CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes

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Download CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes in PDF format. All Revision notes for Class 12 Chemistry have been designed as per the latest syllabus and updated chapters given in your textbook for Chemistry in Class 12. Our teachers have designed these concept notes for the benefit of Class 12 students. You should use these chapter wise notes for revision on daily basis. These study notes can also be used for learning each chapter and its important and difficult topics or revision just before your exams to help you get better scores in upcoming examinations, You can also use Printable notes for Class 12 Chemistry for faster revision of difficult topics and get higher rank. After reading these notes also refer to MCQ questions for Class 12 Chemistry given on studiestoday

Revision Notes for Class 12 Chemistry Unit 02 Solutions

Class 12 Chemistry students should refer to the following concepts and notes for Unit 02 Solutions in Class 12. These exam notes for Class 12 Chemistry will be very useful for upcoming class tests and examinations and help you to score good marks

Unit 02 Solutions Notes Class 12 Chemistry

LEARNING POINTS:
 
Units of concentration of Solution :
 
(i) Mass Percentage (w/w): Amount of solute present in grams dissolved per 100g of solution.
Ex: 10% (w/w) glucose in water by mass, it means that 10 g of glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water resulting in a 100 g solution.
 
(ii) Volume percentage (v/v): Volume of solute present in 100ml of solution.
Ex : 10%(v/v) Alcohol in water by volume, it means that 10 ml of alcohol present in a 100 ml of solution.
 
(iii) Parts per million (ppm)- Amount of substance present in grams in 106 gm of solution.
 
(iv) Mole fraction (X) –It is the ratio of number of mole of a particular component to the total number of moles of all the components present in the solution.
XA = nA / (nA + nB), XB = nB / (nA + nB),
Where X A & X B are the mole fractions of Solvent and Solute respectively.
n A & n B are the number of moles of Solvent and Solute respectively.
 
(v) Molarity (M) – No. of mole of solute present per litre of solution.
M = ( nB / V) x 1000
Where , nB – No. of moles of solute
V – Volume of solution is ml.

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes 1

(vi) Molality :- (m) No. of moles of solute present per 1000 g or 1. kg solvent.
Where , nB – No. of moles of solute
wA – amount of solvent in gm.
wB – amount of solute
MB- Molar Mass of solute

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes 2

Solubility:
1) Solubility of a Solid in Liquids: It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar solutes in nonpolar solvents.
Ex: Sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water.Naphthalene and anthracene dissolve readily in benzene.
 
In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are similar in the two

Dissolution: When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in solution. This process is known as dissolution.
Crystallisation: Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated out of solution. This process is known as crystallisation.
 
A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate. Under such conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Solute + Solvent = Solution
 
Effect of temperature:
The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes. According to Le Chateliers Principle, the dissolution process is endothermic (Δsol H > 0), the solubility should increase with rise in temperature and if it is exothermic (Δsol H < 0) the solubility should decrease. These trends are also observed experimentally.

Effect of pressure:
Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids.
 
2. Solubility of gases in Liquids:
1) Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water. It is this dissolved oxygen which sustains all aquatic life.
2) Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is highly soluble in water.
Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by pressure and temperature. The solubility of gases increase with increase of pressure.
 
Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent which is known as Henry’s law:. The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
 
The solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas.
 
If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, then it can be said that “The mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution.”
 
p = KH x X
Here KH = is the Henry’s law constant.
X = is mole fraction of gas in the solution.
P = partial pressure of the gas.
Henry’s law & its applications:
 
1) Solubility of a gas increases with decrease of temperature. It is due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.
 
2) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
 
3) Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at high pressure underwater. Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood. When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases. This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life.
 
To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen).
 
4) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at the ground level. This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes or climbers. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly, symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.
 
Effect of Temperature:
Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature. The dissolution of a gas in liquid is an exothermic process involves dynamic equilibrium and thus must follow Le-Chatelier’s Principle. As the temperature increases the solubility of gas decreases.
 
From Henry’s law:
 
As the temperature increases the value of KH increases, we know that KH is inversely proportional to Mole fraction of the gas i.e solubility of the gas (From Henry’s law). So, as the temperature increases the solubility of a gas decreases.
 
Vapour Pressure and Raoult’s law :-
 
a) Raoult’s law for binary solutions of volatile liquids: At a given temperature, for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component is equal to the product of the vapour pressure of the pure component and its mole fraction.
 
If the solution contains A & B are two volatile liquids, then
i.e PA = p0A× XA & PB = p0B ×XB
Where → pA and pB are the vapour pressures of A and B in solution respectively.
p0A α p0B are the vapour pressures of A and B in their pure state respectively.
XA and XB are the molefractions of A and B in solution respectively.
 
b) Raoult’s law for solution containing Non – volatile solute: At a given temperature, the relative lowering vapour pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
 
Derivation :
We know that, from Raoults law,
P solution = pA + pB
P solution = p0A× XA + p0B ×XB
P solution = p0A ×XA + 0 ( Since p0B =0 , because B is anon volatile solute)
P solution = XA p0A
P solution = (1-XB) p0A (Since XA + XB =1)
(P solution - P0A) = - XB p0A
( p0A - P solution) / XB = p0A
Where , ( p0A - P solution) = Lowering of vapour pressure
( p0A - P solution)/ p0A = Relative lowering of vapour pressure.
XB = Mole fraction of Solute.


Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes

Unit 01 The Solid State
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solid State Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solid State Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solid State Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solid State Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The Solid State Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The Solid State Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The Solid State Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Unit Cell Notes
Unit 02 Solutions
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Colligative Properties Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Concentration Of Solution Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Notes Set F
Unit 03 Electrochemistry
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Electrochemistry Notes Set F
Unit 04 Chemical Kinetics
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemical Kinetics Notes Set E
Unit 05 Surface Chemistry
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Surface Chemistry Notes Set F
Unit 06 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry General Principles Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry General Principles And Process Of Isolation Of Elements Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry General Principles Process Of Isolation Of Elements Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry General Principles Process Of Isolation Of Elements Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Processes Of Isolation Of Elements Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Processes Of Isolation Of Elements Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Processes Of Isolation Of Elements Notes Set C
Unit 07 The p-Block Elements
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Ammonia And Phosphine Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry P Block Elements Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry P Block Elements Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry P Block Elements Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The P Block Elements Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The P Block Elements Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The P Block Elements Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The P Block Elements Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The P Block Elements Notes Set C
Unit 08 The d- and f-Block Elements
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry D And F Block Elements Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The D And F Block Elements Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The D And F Block Elements Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry The D And F Block Elements Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Transition Elements Notes
Unit 09 Coordination Compounds
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set F
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Coordination Compounds Notes Set G
Unit 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set F
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Notes Set G
Unit 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols Phenols And Ethers Notes Set E
Unit 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Ketones Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes Notes
Unit 13 Amines
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Amines Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Amines Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Amines Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Amines Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Amines Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Amines Notes Set E
Unit 14 Biomolecules
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Molecules Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Nucleic Acid Notes
Unit 15 Polymers
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Polymers Notes Set F
Unit 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Board Exam Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Chapter Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes Set A
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes Set B
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes Set C
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes Set D
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes Set E
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life Notes Set F
z Important Formulae for Class 12 Chemistry
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Important Formulae
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Important Formulas All Chapters
z More Study Material for Class 12 Chemistry
Class 12 Chemistry Full Study Material For Boards Revision
z Other Important Topics for Class 12 Chemistry
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Common Mistakes Done By Students
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Problem Solving Techniques
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Tips To Get Good Marks In Chemistry
z Revision Notes for Class 12 Chemistry
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CBSE Class 12 Chemistry All Chapters Revision Notes
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry All Chapters Revision Questions

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Unit 02 Solutions Notes

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Notes for Chemistry CBSE Class 12 Unit 02 Solutions

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Unit 02 Solutions CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes

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