CBSE Class 12 Biology Reproduction In Organisms Worksheet

Reproduction is a biological process of formation of new offsprings from the pre-existing organism.Reproduction becomes a vital process without which species cannot survive for long It ensures continuity of species generation after generations as  older individuals undergo senescence and ultimately they die.

Life span - The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life span. Life span of organisms varies from few days (Butterfly-1to 2 weeks) to thousands of years (Banyan tree).

Types of Reproduction:
Based on whether there is one or two organisms taking part in the process of reproduction
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTON
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

When the offspring is produced by single parents with or without the involvement of gamete formation, the reproduction is called asexual reproduction. When two parents (opposite sex) participates in reproduction process and also involves the fusion of male and female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction.

Asexual Reproduction
1. Usually followed by organisms with relatively simpler organizations.
2. Off springs produced by single parent.
3. With/without involvement of gamete formation.
4. Off springs produced are genetically and morphologically similar to each other and to the parent, i.e. they are clones.

• In Protista and Monera, the parent cells divides into two to give rise to new individuals.
Thus, in these organisms cell division is the mode of reproduction itself.

• Binary fission- in this method of asexual reproduction, a cell divides into two halves and rapidly grows into an adult. Ex- amoeba, paramecium.

• Budding- small buds are produced that remain attached initially with parents and get separated on maturation. Ex. Yeast.

• Fungi and simple plants like algae reproduce through special reproductive structures like zoospores (motile structure), conidia (penicillium), buds (hydra) and gemmules (sponges).

• In plants, vegetative reproduction occurs by vegetative propagules like runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset and bulb.

WATER HYACINTH (Terror of Bengal)
• One of the most invasive weeds
• Grows wherever there is standing water
• Drains oxygen from water- leads to death of fishes.
• ntroduced in India because of its pretty flowers & shape of leaves
• Vegetative propagation occurs at a phenomenal rate

Asexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction in organisms having simpler body like in algae and fungi but during unfavorable condition they shift to sexual reproduction.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
• Involves formation of male and female gamete by two individuals of the opposite sex.
• Offspring produced by fusion of male and female gametes not identical to each other or to the parents.
• All sexually reproducing organisms share a similar pattern of reproduction.
• In sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female gametes results in offspring that are not identical to parents.

DIFFERENT PHASES IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

a. Juvenile phase - The period between birth and sexual maturity is called juvenile phase. In plants it is known as vegetative phase.The end of juvenile/vegetative phase marks the beginning of the reproductive phase.

b. Reproductive phase-

• Some plants show flowering in particular season and some other flowers in all seasons. Some other plants like bamboo species flowers once in life time (after 50-100 years), Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji),flowers once in 12 years.

• The female placental animals exhibit cyclic change in activities ovaries and accessary glands as well as hormone during the reproductive phase.

Menstrual cycle
• It occurs in monkeys, apes and human beings.
• Cycle consists of 3 phases-menstrual, proliferative and secretory phase.
• Blood flows in the last few days of the cycle. The broken endometrium is passed out during menstruation.
• Female does not permit copulation during menstrual phase of the cycle. 

Oestrous cycle
• It occurs in non primates like cow, sheep, rat, deer, dog, tiger etc.
• It consists of a short period of oestrous or heat. it is 12-24 hours in cow followed by anoestrous or passive period.
• Blood does not flow in this cycle. The broken endometrium is reabsorbed.
• Female permits copulation only during oestrous period.
• Both in plants and animals, hormones are responsible for the transition between different phases of life cycle. Interaction between hormones and environmental factors regulate the reproductive processes.

c. Senescent phase -
• It is the end of reproductive phase.
• Old age ultimately leads to death

Events in Sexual Reproduction : Pre-fertilisation, Fertilisation, Post-fertilisation
Pre-fertilisation- all the events prior to fusion of gametes are included in it. It includes gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

a. Gametogenesis is the process of formation of male and female gametes. Gametes are haploid cells which may be similar or dissimilar in structure. In algae, both gametes are similar in structure called homogametes (isogametes). In higher organism that reproduces sexually, two morphologically distinct gametes are formed called heterogametes, male gametes are called antherozoid or sperm and female gametes are called ovum or egg.

Isogametes. heterogametes
In fungi and plants, homothallic and monoecious terms are used to denote the bisexual condition and heterothallic and dioecious are used for unisexual condition. In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate, i.e., bearing stamens, while the female is pistillate or bearing pistils.
• In animals, species which possess both male and female reproductive organs in same individual are called bisexual or hermaphrodites (earthworm, sponges, tapeworm etc.) and both having either male or female reproductive organs are called unisexual (cockroach, human).
• Gametes are always haploid( having half set of chromosome ), although organisms may be haploid and diploid. Diploid organisms form gametes by meiotic division. The organisms belonging to algae, fungi, and bryophytes have haploid plant body and pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of animals are diploid ( having double set of chromosome )
• In diploid organisms, gamete mother cell (meiocyte) undergoes meiosis in which one set of chromosome is present in gametes.

b. Gamete Transfer – in majority of organisms, male gametes are motile and females gametes are non-motile, except in fungi and algae in which both gametes are motile.
• In simple plants like algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes water is the medium through which male and female gametes moves. The number of male gametes are much more than number of female gametes as most of male gametes fail to reach the female gametes.
• In higher plants pollen grains are carrier of male gametes and ovule has eggs. Pollen grains must be transferred from anther to stigma to facilitate fertilisation. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called pollination. Pollination may be self (anther to stigma of same flower) or cross (anther to stigma of different flower).
• Pollen grains germinate on stigma to produce pollen tube that delivers the male gametes near the ovule.

c. Fertilisation – The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization or syngamy.
It results in the formation of diploid zygote.
• The process of development of new organisms without fertilisation of female gametes is called parthenogenesis. For example honey bee, rotifers, and lizards

d. Post Fertilisation Events- events in the sexual reproduction after formation of zygote.
Zygote is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and the next. Every sexually reproducing organism, including human beings begin life as a single cell–the zygote.
• In the organisms, having external fertilisation, zygote is formed in external medium (water) and those having internal fertilisation zygote is formed inside the body of female.
• In algae and fungi, zygote develops a thick wall resistant to desiccation and damage. This germinates after a period of rest.
• In the organisms having haplontic life cycle, zygote divides to form haploid spores that germinate to form haploid individual.

Embryogenesis – the process of development of embryo from the zygote. During this, zygote undergoes mitotic division and cell differentiation. Cell division increase the number and cell differentiation help in formation of new group of cells and organs.

• In flowering plants, zygote is formed inside the ovule. After fertilisation, sepals, petals and stamens of flower fall off. The zygote develops into embryo and ovules into seeds. The ovary develops into fruits which develop a thick wall called pericarp, protective in function.

• After dispersal, seeds germinate under favorable condition to produce new plants.

A few kinds of fruit showing seeds (S) and protective pericarp (P)

Important Questions for NCERT Class 12 Biology Reproduction in Organisms

Question. Identify the events (A, B, D and E) of sexual reproduction given below.

Choose the correct option.
(a) A–Gamete transfer, B–Gametogeneis, D–Zygote
formation, E–Embryogenesis
(b) A–Gametogeneis, B–Gamete transfer, D–Zygote
formation, E–Embryogenesis
(c) A–Gametogeneis, B–Zygote formation, D–Gamete
transfer, E–Embryogenesis
(d) A–Gametogeneis, B–Gamete transfer,
D–Embryogenesis, E–Zygote formation
Answer : B

Question. Identify the type of gametes shown in figure A, B and C, respectively.

(a) A–Heterogametes, B–Isogametes, C–Homogametes
(b) A–Homogametes, B–Isogametes, C–Heterogametes
(c) A–Isogametes, B–Heterogametes, C–Heterogametes
(d) A–Heterogametes, B–Heterogametes, C–Isogametes
Answer : C

Question. Name the type of gametes found in algae.
(a) Homogametes
(b) Heterogametes
(c) Anisogametes
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. What is male gamete called in heterogametic condition?
(a) Antherozoid
(b) Sperm
(c) Egg (d) Both
(a) and (b)
Answer : D

Question.The condition, in which, both male and female reproductive organs are found on the same plant, is called
(a) unisexual
(b) bisexual
(c) monoecious
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Answer : D

Question. Figure P represents the reproductive organs of a plant, Chara and figure Q represents the reproductive organs of an animal, earthworm. Select the option which correctly identifies male reproductive organs of the two organisms.

(a) A and D
(b) B and C
(c) A and C
(d) B and D
Answer : B

Question. The condition in which male and female parts are present on different organisms, is called
(a) heterothallic
(b) dioecious
(c) unisexual
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is called …A… while the female is called …B… .
Flowering plants may be monoecious, e.g. …C… or dioecious, e.g. …D… .
Complete the paragraph by filling up the blanks.
(a) A–staminate, B–pistillate, C–date palm, D–coconut
(b) A–pistillate, B–staminate, C–date palm, D–papaya
(c) A–pistillate, B–staminate, C–Cucurbita, D–coconut
(d) A–staminate, B–pistillate, C–Cucurbita, D–papaya
Answer : D

Question. Name the type of gametes formed in staminate and pistillate flower, respectively.
(a) Stamen, pollen
(b) Antherozoid, egg
(c) Stamen, ovum
(d) Ovum, antherozoid
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is hermaphrodite?
(a) Ant
(b) Aphids
(c) Earthworm
(d) Cockroach
Answer : C

Question. Which among the following is unisexual species?
(a) Tapeworm
(b) Leech
(c) Cockroach
(d) All of these
Answer : C

Question. If the parent body is haploid then the gametes are
(a) haploid
(b) diploid
(c) triploid
(d) None of these
Answer : A

Question. In diploid organism the gamete producing cells are called
(a) gamete mother cell
(b) meiocytes
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is an incorrect combination of organism with its correct chromosome number in meiocyte and in gamete?

Answer : B

Question. Identify the sequence of events shown in the diagram below.

(a) Fission of gametes→ New individual→ Zygote
(b) Fusion of gametes→ Zygote→ New individual (cell 2n)
(c) Fission of gametes→ Zygote→ New individual (cell 2n)
(d) Stages in the gametogenesis
Answer : B

Question. Self-fertilisation occurs in the
(a) bisexual flower
(b) unisexual flower
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) dioecious flower
Answer : A

Question. In which of the following organisms self-fertilisation is seen?
(a) Peas
(b) Mustard
(c) Sweet potato
(d) All of these
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following options is/are correct about pollination?
(a) Occurs in almost all flowering plants
(b) Facilitates pollen transfer to stigma
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer : C

Question. Essential and most critical event in sexual reproduction is
(a) fertilisation
(b) division in male and female gametes
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer : C

Question. Fusion of male and female gametes is called
(a) syngamy
(b) fertilisation
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) heterogamy
Answer : C

Question. In some plants, the female gamete develops into embryo without fertilisation.
This phenomenon is known as 
(a) parthenocarpy
(b) syngamy
(c) parthenogenesis
(d) autogamy
Answer : C

Assertion and Reason

In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by corresponding statement of Reason (R).
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

Question. Assertion (A) A plant can be retained and multiplied indefinitely without any change or variation through asexual reproduction.
Reason (R) Asexual reproduction does not involve meiosis and syngamy.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A) Offspring formed by asexual reproduction are called clones.
Reason (R) Clones are morphologically similar.
Answer : B

Question. Assertion (A) Reproduction by zoospores occur in some higher fungi.
Reason (R) Zoospores aremotile and flagellated spores.
Answer : D

Question. Assertion (A) Zygote is the link between two generations.
Reason (R) Zygote is the product of two gametes and the producer of the next generation.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A) Vegetative reproduction is a kind of asexual reproduction in plants.
Reason (R) Vegetative propagules give rise to offspring.
Answer : B

Question. Assertion (A) In perennial plant species, it is difficult to define vegetative, reproductive and senescent phases.
Reason (R) Perennial plants have very short lifespan.
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A) Gametes formed in sexual reproduction are haploid in nature.
Reason (R) Meiocytes undergo meiosis to form gametes.
Answer : A

Question. Assertion (A) Papaya is a dioecious plant.
Reason (R) Dioecious plants are those that have their reproductive structures on same plants.
Answer : C

Question. Assertion (A) In external fertilisation, syngamy occurs inside the female.
Reason (R) The offspring produced by external fertilisation are vulnerable to predators.
Answer : D

Question. Assertion (A) In flowering plants, zygote is formed inside the ovule.
Reason (R) The ovule develop into seed after fertilisation.
Answer : A

Matching Type Questions

Question. Match the following columns.
Column I                      Column II
(Organisms)                    (Number of chromosomes)
A. Human               1. 2n = 12
B. Fruit fly              2. 2n = 16
C. Onion                3. 2n = 46
D. House fly           4. 2n = 08
Codes
     A B C D
(a) 1 2 4 3
(b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 2 1 4 3
(d) 3 4 2 1
Answer : D

Question. Match the following columns.
Column I                   Column II
(Organisms)               (Reproduce by)
A. Ginger                  1. Tuber
B. Yeast                    2. Offset
C. Potato                  3. Rhizome
D. Water hyacinth      4. Budding
Codes
      A B C D
(a) 4 1 2 3
(b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 3 4 1 2
(d) 4 2 1 3
Answer : C

Question. Match the following columns.
Column I                    Column II
(Floral parts)           (Converted to)
A. Ovary               1. Pericarp
B. Ovule               2. Perisperm
C. Ovary wall        3. Fruit
D. Nucellus           4. Seed
Codes
     A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2
(b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 1 2 3 4
(d) 1 3 2 4
Answer : A 

Question. Which of the following situations correctly describe the similarity between an angiosperm egg and a human egg?
I. Eggs of both are formed once in a lifetime.
II. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are stationary.
III. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are motile transported.
IV. Syngamy in both results in the formation of zygote.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) II and IV
(b) Only IV
(c) III and IV
(d) I and IV
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following statements, support the view that elaborate sexual reproductive process appeared much later in the organic evolution?
I. Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design.
II. Asexual reproduction is commonin lower groups.
III. Asexual reproduction is commonin higher groups of organisms.
IV. The high incidence of sexual reproduction in angiosperms and vertebrates.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) I, II and III
(b) I, III and IV
(c) I, II and IV
(d) II, III and IV
Answer : C

Question. Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit more variation than those formed by asexual reproduction because
(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
(b) gametes of parents have qualitatively different genetic composition
(c) genetic material comes from parents of two different species
(d) greater amount of DNA is involved in sexual reproduction
Answer : B

Question. There is no natural death in single-celled organisms like Amoeba and bacteria because
(a) they cannot reproduce sexually
(b) they reproduce by binary fission
(c) parental body is distributed among the offspring
(d) they are microscopic
Answer : C

Question. Identify the incorrect statement.
(a) In asexual reproduction, the offspring produced are morphologically and genetically identical to the parent
(b) Zoospores are sexual reproductive structures
(c) In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces offspring with or without the formation of gametes
(d) Conidia are asexual structures in Penicillium
Answer : B

Question. The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of a maize plant is 20. The number of chromosomes in the microspore mother cells of the same plant will be
(a) 20
(b) 10
(c) 40
(d) 15
Answer : A

Question. During embryogenesis zygote go through which of the following process/processes :
(a) Cell division
(b) Cell differentiation
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Either cell division or cell differentiation
Answer :  C

Question. Interaction of which of the following factors regulate the reproductive processes and the associated behavioral expression of organisms :
(a) Only hormones
(b) Only environmental factors
(c) Both (1) and (2)
(d) Photosynthetic efficiency
Answer :  C

Question. Match the following (with respect to life span) :
(a) A(II), B(III), C(IV), D(I)
(b) A(III), B(II), C(IV), D(I)
(c) A(II), B(III), C(I), D(IV)
(d) A(III), B(IV), C(II), D(I)
Answer :  A

Question. Cultivation of floral plants is known as
(a) Horticulture
(b) Floriculture
(c) Sericulture
(d) Vermiculture
Answer :  B

Question. Where does syngamy occur in algae?
(a) In archegonium
(b) In water or oogonium
(c) In Ovary
(d) In the soil
Answer :  B

Reproduction In Organisms MCQ Questions with Answers Class 12 Biology

Question- The terms homothallic and monoecious are used to denote
(a) bisexual condition
(b) unisexual condition
(c) staminate flowers
(d) pistillate flowers
Answer-(c)

Question- Select the incorrect statemen.
(a) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function or behaviour.
(b) In oomycetes, female gamete is smaller and motile, while male gamete is larger and non-motile.
(c) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy.
(d) Isogametes are similar in structure, function and behaviour.
Answer-(b)

Question-Development of an egg without fertilization is called
(a) gametogenesis
(b) metagenesis
(c) oogenesis
(d) parthenogenesis
Answer-(d)

Question- In protists and monerans, asexual reproduction occurs by
(a) budding
(b) binary fission
(c) conidia
(d) multiple fission
Answer-(b)

Question-Sexual reproduction can be grouped into _______ distinct states.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer-(b)

Question-Viviparity is found in
(a) whale
(b) lizards
(c) frogs
(d) birds
Answer-(a)

Question-In sexual reproduction, offsprings resemble the parents
(a) structurally but not functionally.
(b) functionally but not structurally.
(c) both structurally and functionally.
(d) neither structurally nor functionally.
Answer-(b)

Question-Syngamy means
(a) fusion of similar spores.
(b) fusion of gametes.
(c) fusion of dissimilar spores.
(d) fusion of cytoplasm.
Answer-(b)

Question-Which of the followings is a post-fertilization event in flowering plants ?
(a) Transfer of pollen grains
(b) Embryo development
(c) Formation of flower
(d) Formation of pollen grains
Answer-(b)

Question-In flowering plants both male and female gametes are non-motile. The method to bring them together for fertilization is
(a) water
(b) air
(c) pollination
(d) apomixis
Answer-(a)

Question-A clone is a group of individuals obtained through
(a) self-pollination
(b) hybridization
(c) asexual reproduction
(d) cross-pollination
Answer-(c)

Question-In yeast cell division results in a small cell called
(a) bud
(b) clone
(c) branch
(d) offspring
Answer-(a)

Question- Oestrus cycle is seen in
(a) cows and sheep
(b) rats and deers
(c) dogs and tiger
(d) all of the above
Answer-(d)

Question. "Water hyacinth" or Eichhornia is one of the important problematic weed of static water in India. Which of the following statement is incorrect about it :
(a) It is also known as "Terror of Bengal"
(b) It is native plant of India
(c) It increases biological oxygen demand of waterbody
(d) It spreads rapidly through vegetative reproduction

Answer :   B

Question. From the formation of embryo point of view, which of the following plant group is the odd one :
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Gymnosperms

Answer :   A

Question. Sexual reproduction is of isogamous type in :-
(a) Riccia
(b) Selaginella
(c) Cladophora
(d) Cycas

Answer :   C

Question. Which of the following structure is the vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and the next :
(a) Endosperm
(b) Zygote
(c) Embryo
(d) Sex organs

Answer :   B

Question. Find out incorrect statement :
(a) Period from birth to natural death called life span
(b) Life span of organisms are necessarily correlated with their size
(c) Except single celled organisms, all others are mortal
(d) Reproduction enables the continuity of species, generation after generation

Answer :   B

Reproduction In Organisms MCQ Questions with Answers Class 12 Biology

Question- The term ‘Terror of Bengal’ is used for

(a) Bengal tiger

(b) water hyacinth

(c) algal bloom

(d) aquatic fauna

Answer-(b)

Question- The term clone is used to describe such ___________and________ similar individual.

(a) chemically, genetically

(b) physiologically, chemically

(c) morphologically, genetically

(d) morphologically, metabolically

Answer-(c)

Question- In which of the following pairs the plants can be vegetative propagated by leaf buds?

(a) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe

(b) Chrysanthemum and Agave

(c) Agave and Kalanchoe

(d) Asparagus and Bryophyllum

Answer-(a)

Question-The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents

(a) gametophytic phase

(b) sporophytic phase

(c) life span

(d) life cycle

Answer-(c)

Question-The end of vegetative phase in plants which marks the beginning of the reproductive phase can be easily seen in the higher plants when they come to

(a) flower

(b) fertilize

(c) pollinate

(d) None of the above

Answer-(a)

Question-In all the methods of asexual reproduction

(a) offsprings produced are genetically identical to the parents.

(b) offsprings produced are genetically different from the parents.

(c) offsprings produced may or may not be identical to the parents.

(d) None of the above

Answer-(a)

Question-Select the incorrect statements.

(a) Cucurbits and coconuts are monoecious plants.

(b) Papayas and date palms are dioecious plants.

(c) Leeches and tapeworms are bisexual animals.

(d) Sponges and coelenterates are unisexual animals.

Answer-(d)

Question-Which ot the following has the longest life span ?

(a) Butterfly

(b) Crocodile

(c) Parrot

(d) Tortoise

Answer-(d)

Question-Asexual reproduction is common among

(a) single celled organisms only.

(b) plants only.

(c) animals with simple organization.

(d) single celled animals, plants and animals with simple organizations.

Answer-(d)

Question-Fleshy buds produced in the axil of leaves, which grow to form new plants when shed and fall on ground are called

(a) Bulbs

(b) Bulbils

(c) Tubers

(d) Offset

Answer-(b)

REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

1. What is a clone?

2. What are vegetative propagules?

3. What are the vegetative propagules in eichhornic, potato, onion, ginger, penicillium, sponge

4. Name the plant which flowers once in 12 yrs.

5. Explain embryogenesis in plants

6. Explain embryogenesis in animals.

7. Disadvantages of external fertilization

8. Differentiate Zoospore and Zygote

9. Explain why meiosis and embryogenesis are interlinked.

10. What is sporulation?

11. What do you mean by the term uniparental?

12. A moss plant produces a large no. of antherozoids but a few egg cells. Wy?

13. What is parthenogenesis? Give few examples from animals.

14. Amoeba is immortal. Explain.

15. What is a fruit, seed and embryo?

16. The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of maize plant is 20. What will be the number of chromosomes in the gametes and microspore mother cells of the same plant?

17. Explain the events of sexual reproduction.

18. What do you mean by seasonal breeders.

19. Name 2 plant groups with diploid plant body.

20. Mention a characteristic feature and a function of Zoospores in some algae.

21. Mention the site where syngamy takes place in amphibians and reptiles respectively.

22. List 2 main pre-fertilisation events.

23. Technical term to denote unisexual condition

24. Differentiate parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy.

25. Name 2 plant groups having haploid body

More Question

1. Name the type of cell division that takes place in the zygote of an organism exhibiting haplontic life cycle.

2. Mention the unique feature with respect to flowering and fruiting in bamboo species.

3. What is meant by juvenile phase?

4. Identify the picture and mention the vegetative part that helps it to propagate.

5. Mention the site where syngamy occurs in amphibian and reptiles respectively.

6. Name an organism where cell division is itself a mode of reproduction.

7. In yeast and Amoeba the parent cell divides to give rise to two new individual cells. How does the cell division differ in these two organisms?

8. A moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few egg cells. Why?

9. Vegetative propagation is considered as a type of asexual reproduction. Give reason.

10. Differentiate between unisexual and bisexual organisms.

11. Name the phenomenon and one bird where the female gamete directly develops into a new organism.

12. Define: a) Parthenocarpy

b) parthenogenesis

13. Differentiate between external and internal fertilization.

14. Explain a) gametogenesis

b) embryogenesis

15. Describe the post fertilization changes occurring in a flower.

16. What are gemmules? Name the organisms which produce gemmules.