CBSE Class 10 Social Science The Making of a Global World VBQs

Answer : (d) China and India

Question. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in :
(a) 1923
(b) 1929
(c) 1930
(d) 1947

Answer : (d) 1947

Question. The First World War was fought between :
(a) Allies and Central Powers
(b) Allies and Axis Powers
(c) Japan and America
(d) China and India

Answer : (a) Allies and Central Powers

Question. The Bretton Woods Conference established the :
(a) Quit India Movement
(b) Indian textile industries
(c) Silk routes
(d) International Monetary Fund

Answer : (d) International Monetary Fund

Question. What is the meaning of indentured labour ?
(a) Cheap Labour
(b) Free Labour
(c) Bonded Labour
(d) None of these

Answer : (c) Bonded Labour

Question. The Bretton Woods conference established the :
(a) Quit India Movement
(b) Indian textile industries
(c) Silk route
(d) International Monetary Fund

Answer : (d) International Monetary Fund

Question. Which of the following diseases killed the original inhabitants of America in large numbers?
(a) Cholera
(b) Chicken pox
(c) Plague
(d) Small pox

Answer : (d) Small pox

Question. This was the world’s first mass-produced car :
(a) T-Model Ford
(b) Hindustan Ambassador
(c) Chevrolet
(d) Mitsubishi

Answer : (a) T-Model Ford

Question. Which of the following options best depicts the above image?
(a) Female working for food
(b) Child labour
(c) The Irish potato famine
(d) Poverty in Europe

Answer : (c) The Irish potato famine

Question. In which year was the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held?
(a) 1941
(b) 1954
(c) 1944
(d) 1951

Answer : (c) 1944

Question. The First World War was fought between :
(a) Allies and Central Powers
(b) Allies and Axis Powers
(c) Japan and America
(d) China and India

Answer : (a) Allies and Central Powers

Question. A fast-spreading disease of cattle plague having a terrifying impact on people’s livelihood and the local economy in Africa in the 1890s :
(a) Spaghetti
(b) Rinderpest
(c) Rastafarianism
(d) G-77

Answer : (b) Rinderpest

Question. Which of the following option best depicts the above image?
(a) Female working for food
(b) Child labour
(c) The Irish Potato Famine
(d) Poverty in Europe

Answer : (c) The Irish Potato Famine

Question. This was the world’s first mass-produced car :
(a) T-Model Ford
(b) Hindustan Ambassador
(c) Chevrolet
(d) Mitsubishi

Answer : (d) Mitsubishi

Question. The US became a colonial power in the eighteenth century. 
Answer : False

Question. The prices of meat increased after the introduction of refrigerated ships. 
Answer : False

Objective Questions

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Mark the option which is most suitable :
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Question. Assertion : When the supply of wheat was disrupted during the First World War, wheat production in Canada, America and Australia expanded dramatically.
Reason : Before the First World War, Asia was a major supplier of wheat in the world market.
Answer : (c) A is true but R is false.

Question. Assertion : ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience.
Reason : Some of the Naipaul’s early novels capture their sense of loss and alienation.
Answer : (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question. Assertion: Over the nineteenth century, British manufacturers flooded the Indian market.
Reason: The value of Indian exports to Britain was much higher than the value of British imports to India.
Answer : (c) A is true but R is false.

Question. Assertion: The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of Antarctica was decisively under way by the midsixteenth century.
Reason: The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
Answer : (d) A is false but R is true.

Question. Assertion: There was a collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and the introduction of a system of floating exchange rates.
Reason: From the 1960s, the rising costs of its overseas involvements weakened the US's finances and competitive strength. It could not command confidence as the world's principal currency.
Answer : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question. Assertion : The First World War involved the world’s leading industrial nations which harnessed the vast powers of modern industry to inflict the greatest possible destruction of enemies.
Reason : It was the first modern industrial war, which saw the use of robots and satellites on a massive scale.
Answer : (c) A is true but R is false.

Question. Assertion : The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions which transformed the nineteenth-century world.
Reason : Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport.
Answer : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

One Word Answer Type Questions

Question. Who produced the T-Model Ford car ?
Answer : Henry Ford.

Question. The Great Depression began in which year ?
Answer : 1929

Question. Which food travelled west from China to be called 'Spaghetti' ?
Answer : Noodles.

Question. In what way is the ninteenth century indenture described in recent times ?
Answer : New System of Slavery.

Question. Which country was encumbered with huge external debts after the end of the World War I ?
Answer : Great Britain.

Question. When did United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference came into being ?
Answer : 1944

Question. What is NIEO ?
Answer : New International Economic Order.

Question. How much did the US overseas loan amount in the late 1928?
Answer : Over $1 billion.

Question. Which was the Tabled city of gold ?
Answer : El Dorado.

Question. Who popularised 'Pasta' in fifth century Sicily, an island in Italy ?
Answer : Arab traders.

Question. Which famous economist thought that Indian gold exports promoted global economic recovery ?
Answer : Economist John Maynard Keynes.

Question : How many people emigrated to America and Australia from Europe in the nineteenth century ?
Answer : 50 million. 

Question : Who was Henry Morton Stanley ?
Answer : An explorer. 

Question : Which disease spread like wild fire in Africa in the 1890s ?
Answer : Cattle Plague. 

Question : Which descendent of indentured workers was a Nobel Prize winner ?
Answer : V.S. Naipaul. 

Question : How many people died in the World War-II era ?
Answer : 60 million people. 

Question : Which term was used to describe the Indian indentured labour ?
Answer : Coolie. 

Question : Where were Tamil indentured migrants sent ?
Answer : Ceylon and Malaya. 

Question : The Chutney music is popular in which countries ?
Answer : Trinidad and Guyana. 

Question : Which product was used for dying cloth ?
Answer : Indigo. 

Question : What was the use of cowries during the Indus Valley Civilisation ?
Answer : As a form of currency.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Who were Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars?
Answer : Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars represented banking and trading groups who financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia.

Question. Why did household income decline after World War-I ?
Answer : Most of the men killed and wounded were of working age. These deaths and injuries lessened the robust workforce in Europe.

Question. Why was World War-I called the First Industrial War ?
Answer : It was called the first industrial war because mechanical guns, tanks, aircrafts and chemical weapons were used on a huge scale. These were the products of modern industries.

Question. Why did thousands of European flee to America?
Answer : Poverty and hunger, population explosion, pernicious diseases and religious conflicts led the European fled to America.

Question. What kind of silk routes have been identified by historians?
Answer : Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, interlacing wider regions of Asia and connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa.

Question. Complete the following table with correct information with regard to Silk Route:

Answer : (A) It points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes, (B) Chinese pottery, textiles, spices, gold and silver.

Question. What was multilateral settlement system?
Answer : It refers to an economic system by which one country's deficit with another country is compensated by surplus with a third country.

Question. Which important inventions transformed nineteenth century world ?
Answer : The railways, steamships and the telegraph were the significant inventions that transformed the nineteenth century world.

Question. What led to the collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates?
Answer : The increasing cost of US' overseas trade terribly debilitated its finances and competitive strength. This led to the collapse of the fixed exchange rates.

Question. Why did toys, television and mobile phones come from China ?
Answer : Due to the low-cost structure of the Chinese economy, toys, television and mobile phones came from China.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Which factors were responsible for the economic depression of 1929 ?
Answer : The factors which were responsible for the economic depression of 1929 are as follows :
(i) Agricultural overproduction : Agricultural overproduction resulted in the decline of agricultural prices. As prices fell, agricultural income deteriorated. As a matter of fact, farmers tried to expand their production and sell more in the market to earn. But situation began to worsen and the market faced a dearth of consumer demand.
(ii) Withdrawal of US loans : Many countries financed their investments through US loans. But US overseas lenders shrieked at the first vestige of trouble. US overseas loans had accelerated to $1 billion but they were reduced to one quarter of that amount. At the same time, the countries that heavily depended on US loans faced an acute crisis.

Question. What two crucial influences shaped post war reconstruction?
Answer : 1. US’s emrgence as the dominant political , economical and military power In the western world.
2. Development of USSR as super power after second world war.

Question. Why were Europeans attracted to Africa?
Answer : 1. Europeans attracted to Africa due to its vast land and mineral resources
2. They wanted more raw materials to support their industry in Europe by exporting resources from Africa.
3. Availability of cheap labour force

Question. Explain the strategy followed to retain labour in Africa?
Answer : 1. Heavy taxes were imposed which could pay only if people are earning
2. Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from the land.
3. Mine workers also confined in compounds and not allowed to move freely.

Question. How did Rinderpest become instrumental in subjugating the Africans?
Answer : Rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle.
The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.

Question. Why did thousands of people flee from Europe to America?
Answer : 1. Until the 19th C , poverty and hunger was common in Europe
2. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were wide spread
3. Religious conflicts were common and dissenters were persecuted

Question. State how America’s trade enhanced after its discovery
Answer : 1. Before its discovery America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years.
2. 16th C onwards America utilized its vast land , minerals and other resources scientifically.
3. Many expeditions set of in search of El Dorado the fable city of gold

Question. What two crucial influences shaped post war reconstruction?
Answer : 1. US’s emergence as the dominant political , economical and military power In the western world.
2. Development of USSR as super power after second world war.

Question. What were the Corn laws? Why were they it imposed?
Answer : i) Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain.
ii) The laws allowing the government to restrict the import of corn were commonly known as ‘Corn Laws’.
iii) This was done under the pressure of landed groups.

Question. The Spanish conquest and colonization of America was decisively underway by the mid-sixteenth century. ’Explain with examples.
What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors of America? How did it pave the way for their conquest?
Answer : i) In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person.
ii) Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Small pox, in particular proved a deadly killer.
iii) Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Question. State how America’s trade enhanced after its discovery
Answer : 1. Before its discovery America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years.
2.16thC onwards America utilized its vast land , minerals and other resources scientifically.
3. Many expeditions set of insearch of El Dorado the fable city of gold

Question. What were ‘Corn laws”?
Answer : Corn laws empowered British govt. to restrict the import of corn form other country. It was later abolished due to the demands of industrialists and urban communities.

Question. Explain the strategy followed to retain labour in Africa?
Answer : 1. Heavy taxes were imposed which could pay onlyif people are earning
2. Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from the land.
3. Mine workers also confined in compounds and not allowed to move freely.

Question. What was the role of Indian bankers in managing their funds?
Answer : 1. Bankers like Shikripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in central and south- east Asia.
2. They used their own funds and borrowed loan from European Banks.
3. They had sophisticated system to transfer money over large distances and even developed indigenous forms of corporate organisation.

Question. What attracted the Europeans in Africa? Give any three reasons.
Answer : Africa attracted Europeans for several reasons. These reasons are enumerated as follows:
(i) Europeans were attracted towards Africa due to its vast minerals and land resources.
(ii) Crop production and plantation opportunities in Africa also attracted them.
(iii) Poor military resistance power of Africa developed an ideal opportunity for Europeans to conquer areas there.

Question. What was the role of Indian entrepreneurs abroad ?
Answer : Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiar were among the influential banking and trading groups who financed export agriculture in Central and South-East Asia. They used their own funds or they borrowed money from European banks and became popular entrepreneurs. They developed a sophisticated system to transfer money to foreign countries even established their own corporate organisation. At the other end of the spectrum, Hyderabadi Sindhi traders went beyond European colonies. They established trade emporia at busy ports across the world. These trade emporia helped to sell local and imported artefacts to tourists.

Question. What are IMF and World bank also known as? Why did they shift their attention to the developing countries?
Answer : The IMF (International Monetary Fund) and World Bank are also known as the Bretton Woods twins. These two organisations were designed to facilitate reconstruction in the European countries. They did not aim to challenge the poverty in the former colonies. Japan and European improved their economy on their own. Subsequently, IMF and World Bank shifted their attention towards the developing countries and helped them to improve their economy.

Question. Write a short note on Sir Morton Stanley.
Answer : Sir Henry Morton Stanley was an eminent journalist and explorer. He was commissioned by the New York Herald to find Livingston, a missionary, who had been living in Africa for several years. Like other European and American explorers of the time, he armed, mobilized local hunters, warriors and labourers to help him, fought with local tribes, he also investigated African topography, and mapped different regions. These explorations facilitated the conquest of Africa.

Question. What was the impact of colonisation on various colonies?
Answer : The effects of colonisation on various colonies are enumerated as follows:
(i) Trade flourished and markets expanded in the latenineteenth century. At the same time, colonisation also led to loss of freedom and livelihoods in the colonies.
(ii) European conquests led to economic, social and ecological changes which resulted in the positioning of the colonised societies within the ambit of the world economy.
(iii) Rival European powers in Africa drew up the borders demarcating their respective territories, which is known as paper partition.
(iv) Britain and France wielded control over vast stretches of land in the overseas territories in the late-nineteenth century. Belgium and Germany emerged as new colonial powers.
(v) The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by exercising control over some colonies that were previously occupied by Spain.

Question. Why did the inflow of fine Indian cotton begin to decline in England?
Answer : Historically, fine cotton produced in India were exported to Europe. The reasons of the decline of the inflow of fine Indian cotton in England are as follows:
(i) The British rule heralded a new epoch of commercialisation and exposure to foreign trade. As a matter of fact, Indian hand-spun cotton became extinct due to competition with the British rule.
(ii) Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports to Britain. Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.
(iii) British manufactures also sought overseas markets for the sale of Manchester and Liverpool made cotton clothes.
(iv) Due to excessive tariff barriers, Indian textiles faced rigid competition in other foreign markets.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. Explain the effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian economy.
Answer : The Great Depression of 1929 was an epoch-making event that lasted for 10 years. The kick off was 'Black Thursday' on October 24, 1929. On this day, traders sold 12.9 million shares of stock and succumbed to despair. Stock prices fell drastically (23%) during that time. The adverse effects of Great Depression on the Indian economy are as follows :
(i) Economic Downturn : The Great Depression of 1929 had an adverse impact on India, which was under the aegis of the British rule. The government of British India assumed a protective trade policy, which was highly beneficial to the United Kingdom. However, the policy was detrimental to the Indian economy. During the period 1929-37, exports and imports declined drastically, which paralysed seaborne international trade.
(ii) Adverse impact on International Trade : International trade was adversely affected by the Great Economic Depression of 1929. The imports fell drastically by over 47% while the exports fell by over 49% between 1929 and 1932. Between 1928-29 and 1933-34, exports declined by 55.75% to ₹ 1.25 billion while imports reduced by 55.51% to ₹ 2.02 billion.
(iii) Effects on the Railways : Due to steady fall in exports and imports and the transportation of goods, the revenues of railways declined exponentially. For the years 1930-31 and 1931-32, all the expenses were disbursed through the Railway Reserve Fund. Railway revenues fell by Rs. 151 million between 1930 and 1932.
(iv) Dealing with home charges : Due to the drastic collapse of international trade and the reduction in the revenue obtained from it, India could only pay off her home charges by selling off her gold reserves. From 1931-32 to 1934-35, India exported ₹ 2,330 million worth of gold.

Question. Describe any five effects of the abolition of ‘Corn Laws’ in Britain.
Answer : The industrialists and urban dwellers in Britain forced the government the abolition of the Corn Laws.
a) After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
iii) Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.
iv) They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
v) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.

Question. Explain the role played by Indian entrepreneurs abroad
Answer : 1. Indian entrepreneurs like Shikaripuri Shroffs and NattuKottai Chettiar Worked as bankers and traders who financed export of agricultural products to Central and south-east Asian countries by using their funds.
2. They had their own system to transfer money over large distances and developed their own system of corporate organisation.
3. Hyderabadi sindi traders made contact beyond European colonies
4. They had established emporia at busy ports world wide selling local and imported artifacts to tourists.

Question. Assess the impact of Economic Depression of 1929 on US economy.
Answer : 1. More than 4000 banks closed and 110,000 companies collapsed.
2. People lost their employment and bank savings.
3. Farmers could not sell their production , households were ruined and business collapsed.
4. Many households could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes ,cars and other durable items.
5. Ultimately US economy was shattered and faced deep crisis.

Question. Explain the attitude of Bretton Woods institutions towards developing countries.
Answer : 1. In the initial stage Bretton Woods institutions concentrated for the economic development of the industrial countries of western world.
2. When Europe and Japan rebuilt their economy , they paid little attention on IMF and World Bank.
3. Thereafter, These institutions turned towards developing countries and controlled their economy.
4. The vital role of development in the developing countries assigned to MNCs of Europe and USA.
5. These MNCs exploited maximum for their economic benefit.

Question. Explain any five characteristics of silk route.
Answer : i)The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.The name ‘silk routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
ii) Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
iii) They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century.
iv) Chinese pottery, textiles and spices from India travelled to Europe. In return, precious metals - gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
v) Silk routes were also used to spread religions. Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.

Question. Indentured labour has been described as new system of slavery. Explain
Answer : 1. Indentured labours had no freedom of work and they were not permitted to go to their native places by European plantation owners.
2. They were forced to work for low wages
3. They had to work long distances in the mining areas and plantations
4. They had to work long hours without proper facilities.
5. Their health condition was very miserable.
6. They were recruited by agents by giving false informations.

Question. Explain the attitude of Bretton Woods institutions towards developing countries.
Answer : 1. In the initial stage Bretton Woods institutions concentrated for the economic development of the industrial countries of western world.
2. When Europe and Japan rebuilt their economy , they paid little attention on IMF and World Bank.
3. Thereafter, These institutions turned towards developing countries and controlled their economy.
4. The vital role of development in the developing countries assigned to MNCs of Europe and USA.
5. These MNCs exploited maximum for their economic benefit.

Question. Assess the impact of Economic Depression of 1929 on US economy.
Answer : 1. More than 4000 banks closed and 110,000 companies collapsed.
2. People lost their employment and bank savings.
3. Farmers could not sell their production, households were ruined and business collapsed.
4. Many households could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes ,cars and other durable items.
5. Ultimately US economy was shattered and faced deep crisis.

Question. Discuss the causes and impact of indentured labour migration from India.
Answer : (i) The migration of indentured labourers from India delineates twosided nature of the nineteenth century world. On one side, it demonstrated the world of faster economic growth, higher incomes and technological advancement for one section of the society. On the other hand, the lower segments of the society were afflicted with poverty, hardship and brutal coercion. The causes of indentured labour migration from India are as follows:
(a) In the nineteenth century, hundreds and thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers immigrated to other parts of the world and worked on plantations, mines, roads and railways construction projects. In India, these indentured workers were hired under contract, which promised them safe passage to India after they had worked five years on the plantation of the employer.
(b) Most Indian indentured workers hailed from the present-day regions of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. In the mid-nineteenth century, these regions experienced many changes, such as cottage industries declined, increase in land rents, lands were cleared for mines and plantations, etc. The lower segments of the society were deeply affected by these changes and many of them turned insolvent. Therefore, they were compelled to migrate to other parts of the world in search for work. The main destination of indentured migrants was the Caribbean islands. Mauritius and Fiji indentured workers were also employed by the owners of tea plantations in Assam.
(ii) The consequences of migration of indentured labourers from India are as follows:
(a) Many migrants, in despair, took up work and went far afield from their home towns. They wanted to escape poverty, filth and exploitation in their home towns. Subsequently, they understood the graveness of their living and working conditions in the foreign lands. They did not even have legal rights.
(b) The indentured workers discovered their own ways of survival. Many of them escaped into wilderness, though if caught, they faced severe punishment. Many indentured workers developed new variants of individual and collective self-expression, amalgamating different cultures.

Question. The decision of MNCs was to relocate production to Asian countries. What were the reasons behind this decision?
Answer : The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries profoundly impacted the global economy. Reason behind this decision are:
(i) Cheap labour: Asian Countries provided cheap labour to MNCs.
(ii) Stimulating trade: They provided an impetus to the world trade and commerce.
(iii) Influx of capital: Increased capital inflow in the Asian countries.
(iv) Economic transmutation: Rapid economic transformation resulting in the growth of economies like India and China.

Question. The British government’s decision was to abolish the Corn Laws. Substantiate the statement.
Answer : The British government decided to abolish the Corn Laws. The Corn Laws resulted in the influx of cheaper and subsidised agricultural crops from Australia and America. Many Englishmen denounced their profession and migrated to towns and cities. This indirectly led to the development of global agriculture and massive urbanisation. These two things were the essential requirements of industrial growth.

Question. Differentiate between Axis Powers and Allied Powers.
Answer : 

Question. What were the harsh repercussions of the Great World War-I of the early-twentieth century?
Answer : The harsh repercussions of the Great World War-I of the early-twentieth century are as follows:
(i) Depopulation: Tanks and bombs decimated half the population of the world. Therefore, de-population is the first negative aspect of the Great World Wars.
(ii) Economic dislocation: Economic condition of both the Axis and Allied Powers deteriorated during the Great wars. It started to revive in the interregnum phase in the aftermath of the World War-I (1914-19). However, economic dislocations surfaced again during the World War-II.
(iii) High prices of consumer goods: Due to incurrent wars, heavy industries developed in the fringes of the nations. As a matter of fact, the supply of consumer goods became scarce. Due to high demand of these goods, the prices of consumer goods skyrocketed in the market.
(iv) Adverse impact on India: Low agricultural productivity led to the shortage of agricultural goods in the major cities of Allied and Axis Powers. The colonies of England, especially India exported raw materials and agricultural goods to England. Consequently, Indian economy crumbled and fell into a state of complete collapse.

Question. Find out more about gold and diamond mining in South Africa in the nineteenth century. Who controlled the gold and diamond companies? Who were the miners and what were their lives like?
Answer : During the 19th century, gold was discovered in Johannesburg and diamonds in Kimberley. Subsequently, European migrants started mining of gold and diamonds in South Africa. From 1886 onwards, mining business became highly profitable. As a matter of fact, South Africa produced world's 27% gold from 1886 to 1914 (till the starting of First World War).
Cecil Rhodes was the first British to gain gold and diamond mining mandate and he wielded control over the colonized lands. He established De Beers, which is now the world's largest diamond producing company.
Mining companies were regulated by both Europeans and Americans as many white settlers migrated to South Africa at the high noon of Imperialism. They aimed to make huge profits from the mining industry. Technological advancements and deep mining techniques were brought about by them. These techniques facilitated maximization of profit.
In the mining fields, the workers were mainly African natives and majority of them migrated to South Africa from other parts of the colonial territory. They lived by the sweat of their brows and toiled in the mining fields. The native African workers were paid 10 times lower wages than the white workmen. The initiation of gold and diamond mining works in South Africa led to the development of Apartheid movement (racism movement) from 1890s onwards. In 1889, Chamber of Mines was established by European Industrial nations to lessen the wage of the native Africans. This step was taken to increase the profitability of the mines. This aggravated the sufferings of African blacks as they were exposed to the apartheid movement and monetary insolvency.

Question. Explain any five positive impacts of Globalisation.
Answer : The five positive effects of Globalisation are enumerated as follows:
(i) Strengthening of socio-economic ties across the nations and the continents.
(ii) Exchange of informative data, capital and technical innovations.
(iii) Establishment of global governance.
(iv) Changing the world through global concepts of sustainability and other practices.
(v) Shaping the values and ethics of connected world.

Question. Rinderpest arrived in Africa. Substantiate the statement.
Answer : The emergence of Rinderpest in Africa led to the loss of livelihood of several Africans. The colonisers exploited the situation and used it to their advantage. The colonising nations conquered and suppressed Africa by wielding control over scarce cattle resources and forced the native Africans into the labour market.

Question. “Indian trade had played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy.“ Analyze the statement.
Answer : Indian trade has definitely played a crucial role in the late 19th century world economy.
(i) Britain had a trade surplus with India, it used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries.
(ii) Britain's trade surplus in India also helped to pay the socalled 'home charges' that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India's external debts and pensions of the British officials in India.
(iii) In the 19th century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantation in mines and for roads and railways construction projects around the world.
(iv) India also provided raw materials to the developing industries of the world.
(v) India became a major market for the final goods, especially for cotton textile industry of Britain.

viii. Economies of the countries around the world crashed beyond the level of recovery. The winners were the losers themselves. 

Source/Case Based Questions

Question. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe's wealth and financed its trade with Asia. Legends spread in seventeenth century Europe about South America's fabled wealth. Many expeditions set off in search of El Dorado, the fabled city of gold. The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century. European conquest was not just a result of superior firepower. In fact, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional military weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person. Because of their long isolation, America's original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

(i) The silver obtained from Peru was used in India to buy:
(a) Spices and cotton
(b) Arms and ammunitions
(c) To consolidate colonial rule.
(d) Ornaments and jewellery

Answer : (a) Spices and cotton

(ii) Which of the following material was not acquired by European from Americas?
(a) Gold and silver
(b) Forest resources
(c) Vast open land for agriculture.
(d) Human resource for agriculture works.

Answer : (d) Human resource for agriculture works.

(iii) Find out the incorrect statement from the following:
(a) Discovery of Americas solved the financial problems of Europeans
(b) Superior arms and ammunitions played important role in conquering Americas.
(c) Large number of European migrated Americas to do work in agriculture fields.
(d) Americans did not have immunity against the germs carried by Europeans

Answer :  (c) Large number of European migrated Americas to do work in agriculture fields.

(iv) Which of the following is not correct about smallpox?
(a) Smallpox germs reached Americas accidentally.
(b) Germs were intentionally introduced by Europeans
(c) Americans didn't have immunity against smallpox.
(d) Smallpox helped Europeans to kill the enemies whom they could not reach.

Answer : (b) Germs were intentionally introduced by Europeans

Creating Based Questions

Question. Use the information provided along with the terms given in the box to form a coherent passage to explain with the example of spaghetti how food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange in pre-modern world. Also include information that is not mentioned below to complete it.

Traders, common origins, spaghetti, Sicily, India and Japan

Food offers various examples of cultural exchanges....food from distant parts of the world share origin.... travelled west from....an island in Italy.... origins may never be known.... pre-modern world.

Answer : Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled. Even 'ready' foodstuff in distant parts of the world might share common origins. Talking about spaghetti and noodles can further throw light on how food offers examples of culture exchange. It is believed that noodles travelled from West China to become spaghetti. Or maybe the Arab traders took pasta to fifth-century Sicily, an island now in Italy. Similar food items were also known in India and Japan, so the truth about their origins may never be known. Yet, such guesswork suggests the possibilities of long-distance cultural contact even in the pre-modern world.

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan. World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at nearly 5 per cent. The growth was also mostly stable, without large fluctuations. For much of this period the unemployment rate, for example, averaged less than 5 per cent in most industrial countries. These decades also saw the worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Developing countries were in a hurry to catch up with the advanced industrial countries. Therefore, they invested vast amounts of capital, importing industrial plant and equipment featuring modern technology. When the Second World War ended, large parts of the world were still under European colonial rule. Over the next two decades most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free, independent nations. They were, however, overburdened by poverty and a lack of resources, and their economies and societies were handicapped by long period of colonial rule.

Question. When the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed?
Answer : The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.

Question. What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? What was the main aim of the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer : (i) IMF (International Monetary Fund) and The World Bank are referred as the Bretton Woods Institutions .
(ii) The main aim of the Bretton Woods Agreement was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

Question. How did the world trade grew with the help of Bretton Woods Institutions?
Answer : (i) The Western industrial nations and countries like Japan had grown their trade and income by drawing the loans from the Bretton Woods Institutions.
(ii) World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent and incomes at nearly 5 per cent between 1950 and 1970. Source/Extract Based Questions

Question. Match the following :
       Column A            Column B
1. Global Economy      (A) 1890
2. First World War       (B) 1939
3. Great Depression    (C) 1914
4. Second World War   (D) 1944
5. Bretton Woods        (E) 1929
Conference

Answer :  1. (A), 2. (C), 3. (E), 4. (B), 5. (D)