SECTION - DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
COMPREHENSION
Read the passage given below carefully:
1. From the ramparts of the Red Fort for some years now, our prime ministers have been promising the eradication of child labour in hazardous industries. The truth is, if the government really wanted,child labour in hazardous industries could have been eliminated long time ago; and yes, every Indian child would have been in school by 2003.
2. The government has failed to eliminate this dehumanization of childhood. It has also failed to launch compulsory primary education for all, despite the rhetoric. Between 60 and 100 million children are still at work instead of going to school and around 10 million are working in hazardous industries. India has the biggest child population of 380 million in the world, plus the largest number of children who are forced to earn a living.
3. We have many laws that ban child labour in hazardous industries. According to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, the employment of children (below the age of 14) in hazardous occupations has been strictly banned. But each state has different rules regarding the minimum age of employment; this makes implementation of these laws difficult.
4. Also, there is no ban on child labour in non-hazardous occupations. The act applies to the organized or factory sector and not to the unorganized or informal sector where most children find employment as cleaners, servants, porters, waiters, among other forms of unskilled work. Thus, child labour continues because the execution of the existing laws is lax.
5. There are industries which have a „special‟ demand for child labour because of their nimble fingers, high level of concentration and capacity to work hard at abysmally low wages. The carpet industry in UP and Kashmir employs children to make hand-knotted carpets; there are 80,000 child workers in J&K alone. In Kashmir, because of the political unrest, children are forced to work while many schools are shut. Industries like gem-cutting and polishing, pottery and glass want to remain competitive by employing children.
6. The truth is that it‟s poverty which is pushing children into the brutish labour market. We have 260 million people below the poverty line in India; a large number of them are women. Poor,vulnerable parents, especially women-headed families, have no option but to push their little ones in this hard life in hostile conditions, with no human or labour rights.
7. There is a lobby which argues that there is nothing wrong with children working as long as the environment for work is conducive for learning new skills. But studies have shown that children are made to do boring, repetitive and tedious jobs and are not taught new skills as they grow older. In these hell-holes, like the sweatshops of old, there is no hope.
8. Children working in hazardous industries are prone to debilitating diseases which can cripple them for life. By sitting in cramped, damp, unhygienic spaces, their limbs become deformed for life.Inside matchstick, fireworks and glass industries, they are victims of bronchial diseases and TB.Their mental and physical development is permanently impaired by long hours of work. Once trapped, they can‟t get out of the vicious circle of poverty. They remain uneducated and powerless.Finally, in later years, they too are compelled to send their own children to work. Child labour perpetuates its own nightmare.
9. If the government was at all serious about granting children their rights, an intensive effort ought to have been made to implement the Supreme Court‟s directive of 1997 which laid down punitive action against employers of child labour (20,000 per child to be paid by offending employers). Only compulsory primary education can eliminate child labour.
10. Surely, if 380 million children are given a better life and elementary education, India‟s human capital would be greatly enhanced. But that needs, as President Abdul Kalam says, a “second vision”. Can our political establishment see beyond the haze of shallow realpolitik?
On the basis of your understanding of this passage answer the following questions with the help of the given options:
Child labour can be eliminated if
compulsory primary education is given to the poor
industries are abolished
their physical growth is impaired
the poor children are sent behind the bars
Poverty
enhances creativity
encourages child labour
kills people
humiliates human beings
Human capital may be greatly enhanced
if child labour is abolished
(ii) if children are given employment
(iii) if children are educated
(iv) all of the above
Children working in hazardous industries are prone to
bronchial diseases
TB.
mental and physical impairment
all the above
Answer the following questions briefly:
On what two counts has the government failed in respect of children?
“We have many laws that ban child labour. Even then child labour continues.” What makes implementation of laws difficult?
What forces the children to work in „hazardous‟ industries? Why do these industries prefer child labour?
What are the adverse effects of „hazardous‟ industries on children? Give any two examples.
How can India‟s human capital be vastly enhanced?
How is poverty responsible for child labour?
Complete destruction (Para 1)
Putting into practice (Para 3)
Read the passage given below carefully:
1. In spite of all the honours that we heaped upon him, Pasteur, as has been said, remained simple of heart. Perhaps the imagery of his boyhood‟s days, when he limned the familiar scenes of his birthplace, and the longing to be a great artist, never wholly left him. In truth he did become a great artist, though after his sixteenth year he abandoned the brush forever. Like every artist of worth, he put his whole soul and energy into his work, and it was this very energy that in the end wore him out. For to him, each sufferer was something more than just a case that was to be cured. He looked upon the fight against hydrophobia as a battle, and he was absorbed in his determination to win. The sight of injured children, particularly, moved him to an indescribable extent. He suffered with his patients, and yet he would not deny himself a share in that suffering. His greatest grief was when sheer physical exhaustion made him give up his active work. He retired to the estate at Villeneuve Estang, where he and his kennels for the study of rabies, and there he passed his last summer, as his great biographer, ValleryRadot, has said, “practicing the Gospel virtues.”
2. “He reverenced the faith of his fathers, says the same writer, “and wished without ostentation or mystery to receive its aid during his last period.”
3. The attitude of this man to the science he had done so much to perfect can be best summed up in a sentence that he is reputed once to have uttered, concerning the materialism of many of his contemporaries in similar branches of learning to his own: “The more I contemplate the mysteries of Nature, the more my faith becomes like that of a Breton peasant‟s wife.”
4. But even then in retirement he loved to see his former pupils, and it was then he would reiterate his life principles: “Work,” he would say, “never cease to work.” So well had he kept this precept that he began rapidly to sink from exhaustion.
5. Finally on September 27, 1895, when someone leant over his bed to offer him a cup of milk, he said sadly: “I cannot,” and with a look of perfect resignation and peace, seemed to fall asleep. He never again opened his eyes to the cares and sufferings of a world, which he had done so much to relieve and to conquer. He was within three months of his seventy-third birthday.
6. Thus passed, as simply as a child, the man whom the French people were to vote at a plebiscite as the greatest man that France had ever produced. Napoleon, who has always been considered the idol of France, was placed fifth.
7. No greater tribute could have been paid to Louis Pasteur, the tanner‟s son, the scientist, the man of peace, the patient worker for humanity.
On the basis of your understanding of this passage answer the following questions with the help of the given options:
What was it that moved Pasteur the most?
(i) The sight of stray animals (ii) The sight of injured children
(iii) The sight of injured animals (iv) The sight of lepers Pasteur discovered the cure of
(i) insomnia (ii) leprosy (iii) malaria (iv) rabies
Answer the following as briefly as possible:
Even accolades and honours did not change the simple man that Pasteur was. Why?
How did Pasteur view those who suffered from diseases?
How did Pasteur engage himself in the estate?
What advice did he always give to his pupils?
How did France, the country of his birth, honour this great scientist?
How was Pasteur compared with Napoleon?
Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:
(i) to paint (para 1)
(ii) People belonging to the same period (Para 3)
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