are not associated with Odisha ?
a. Badampahar
b. Rajahra
c. Sulaipet
d. Gurumahisani
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following is the oldest oil producing region of India?
a. Ankaleshwar
b. Digboi
c. Mumbai High
d. Naharkatiya
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following features of India has reserves of valuable minerals?
(a) Peninsular plateau
(b) Coastal plains
(c) Northern plains
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer.D

Question. The South-Western plateau region is rich in which of the following minerals?
(a) Iron ore, Manganese, Bauxite
(b) Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
(c) Sandstone, Granite, Marble
(d) Copper, Mica, Thorium
Answer. A

Question. Good quality mica is produced in Rajasthan in a 320 km long belt from ......... to .......... and around Udaipur.
(a) Jaipur, Jhunjhunu
(b) Jaipur, Bhilwara
(c) Alwar, Jaipur
(d) Bhilwara, Jhunjhunu
Answer. B

Question. Which of the following river valleys is rich in coal reserves in India?
(a) Damodar river valley
(b) Sone river valley
(c) Mahanadi river valley
(d) All of these
Answer. D

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option for the same.
I. India is well placed in respect of ferrous minerals both in reserves and production.
II. Ferrous minerals provide a strong base for development of metallurgical industries.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Both I and II are correct
(c) Only II is correct
(d) Both are incorrect
Answer. B

Question. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option for the same.
I. Conventional sources of energy cannot be renewed or replenished.
II. These resources are exhaustible in nature.
Codes
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Both I and II are correct
(c) Only II is correct
(d) Both are incorrect
Answer. B

Question. Match the following pairs and choose the correct option.
List I (Copper Producing Region)    List II (State)
A. Agnigundala                                    1. Jharkhand
B. Singhbhum                                     2. Madhya Pradesh
C. Jhunjhunu                                      3. Rajasthan
D. Balaghat                                        4. Andhra Pradesh
Codes
     A B C D
(a) 1 2 4 3
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 4 3 1
(d) 4 1 2 3
Answer.C

Question. Match the following columns.
Column I (States)        Column II (Gondwana Coal fields)
A. Madhya Pradesh           1. Singrauli
B. Chhattisgarh                2. Korba
C. Odisha                        3. Talcher
D. Maharashtra                4. Bander
E. Telangana                    5. Singareni
F. Andhra Pradesh             6. Pandur
Codes
     A B C D E F 
(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(b) 6 5 4 3 2 1
(c) 6 1 5 2 3 4
(d) 5 1 6 2 1 3
Answer. A

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral And Energy Resources Very Short Answer Question

Question. What is a mineral?
Answer. A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.

Question. Why is India endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources?
Answer. India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure.

Question. Which are the two types of iron ore found in India?
Answer. Haematite, Magnetite

Question. Why Indian iron ore has great demand in international market?
Answer. It has great demand in international market due to its superior quality.

Question. State any two uses of manganese
Answer. Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for manufacturing ferro alloys.

Question. Which state leads in manganese production?
Answer. Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese

Question. Name any two ferrous minerals other than iron ore
Answer. Manganese, Chromite

Question. What is the utility of Bauxite as a mineral ?[CBSE]
Answer. Bauxite is the ore which is used in manufacturing of aluminum..

Question. Which metal is obtained from bauxite?
Answer. Aluminium

Question. Which metal is indispensable in electrical industry?
Answer. copper

Question. Name any two non ferrous minerals.
Answer. Aluminium, copper

Question. Name the place of Maharashtra where an atomic power station is located.
Answer. Tarapur in Maharashtra

Question. Name any two fossil fuels
Answer. Coal, petroleum, natural gas

Question. Name the organization that markets and transports natural gas
Answer. The Gas Authority of India Limited

Question. Name the two types of geological formation containing coal deposits in the country
Answer. Coal occurs in rock sequences mainly of two geological ages, namely Gondwana and tertiary deposits.

Question. Distinguish between thermal electricity and hydro electricity
Answer. Electricity generated from coal is called thermal electricity and that generated from falling water is hydro electricity.

Question. Write the name of four river valleys known for the occurrence of Gondwana coal
Answer. The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley. The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.

Question. What is Mumbai high known for?
Answer. Off shore oil field.

Question. Name the place where first oil refinery of India was set up?
Answer. Digboi

Question. Where was the first atomic power station set in India?
Answer. Tarapur in Maharashtra

Question. Name four conventional sources of energy
Answer. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy

Question. Which are the two types of refineries in India? Give an example of each
Answer. There are two types of refineries in India: (a) field-based and (b) market-based.
Digboi is an example of field-based and Barauni is an example of market-based refinery

Question. Why is petroleum referred to as liquid gold?
Answer. Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.

Question. Which is the largest oil refinery in India?
Answer. Jamnagar (Gujarat)

Question. Where was the first Atomic Station set up in India?
Answer. Tarapur near Mumbai in 1969

Question. How many minerals are mined in India?
Answer. 68

Question. Which state is largest producer of coal India?
Answer. Jharkhand

Question. Where was first offshore oil field discovered?
Answer. Near Aliabet island (Gujarat)

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral And Energy Resources Short Answer Question

Question. What is conservation of minerals?Why is conservation of minerals necessary?
Answer. Use ofminerals in a scientificmanner to avoid theirwastage is called conservation ofminerals.
Conservation of minerals is necessary:
i) For the regular advancement of civilization
ii) Minerals are exhaustible resources. They are needed for our future generation.
Methods to conserve mineralsi)
Use alternatives in place of minerals like plastic doors in place of iron ans steel.
ii) Recycling.

Question. Distinguish between metallic and non metallic minerals.
Answer. Metallic minerals:
1. Those mineral from which we get minerals.
2. Can be drawn into wires and sheets after melting.
3. Examples: Iron ore , copper and tin etc
Non-metallicminerals:
1. Those minerals from which we do not get metals.
2. Can not drawn into wires and sheets.
Example: coal and marble

Question. Difference between conventional and non conventional source of energy.
Answer. Conventional source of energy:
1. These are exhaustible resources.
2. They pollute the environment.
3. Examples: coal and petroleum.
Non-conventional source of energy:
1. These are in exhaustible resources.
2. They do not pollute the environment.
3. Example: solar energy and wind energy.

Question. Why is conservation of minerals necessary?
Answer. 1) Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
2) There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity ofminerals i.e. good quality,Minerals
are less in quantity as compare to quality minerals.
3) All minerals are exhaustible overtime. These take long develop geologically and they
cannot be replenished immediately the time of need.

Question. Describe any three characteristics of minerals
Answer. 
- Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
- There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals. 
- All minerals are exhaustible over time

Question. State any one characteristic each of metallic and non-metallic minerals
Answer. Characteristics of Metallic Minerals :- Ductile, malleable, Good conductor of heat and electricity, sonorous etc. Characteristics of Non Metallic Minerals:- These minerals don’t have all the above mentioned characteristics/ These are either organic such as fossil fuels or inorganic such as Mica, limestone etc.

Question. State any one characteristic each of ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Answer. Ferrous Minerals :- Ferrous Minerals are those minerals which have some contents of iron ore like iron and manganese etc. Non Ferrous Minerals:- Non - ferrous minerals are those minerals which have no trace of iron like copper, bauxite etc.

Question. Classify minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties.
Answer. Classification of minerals - i. Metallic ii. Non – metallic

Question. Give two advantages of copper. Mention four main copper mining areas of India.
Answer. Copper is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to jewellery
The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan

Question. How are canaries helpful in the detection of CO in the underground coal mines?
Answer. Canaries are used to detect the presence of deadly carbon monoxide in underground mines
When canaries are lowered into mines with CO presence, the birds show distress symptoms such as ruffling of feathers, pronounced chirping and loss of life. These reactions occur even if 0.15 per cent of CO is present in the air. If the content is 0.3 per cent the bird shows immediate distress and falls off its perch in two to three minutes

Question. ‘‘Conservation of mineral resources is essential for the development of India.’’ Examine the statement.
Answer. Need of conservation of Mineral resources: i. These are unevenly distributed over space ii. There is inverse relationship in quantity and quality of minerals. iii. All minerals are exhaustible over time. iv. These take long to develop geologically v. They cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need

Question. Why should mineral resources be conserved ? Explain any three ways to conserve mineral resources in India. 
Answer. 
The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are inexhaustible resource. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible resources.
- In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals. Use of scrap is especially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India’s reserves are meagre.
- Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption.
- Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve may be used for a longer period.

Question. Explain any three main characteristics of mineral resources. 
Answer. The major characteristics of mineral resources are
(i) Their distribution over the earth’s surface is uneven i.e. some regions have rich minerals, whereas others lack behind in availability of minerals.
(ii) Minerals of good quality are less in amount and minerals of low quality are more in amount on earth.
Thus, quality and quantity of minerals have an inverse relationship.
(iii) Minerals are exhaustible, i.e. once used they can’t be used again. Minerals take long time to develop geologically and once they get exhausted, they cannot be replenished immediately at the time ofneed.

Question. Describe the uneven distribution of mineral and energy resources in India by giving suitable examples. 
Answer. India is a rich country in terms of minerals. However, there is uneven distribution of mineral and energy resources in country.
For example,
- Most of the metallic minerals occur in the Peninsular Plateau region in the old crystalline rocks.
- River valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari have over 97% of coal reserves in India.
- Sedimentary basins of Assam and offshore region in the Arabian Sea (Gujarat and Mumbai High) are famous for their crude petroleum reserves.
- The area to the East of a line joining Mangaluru and Kanpur has most of the major mineral resources of India.
- Mineral are mainly concentrated in three broad belts, namely, the North-Eastern Plateau region, the South-Western Plateau region and the North-Western Plateau region.

Question. Describe the mineral belts of India.
Answer. The minerals belts of India are
- The North-Eastern Plateau Region This belt includes the regions of Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand),Odisha plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. Important minerals here are iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite and mica.
- The South-Western Plateau Region This belt includes Karnataka, Goa and contiguous uplands of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Ferrous metals and bauxite are concentrated here along with high grade iron ore, manganese and limestone. Neyveli has lignite coal deposits. Deposits of Monazite sand and thorium are found in Kerala. Mines of iron-ore are located in Goa.
- The North-Western Region Minerals of this belt are associated with Dharwar rock system found in the Aravali ranges of Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat. Major minerals found in this region are copper and zinc. Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble, fuller’s earth and gypsum.

Question. ‘India has largest iron ore reserves in Asia’.
Describe the distribution of iron ore in India.
Answer. The distribution of iron ore in India is
- Iron ore mines of India are found near the coal fields of North-Eastern plateau region which is an advantage for iron and steel industries of India.
- Only a few Indian states have about 95% of total iron ore reserves in India. These states are Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka,Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
- Important iron ore producing regions are Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj, Jhar in Odisha, Noamundi and Gua in Poorbi and Paschimi Singbhum in Jharkhand, Sandur-Hospet region in Karnataka and Kurnool, Anantpur district in Andhra Pradesh.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral And Energy Resources Long Answer Question

Question. Write a detailed note on the petroleum resource of India.
Answer. Petroleumis an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles,railways and aircraft. Its numerous by products are processed in petro chemical industries such as fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, medicines, Vaseline’s, lubricants wax, soap and cosmetics.
Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil exploration, and production was systematically taken up after the oil and natural gas commission was set up in 1956. Till then the digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region.
Distribution:
Assam – Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran
Gujarat – Ankaleshwar, kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam
Maharastra- Mumbai high

Question. Classify minerals into two groups on the basis of chemical and physical properties and give one example of mineral of each group.
Answer. 
- On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two main categories of metallic and non-metallic.
- Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold
- Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals.
- All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as iron ore itself and those which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc.
- Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant life such as coal and petroleum.
- Other type of non-metallic minerals are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and graphite, etc.

Question. Mention the three major mineral belts in India. Write the main feature of each
Answer. Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India
1. The North-Eastern Plateau Region
2. The South-Western Plateau Region
3. The North-Western Region

The North-Eastern Plateau Region
- This belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh.
- It has variety of minerals viz. iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
The South-Western Plateau Region
- This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
- This belt is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. It also contains high grade iron ore, manganese and limestone.
- This belt lacks in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite.
- This belt does not have as diversified mineral deposits as the north-eastern belt.
- Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite clay.
- Goa has iron ore deposits.
The North-Western Region
- This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks.
- Copper, zinc have been major minerals.
- Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Gypsum and Fuller’s earth deposits are also extensive.
- Dolomite and limestone provide raw materials for cement industry.
- Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits.

Question. “The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour.” Support the statement
Answer. Use of Non- Conventional Sources of Energy (i) Non –conventional resources of energy are highly valuable. (ii) They are able to produce sustainable energy. (iii) They are easily available in different parts. (iv) They are very abundant in nature. (v) They will provide sustainable, eco-friendly and cheap energy.

Question. Name five sources of non conventional energy in India and also state one potential area of each source of non conventional energy.
Answer. Solar energy – Gujarat and Rajasthan
Wind energy - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Tidal energy- west coast of India
Geothermal energy- Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
Bio energy- Okhla in Delhi

Question. Which are the two main ferrous minerals found in India? Describe four characteristics of each.
Answer. The two main ferrous minerals found in India are iron ore and manganese. These two minerals provide strong base for development of industries in India.
Characteristics of iron-ore in India are
(i) India has largest iron ore reserves in Asia.
(ii) India produces superior quality of haematite and magnetite iron ore which have a great demand in international market.
(iii) Iron ore mines of India are found near the coal fields which is an advantage to iron ore industries of India.
(iv) Indian states like Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Maharashtra have about 95% of total iron ore reserves in India.

Characteristics of manganese in India are:
(i) It is an important raw material which is used in iron and steel industries for smelting of iron-ore.
(ii) Manganese in India is mainly associated with Dharwar rock system.
(iii) Odisha is the leading manganese producer of India.
(iv) Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are other important producer states of manganese.

Question. What is the use of manganese? Describe the statewise distribution of manganese in India.
Answer. The uses of manganese are
- It is used as a raw material in iron and steel industry for smelting of iron-ore.
- It is used in the manufacturing of ferro alloys.
The manganese deposits are mainly found in the rock of Dharwar system.
It’s statewise distribution is
- Odisha It is the largest manganese producer in the country. Most of the manganese mines are located in central part of the iron-ore belt in the state. The mines are located in the districts of Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir.
- Karnataka Dharwar, Bellary, Belgaum (Belagavi),North Canara, Chikkmagaluru, Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumakuru are districts having major manganese mines.
- Madhya Pradesh Most of the manganese mines in Madhya Pradesh are located in the belt of Balaghat- Chhindwara-Nimar-Mandla and Jhabua districts.
- Maharashtra In Maharashtra manganese mines are situated away from iron and steel plants. The main mines are located in the districts of Bhandara, Nagpur and Ratnagiri.
Other manganese producing states are Telangana, Goa and Jharkhand.

CBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Mineral And Energy Resources Case Based MCQs

Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks. Geographically, uranium ores are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha. Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948, progress could be made only after the establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay in 1954 which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat)

Question. Name the six nuclear power plants of India
Answer. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat)

Question. Name the two minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy
Answer. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium

Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.

Bauxite is the ore, which is used in manufacturing of aluminium. Bauxite is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocks occurring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of Peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country.
Odisha happens to be the largest producer of Bauxite. Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. The other two areas which have been increasing their production are Bolangir and Koraput. The patlands of Lohardaga in Jharkhand have rich deposits. Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are other major producers. Bhavanagar and Jamnagar in Gujarat have the major deposits. Chhattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in M.P. have important deposits of bauxite. Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra are important producers. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers of bauxite.

Question. Bauxite comes in which category of minerals?
(a) Ferrous minerals
(b) Non-ferrous minerals
(c) Non-metallic minerals
(d) None of these
Answer. B 

Question. The mineral extracted from bauxite ore is
(a) Iron ore
(b) Copper
(c) Aluminium
(d) Mica
Answer. C

Question. Bauxite fields of Koraput and Bolangir lie in which state?
(a) Jharkhand
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Punjab
(d) Odisha
Answer. D

Question. Which of the following is a bauxite deposit area in Chhattisgarh?
(a) Kolaba
(b) Amarkantak
(c) Lohardaga
(d) Sambalpur
Answer. B

DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS

Question. Name the state which has the maximum oil refineries
Answer. Assam

Question. Name two states with two refineries each
Answer. Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam, Tatipaka
Tamil Nadu- Chennai, Nagapattinam

Question. Name the oil refinery under construction
Answer. Paradwip

Question. What is conservation of minerals? Why is conservation of minerals necessary?
Answer. Use of minerals in a scientific manner to avoid their wastage is called conservation of minerals.
Conservation of minerals is necessary:
i) For the regular advancement of civilization
ii) Minerals are exhaustible resources. They are needed for our future generation.
Methods to conserve minerals
i) Use alternatives in place of minerals like plastic doors in place of iron and steel.
ii) Recycling.

Question. Distinguish between metallic and non metallic minerals.
Answer. Metallic minerals:
1. Those mineral from which we get minerals.
2. Can be drawn into wires and sheets after melting.
3. Examples: Iron ore , copper and tin etc
Non-metallic minerals:
1. Those minerals from which we do not get metals.
2. Can notdrawn into wires and sheets.
Example: coal and marble

Question. Difference between conventional and non conventional source of energy.
Answer. Conventional source of energy:
1. These are exhaustible resources.
2. They pollute the environment.
3. Examples: coal and petroleum.
Non-conventional source of energy:
1. These are inexaustible resources.
2. They do not pollute the environment.
3. Example: solar energy and wind energy.

Question. Why is conservation of minerals necessary?
Answer. 1) Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
2) There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality, Minerals are less in quantity as compare to quality minerals.
3) All minerals are exhaustible overtime. These take long develop geologically and they cannot be replenished immediately the time of need.

Question. Write a detailed note on the petroleum resource of India.
Answer. Petroleum is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by products are processed in petro chemical industries such as fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, medicines, Vaseline’s, lubricants wax, soap and cosmetics.
Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil exploration, and production was systematically taken up after the oil and natural gas commission was set up in 1956. Till then the digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region.
Distribution:
Assam – Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran
Gujarat – Ankaleshwar, kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam
Maharastra- Mumbai high