CBSE Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development VBQs

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VBQ for Class 10 Social Science Contemporary India II Chapter 1 Resources and Development

Class 10 Social Science students should refer to the following value based questions with answers for Contemporary India II Chapter 1 Resources and Development in Class 10. These VBQ questions with answers for Class 10 Social Science will come in exams and help you to score good marks

Contemporary India II Chapter 1 Resources and Development VBQ Questions Class 10 Social Science with Answers

MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development 

Question. The pattern of the net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 per cent of the total area in _______.
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Assam
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Punjab
Answer : D

Question. Why is resource planning necessary in India?
(a) Due to large availability of resources
(b) Due to limited availability of resources
(c) Due to enormous diversity in the availability of resources
(d) Due to corruption and mismanagement
Answer : C

Question. Land which is left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years is known as ________.
(a) Culturable waste land
(b) Barren land
(c) Pastures
(d) Fallow Lands
Answer : A

Question. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Over irrigation
(d) Overgrazing
Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following statements refers to the sustainable development ?
(a) Overall development of various resources
(b) Development should take place without damaging the environment.
(c) Economic development of people.
(d) Development that meets the desires of the members of all communities.
Answer : B

Question. In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttarakhand
Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Madhya Pradesh ?
(a) Mining
(b) Overgrazing
(c) Deforestation
(d) Over Irrigation
Answer : C

Question. In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Jharkhand
Answer : B

Question. Coal, iron ore, petroleum, diesel et(c) are the examples of
(a) Biotic resources
(b) Abiotic resources
(c) Renewable resources
(d) Non Renewable resources
Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following soil is the best for cotton cultivation ?
(a) Red soil
(b) Black soil
(c) Laterite soil
(d) Alluvial soil
Answer : D

Question. How much percentage of forest area in the country according to the National Forest Policy.
(a) 33%
(b) 37%
(c) 27%
(d) 31%
Answer : A

Question. Which type of soil develops due to high temperature and evaporation ?
(a) Arid Soil
(b) Forest Soil
(c) Black Soil
(d) Red Soil
Answer : A

Question. Which one of the following resources can be acquired by the Nation ?
(a) Potential resources
(b) International resources
(c) National resources
(d) Public resources
Answer : C

Question. Study the following pie diagram and Answer :wer the following:
What percentage increase is seen in area under forest in the year 2014-15 from base year 1960-61?
(a) 5.19
(b) 3
(c) 4.1
(d) 5.16
Answer : A

Question. Observe the following image given below:-
TrAnswer :formation of things available in our environment involves an interactive relationship between ………………………………………… ?
(a) Nature and technology
(b) Nature, technology and institutions
(c) Nature and institutions
(d) Environment and human beings
Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following method is used to break up the force of wind?
(a) Shelter belt
(b) Strip Cropping
(c) Contour ploughing
(d) Terrace farming
Answer : A

Question. The process of creation of resources involves which of the following ?
(a) Nature
(b) Technology
(c) Institutions
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. Which one of the following is responsible for sheet erosion ?
(a) Underground water
(b) Wind
(c) Glacier
(d) Water
Answer : D

Question. “There is enough for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s greed”. Who said this?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b) Atal Bihari Vajpai
(c) M K Gandhi
(d) Sunder Lal Bahuguna
Answer : C

Question : ‘There is enough for everybody’s need and not for everybody’s greed’. Who said these words ?
(a) Gandhiji
(b) Nehru
(c) S.V.B. Patel
(d) Medha Patkar
Answer : A

Question : Which type of resource is park ?
(a) Community owned resource
(b) Non-renewable resource
(c) Individual resource
(d) Potential resource
Answer : A

Question : The resources an be conserved by ___________ .
(a) Recycling
(b) Reusing
(c) Reducing consumption
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question : Which type of resource is an example of wind energy?
(a) Human-made
(b) Renewable
(c) Non-Renewable
(d) Biotic
Answer : B

Question : Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore ?
(a) Renewable
(b) Flow
(c) Biotic
(d) Non-renewable
Answer : D

Question : The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation in the year :
(a) 1965
(b) 1966
(c) 1967
(d) 1968
Answer : D

Question : "There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.’’ who has given this statement? 
(a) Schumacher
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Hitler
Answer : B
Explanation: Gandhiji was very vocal about his thought, he believes that there are enough resources to satisfy everyone’s need but not enough to work out on everyone’s greed. Also, he believed that a greedy individual and modern technologies exploitative nature will be the root cause for the destruction of natural resources.
 
Question : Which soil is known as 'regur' soil? 
(a) red soil
(b) alluvial soil
(c) Black soil
(d) sandy soil
Answer : C
Explanation: Black soil is also called Regur soil. It is black in colour and ideal for growing cotton. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over North-West Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows.
 
Question : Name the global ecological crisis that is created by indiscriminate exploitation of resources. 
(a) Global warming
(b) all of these
(c) environmental pollution
(d) Ozone layer depletion
Answer : B
Explanation: Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But irrational consumption and overutilisation of resources may lead to socioeconomic and environmental problems.
Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
 
Question : Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilized are termed as: 
(a) reserved resources.
(b) developed resources
(c) stock resources
(d) Potential resources
Answer : D
Explanation: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised due to lack of capital or other reasons like non conventional sources of energy such as solar, wind and tidal, and geothermal energy. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.
 
Question : Which relief feature of India constitutes 30% of the total surface area of country? 
(a) desert
(b) plain
(c) plateau
(d) mountain
Answer : D
Explanation: India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; 
mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. India is home to some of the tallest and gallant mountain ranges in the world. These ranges come with some of the most attractive sceneries and ecosystems in the world. The diversified altitudes and ranges feature a wide range of flora and fauna.
 
 

Assertion Reason Question

Directions In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statement and choose the correct option. Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.

Question. Assertion (A) Alluvial soil is loamy and permeable.
Reason (R) It does not develop cracks in the dry hot season.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A) Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.
Reason (R) Resources are essential for human development.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A) Economic Development of a nation depends mainly on the richness, development and management of resources.
Reason (R) Over-population results in over-exploitation of resources
Answer : A

 

Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow :

Source A- Sustainable development Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.’
Source B- Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth Summit. The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level. The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century. Source C- Agenda 21 It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
Source A- Sustainable development

Question : Why sustainable development of resources is necessary?
Answer : Sustainable development of resources is very essential to fulfill the needs of the future generations. Source B- Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

Question : What was the major object of the first International Earth Summit?
Answer : The first International Earth Summit was held in Rio De Janeiro in 1992 with the concerned objectives of environment protection and socio–economic development at the global level.

 

Source/Extract Based Questions

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follows :

We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use it in different ways. Thus, land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, and transport and communication systems.
However, land is an asset of a finite magnitude,therefore, it is important to use the available land for various purposes with careful planning.India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains,plateaus, plains and islands. About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. About 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.
Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option: 

Question : The land should be used in a optimum way, because land is a ………… resource.
Answer : Finite.

Question : Land Resource planning means careful use of available land. Identify which landform the following commercial activities belong to:

Choose the correct option—
(a) a-2, b-1, c-3
(b) a-3, b-2, c-1
(c) a-1, b-3, c-2
(d) a-3, b-1, c-2
Answer : (b) a-3, b-2, c-1

Question : Which one of the following options does not suit with land utilisation?
(a) Constructing roads and infrastructure on hills to promote tourism.
(b) Developing canal systems in the plains to boost agriculture.
(c) Providing government support to establish mineral based industry near the mining areas.
(d) Boosting the industries on fertile land and near the densely populated areas.
Answer : (d) Boosting the industries on fertile land and near the densely populated areas.

Question : In order to make the best use of Himalayan region.
India should not:
(a) Allow large scale deforestation to construct industries.
(b) Help local artisans and handicrafts to boost tourism. 
(c) Preserve natural flora and fauna.
(d) Conserve the flow of rivers.
Answer : (a) Allow large scale deforestation to construct industries.

 

Read the text given below and answer the questions that follows :

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. The processes of soil formation and erosion, go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two.
Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc., while natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the topsoil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion. Wind
blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Question :  The process of ________ and ________ go hand in hand.
(a) Soil formation and erosion
(b) Wind erosion
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of them
Answer : (a) Soil formation and erosion.

Question : Match the given features related erosion activity with their causes and agents.

Choose the correct option—
(a) a-1, b-3, c-4, d-2
(b) a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
(c) a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2
(d) a-3, b-1, c-4, d-1
Answer : (b) a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2.

Question : Which one of the following is not a human reason of soil erosion?
(a) Mass cutting of trees.
(b) Washing down of top soil by fast running water
(c) Wrong agriculture practices.
(d) Extraction of minerals found under surface
Answer : (b) Washing down of top soil by fast running water.

Question : In order to control the soil erosion, we need to—
(a) Plant more and more trees
(b) Cement river embankments
(c) Adopt right ploughing method
(d) All of them.
Answer : (d) All of them.

 

Very Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development

Question. Mention the reason due to which red soils looks red?
Answer : These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

Question. Which type of soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern Coast?
Answer : Alluvial Soil

Question. Name the soil which is suitable for the cropping of cashew nuts.
Answer : Red Laterite Soil

Question. From which Five Year Plan has India made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning?
Answer : First Five Year Plan

Question. Give any two factors which determine the land use pattern of a nation.
Answer : Topography and Population

Question. Name the areas where terrace farming is practiced in India?
Answer : Western and central Himalayas of India

Question. Name the way which helps the sand dune to stabilization.
Answer : Shelter Belts have contributed significantly to the establishment of sand dunes.

Question. Name any two nutrients which are found in black soils?
Answer : Calcium carbonate and magnesium

Question. Name the institution which is empowered by the government of India to acquire land?
Answer : Urban Development Authorities

Question. In which state overgrazing is the main reason of land degradation in India?
Answer : Gujarat

Question : In which states has mining caused severe land degradation?
Answer :   Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
 
Question : What is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
Answer :   Over irrigation.
 
Question : Which soil is ideal for growing cotton?
Answer :   Regur soil.
 
Question : In which states laterite soil is found? 
Answer :   Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
 
Question : Name the land with deep channels that is unfit for cultivation. 
Answer :   Bad land. 
 
Question : What are the methods of checking soil erosion?
Answer :   Strip cropping, terrace farming and contour ploughing. 
 
Question : How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources? 
Answer : Technical and economic development has led to more consumption of resources in the following ways:
i. It provides equipment which increases production that leads to the consumption of more resources. With the development of technology, goods become obsolete very fast. Latest goods need more resources.
ii. Economic development has led to urbanisation and industrialisation which need more resources.
 
Question : What are gullies? 
Answer : The running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels, called gullies.
It can be in the form of a ditch or a small valley.
 
Question : What led the imperial powers to exploit the rich resources of the colonies? 
Answer :  Their high level of technological development led to the exploitation of resources of the colonies. Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.
 
Question : Even though Rajasthan is arid, but has some specific potential. What is that? 
Answer :  Rajasthan has huge potential for solar and wind energy. The availability of solar energy in Rajasthan is 6 to 7 kw/km2 which gives the potential of 10000MW solar energy commercial production.
 
 
 

Short Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development

Question : Which geographical factors are responsible for the evolution of black soil? Why is it considered the most suitable for growing cotton? 
Answer :  a. Climatic conditions along with present rock material are important factors for making of black soil. The parent rock is volcanic rock.
b. It is ideal for growing cotton because of the following reasons:
c. It has capacity to hold moisture.
d. It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate and potash.
e. Deep cracks in the soil help in aeration.

Question. Why is resource planning essential?
Answer : a. As the resources are limited, so their planning is quite necessary so that we can use them properly and at the same time save them for our coming generations.
b. For the balanced development of the country, the planning of the resources becomes very essential.
c. A resource planning is also necessary to save their exploitation or unlawful exploitation by the unscrupulous elements of the society.

Question. Do you think that resources are free gifts of nature as is assumed by many? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.
Answer : They are not free gifts of nature as :
(i) Resources are a function of human activities,
(ii) Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.
(iii) They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them. For example river is a natural resource but river become a resource when its water is used for irrigation or power production.

Question. Explain three stages of ‘resource planning.
Answer : Three stages of resource planning:
A. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and the qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
B. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development

Question. What is soil erosion? Explain the major types of soil erosion?
Answer : a. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water is called soil erosion. This can also be described as denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down. Following are its two types:
b. Wind Erosion: Wind blows loose soil off flat or slopping land. This is known as wind erosion.
c. Water Erosion: When running water is responsible for the removal of the top most layer of the earth that is known as water erosion.

Question. Write a short note on Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992.
Answer : a. Rio de Janeiro was the meeting ground for the first International Earth Summit.
b. More than 100 heads of state met at this famous conference which was convened in June 1992 to address the urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.
c. A declaration on Global Climatic change and the Biological Diversity was signed by the assembled leaders.
d. They adopted Agenda 21 and endorsed the global forest Principles to achieve Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Question. “India has land under a variety of relief features.” Justify. Or What are the main advantages of India’s land under a variety of relief features?
Answer : India has land under a variety of relief features, namely: mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. (i) About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. (ii) Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area. They ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. (iii) About 27 per cent of the land area is plateau. It possesses reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

Question : Differentiate between stock and reserve stating two points of difference. 
Answer :  a. Stock: Materials, which have the potential to satisfy human beings but human do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are termed as stock. We do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for a specific purpose, e.g., water which is a compound of two inflammable gases hydrogen and oxygen and can be a rich source of energy. We do not know how to use them.
b. Reserves: These are subset of the stock. They can be put into use with existing know-how but their use has not been started. For e.g., river water is used as a source of hydroelectricity but to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests, etc., are reserves which can be used in the future.
 
Question : What are the three stages of resource planning in India ?
Answer : a. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
b. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and , institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
c. Match the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
 
Question : Describe any five distinct characteristics of ‘Arid soils’.
Answer :  a. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
b. Sandy in texture and saline in nature.
c. Evaporation is faster, soil lacks humus and moisture.
d. Soil occupied by Kankar.
e. Kankar restricts the infiltration of water.
 
Question : What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give four main features of this type of soil.
Answer :  Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plain It is the most widely spread soil of India. Main features of alluvial soil:
a. It is formed by the deposition of materials brought down by the Himalayan rivers.
b. It is highly fertile.
c. It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
d. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime but deficient in organic matter.
 
Question : Define the following terms:
a. Current fallow land
b. Other than current fallow
c. Cultural waste land 
Answer :  a. Current fallow land: Left uncultivated / for one or less than one agricultural year.
b. Other than current fallow: Left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years.
c. Cultural waste land: Left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years.
 
Question : Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions. 
or
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas? 
Answer :  Methods of soil conservation:
a. Ploughing along the contour lines can decrease the speed of water flow down the slopes.
b. Step or terrace cultivation on slopes restricts erosion. Western and Central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming.
c. Strip cropping: Here large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.
d. Shelter belt plantation: Trees are planted in rows.
These shelter belts have led to the stabilisation of sand dimes and in stabilising the desert in western India. 
 
Question :  Define the following terms: 
i. Current fallow land
ii. Other than current fallow
iii. Culturable waste land
Answer : i. Current fallow land : Land which is left uncultivated for one or less than one agricultural year.
ii. Other than current fallow land: Land which is left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years.
iii. Culturable waste land: Land which is left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years. This land was used in the past but has been abandoned for some reason.
 
Question :  Elucidate the views of Gandhiji regarding the conservation of resources. 
Answer : Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation. According to him, 'there is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed'. He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
 
Question : What do you mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land. 
Answer :  Land use pattern refers to the way the land is utilised. Land can be utilized for various purposes, such as cultivation, grazing of animals, mining and construction of roads is called land use pattern.
Factors that determine the use of land are:
a. Physical factors
i. topography
ii. climate
iii. soil type and its fertility.
b. Human factors
i. population density
ii. technological capability
iii. culture and traditions
iv. Legislation and government policies. 
 
Question : Why do we need to conserve resources? 
Answer :  i. The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region.
ii. Resources are vital for any developmental activity.
iii. But irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources may lead to socioeconomic and environmental problems.
iv. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important. 
v. If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continue, the future of our planet is in danger.
Therefore, we need to conserve resources for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
 
 

Long Questions for Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development 

Question : What is meant by ‘Land Resource’ ?
Answer : We live on land and it satisfies our needs in all the possible ways. Land resource, thus is, of much importance for us which includes forests, mountains, plains, plateaus and islands. These support natural vegetation, wild life, economic activities, and transport and communication systems. Therefore, it is necessary for us to use these resources in a wise manner and with careful planning, we should develop holistic and ecological approach towards economic development without compromising the ability of resources to future generations to meet their needs. Though we have the right to meet our present needs by consuming natural resources, we should not deprive the future generations from it.

Question. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of ownership. Or Explain what is meant by national resources and individual resources.
Answer : (a) Individual Resources: Resources which are owned by private individuals are known as individual resources. Plots, fields, houses, cars, books, etc., are some examples of individual resources. (b) Community Owned Resources: The resources which are accessible .to all the members of the community are known as community resources. Village ponds, public parks, playgrounds, etc., are some examples of community resources. (c) National Resources: All the resources which are under the control of state or union government are known as national resources. All the resources within political boundaries are national resources because the government has the power to acquire even the private properties. (d) International Resources: These resources are owned and regulated by international institutions. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to the open ocean, and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone.

Question. What is soil erosion? Explain the major types of soil erosions prevailing in India.
Answer : “Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water, more rapidly than the various soil forming processes can replace it.” Generally, there is a balance between the soil forming process and the erosional process. The balance can be disturbed by natural or human factors. Types of Soil Erosion : (a) Water Erosion : Water is a powerful agent of soil erosion. Following are the major types of erosion caused by water. (i) Sheet Erosion : When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water, it is called as sheet erosion. (iii) Gully Erosion : This is the third stage of sheet erosion. With further erosion of the soil, the rills may deepen and become enlarged, and are ultimately turned into gullies. The main cause of gully erosion is the removal of vegetation, particularly of trees with their widespread binding roots. Gullies cut up agricultural land and the entire area may be turned into a bad land topography. Gully erosion is also responsible for the formation of ravines. (b) Wind erosion : Wind is a powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi-arid lands with little rainfall. Wind can lift the valuable top soil from one area and deposits in another area. The wind erosion is very dangerous type of erosion because due to wind most of the deserts of the world are expanding.

Question. “The earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer : (i) Resources are vital for any developmental activity. (ii) The irrational consumption and over utilization of resources may lead to socio economic and environmental problems. (iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources led to global ecological crises such as global warming, environmental pollution, etc (iv) The greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modem technology is the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. (v) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is in danger. (vi) There is need for sustainable development. It means development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present shout not compromise with the need of future generations’.

Question : What do you understand by the term ‘land degradation’ ? Which human activities lead to land degradation ?
What are the measures to solve the problems of land degradation ?
Answer :  Land resource is fixed and cannot be increased. Land resource has been used since the ancient time. This continuous usage of land over a long period of time, without taking necessary steps to conserve and manage it has resulted in land degradation. As a matter of  fact, the quality of the land has become inferior due to regular loss of fertility and irregular usage.
Human activities have also contributed towards land degradation. There are :
a. Deforestation i.e., cutting down of forests.
b. Over grazing.
c. Mining i.e., extraction of valuable minerals from the soil.
d. Mineral processing like grinding of limestone.
e. Faulty methods of cultivation and over-irrigation.
These damages can be prevented with the help of these measures :
a. Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
b. Plantation of shelter and stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes in windy and arid areas like the deserts of Rajasthan.
c. Proper management of wasteland and control of mining activities.
d. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and waste after treatment in industrial and suburban areas.
 
Question : What is the purpose of ‘Land Utilisation’ ?
Answer :  Land resources are used for the following purposes :
a. Forests.
b. Land not available for cultivation :
(1) Barren and waste land.
(2) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g., buildings, roads, factories, etc.
c. Other uncultivated land :
(1) Permanent pastures and grazing land.
(2) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves.
(3) Cultural waste land’left uncultivated for more than 5 years.
d. Fallow lands:
(1) Current fallow land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year.
(2) Other than current fallow land, left uncultivated for the past one to five years.
e. Net sown area, sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
 
Question : What are the four main factors which help in the formation of soil ?
Answer :  The main factors that help in soil formation are :
a. Parent rock : It influences the colour and texture of the soil. The mineral content of the soil also depends on the parent rock from which it is formed.
b. Climate : It influences the rate and types of weathering and erosion of the rocks. Weathering of the parent rocks due to climatic factors and natural forces leads to disintegration of rocks.
Subsequently, this leads to the formation of soil.
c. Time : It determines the maturity of the soil. Soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few centimetres in depth.
d. Relief: This refers to the landscape position and the slopes. Steep and long slopes mean water will run down faster and potentially erode the surfaces of the slopes. The effect will be poor soils on the slopes, and richer deposits at the foot of the slopes.
 
Question : Discuss anthropogenic factors of land degradation. 
Answer : The human activities responsible for land degradation in India are:
i. Deforestation due to mining activities in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha have caused severe land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is completed, leaving deep scars.
ii. Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry as well as calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantities of dust which falls down on land. This retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil.
iii. Effluents as waste from industries have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
iv. Over-irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh are responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging, leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
v. Over-grazing: The animals damage the soil surface by eating the vegetation and either digging into wet soil or compacting dry soil with their hooves. This can prevent grass growing and slow down the percolation of water through the soil.
Soils with less vegetation become exposed, drier and prone to further erosion by the wind and rain. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing are one of the main reasons for land degradation.
 
Question : Give the importance of soil. Explain any three factors responsible for soil formation. 
Answer :  Soil is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms, including animals and human beings, by providing them with food for their survival.
Human existence and settlement are determined by soil fertility as it determines agricultural productivity of an area. Soil determines the natural vegetation and type of crop production of an area. It also influences the land use of an area. Areas of fertile soil are agriculturally productive and densely populated. It is one of the most important renewable natural resources.
The three most important factors of soil formation are: 
i. Nature of parent rock influences the colour and texture of the soil. The mineral content of the soil also depends on the parent rock from which it is formed. For example, if soils are formed from an area with large rocks (parent rocks) of red sandstone, the soils will also be red in colour and have the same feel as its parent material.
ii. Climate influences the rate and types of weathering and erosion of the rocks.
Weathering of the parent rocks due to climatic factors and natural forces lead to the disintegration of rocks which leads to the formation of soil. Moisture determines the chemical and biological reactions that will occur as the soils are formed. A warmer climate with more rainfall means more vegetative cover and more animal action. It also means more runoff, more percolation and more water erosion. They all help to determine the kind of soils in an area.
iii. Time determines the maturity of the soil. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil to a few cms in depth.
 
Contemporary India II Chapter 01 Resources and Development
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Resources and Development VBQs
Contemporary India II Chapter 02 Forest and Wildlife Resources
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Forest and Wildlife Resources VBQs
Contemporary India II Chapter 03 Water Resources
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Water Resources VBQs
Contemporary India II Chapter 04 Agriculture
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Agriculture VBQs
Contemporary India II Chapter 05 Minerals and Energy Resources
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Mineral and Energy Resources VBQs in Hindi
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Minerals and Energy Resources VBQs
Contemporary India II Chapter 06 Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Class 10 Civics Manufacturing Industries VBQs
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing industry VBQs in Hindi
Contemporary India II Chapter 07 Lifelines of National Economy
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Life Lines of National Economy VBQs in Hindi
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Lifelines of National Economy VBQs
Democratic Politics II Chapter 01 Power Sharing
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Power Sharing VBQs
Democratic Politics II Chapter 02 Federalism
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Federalism VBQs
Democratic Politics II Chapter 03 Democracy and Diversity
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Democracy and Diversity VBQs
Democratic Politics II Chapter 04 Gender Religion and caste
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Gender Religion and caste VBQs
Democratic Politics II Chapter 05 Popular Struggles and Movements
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Popular Struggles and Movements VBQs
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Popular Struggles and Movements VBQs in Hindi
Democratic Politics II Chapter 06 Political Parties
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Political Parties VBQs
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Political party VBQs in Hindi
Democratic Politics II Chapter 07 Outcomes of Democracy
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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Results of Democracy VBQs in Hindi
Democratic Politics II Chapter 08 Challenges to Democracy
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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Challenges of Democracy VBQs in Hindi
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 01 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe VBQs
CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Rise of Nationalism in Europe VBQs in Hindi
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 02 Nationalism in India
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India VBQs
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India VBQs in Hindi
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 03 The Making of a Global World
CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Making of a Global World VBQs
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 04 The Age of Industrialization
CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialization VBQs
India and Contemporary World II Chapter 05 Print Culture and the Modern World
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Print Culture and the Modern World VBQs
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 01 Development
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Development VBQs
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 02 Sectors of The Indian Economy
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Sectors of the Indian Economy VBQs
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 03 Money and Credit
CBSE Class 10 Economics Money And Credit VBQs
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Currency and credit VBQs in Hindi
Understanding Economic Development Chapter 04 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Globalization and Indian Economy VBQs
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Understanding Economic Development Chapter 05 Consumer Rights
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