CBSE Class 9 History Sports The Story Of Cricket Worksheet

CBSE Class 9 History Worksheet - Sports the Story of Cricket

Question. Test cricket is a unique game in many ways. Discuss some of the ways in which it is different from other team games. How are the peculiarities of Test cricket shaped by its historical beginnings as a village game?
Answer : Compared to other modern sports, a typical game of cricket takes a longer time to finish. A Test Match is played for five days and it still ends in a draw. A oneday match takes a whole day to finish. Even the shortest version; the Twenty- Twenty; takes about four hours to finish. Most of the modern sports take around ninety minutes to finish. The lengthy nature of cricket is because of its origin in the pre-industrialization days when the economy was purely agrarian. During off seasons for farming; people had plenty of time to watch a cricket match for several days. Cricket grounds can be of different shapes and sizes in different parts of the world. Cricket was the earliest modern team sport to be codified. The rules and regulations of cricket evolved on their own over a period of time. During its early years, cricket was played on the commons. The size of the commons land was variable and no boundary was present. The length of the boundary line was decided by the umpires after taking the consensus of the captains of the two teams.

Question. Describe one way in which in the nineteenth century, technology brought about a change in equipment and give one example where no change in equipment took place.
Answer : Vulcanised rubber was used for making pads and gloves. The cricket bat has remained more or less same over the years. These two examples show the effect and non-effect of technological changes on cricket.

Question. Explain why cricket became popular in India and the West Indies. Can you give reasons why it did not become popular in countries in South America?
Answer : Playing cricket was a manifestation by the elites of aping their colonial masters.
Hence, cricket became popular in British colonies; like India and the West Indies.
South America was never under the British rule and hence cricket could not become popular in South American countries.
Question. Give brief explanations for the following:
➤ The Parsis were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.
➤ Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament.
➤ The name of the ICC was changed from the Imperial Cricket Conference to the International Cricket Conference.
➤ The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai
Answer : The Parsis were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.
The Parsis were rich businessmen and were the first to ape the western lifestyle.
Hence, they were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.
Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament.
The Pentagular tournament was a contest among teams which were formed on communal lines. Hence, Mahatma Gandhi condemned this tournament.
The name of the ICC was changed from the Imperial Cricket Conference to the International Cricket Conference.
The term ‘Imperial’ in the earlier version carried the connotations of the colonial period and hegemony. When other cricket playing nations grew in prominence, the name was changed to International Cricket Conference in 1965.
The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai.
The ICC headquarters were shifted from London to Dubai mainly to shift the office to a tax-free destination. Many cricket playing nations did not have double taxation treaty with England. So, shifting the HQs was a purely commercial decision. Some analysts also see it as a symbolic shift of power from Europe to Asia.

Question. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary cricket?
Answer : Cricket became a marketable game which could generate huge revenues. Cricket boards became richer by selling television rights to television companies. The TV channels made money by selling advertising slots. For companies, cricket provided opportunity to advertise their products and services to a large and captive audience. Cricketers became celebrities because of continuous television coverage. Apart from getting better pay from their cricket boards, the cricketers also began to earn huge sums of money by appearing in commercials. Television coverage resulted in expansion of audience base for the game. People from small towns and villages could see and experience the joy of cricket. Many children from the small towns could dream of becoming cricketers, by emulating their idols.

Summary: Chapter VII is on History and Sports. You will study this history through the story of one game that in India has captured the imagination of the nation for some decades. News of cricket today hits the headline of newspapers. Cricket matches are organized to establish friendship between nations and cricketers are seen as ambassadors of the country. The game has, in fact, come to represent the unity of India. But did you know that this was not always so? This chapter will tell you about the long and chequered history of the game.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Question. What are the oddities in cricket? OR Test cricket is a unique game in many ways. Discuss some of the ways in which it is different from other team games. OR How are the peculiarities of Test Cricket shaped by its historical beginnings in a village?
Answer :
1. Unlike other modern team sports, a cricket match can carry on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern team sport takes even half as much time to complete. A football match is generally over in an hour-and-a-half of playing time. Even baseball, a long-drawn-out bat-and-ball game by the standards of modern sport,completes nine innings in less than half the time that it takes to play a limited-over match, the shortened version of modern cricket.
2. Moreover the length of the pitch is specified – 22 yards – but the size or shape of the ground is not.
3. Grounds can be oval like the Adelaide Oval or nearly circular, like Chepauk in Chennai.
4. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket‟s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution.
5. Games that were codified after the industrial revolution, like football and hockey, were strictly time-limited to fit the routines of industrial city life.

Question. When were the „Laws of Cricket‟ drawn up? What was stated in the first written laws of cricket?
Answer :
1. The first written „Laws of Cricket‟ were drawn up in 1744.
2. They stated that two umpires shall be chosen from amongst the gentlemen present to decide all disputes.
3. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches.
4. The ball must be between 5 and 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart‟.
5. There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat.

Question. What changes were introduced in the game during the 19th century?
Answer :
1. The rule about wide balls was applied; the exact circumference of the ball was specified.
2. Protective equipment like pads and gloves became available.
3. Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run.
4. Overarm bowling became legal.

Question. What changes were introduced in the game during the 18th century?
Answer :
1. It became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This change opened new possibilities for spin and swing.
2. One immediate result was the replacement of the curved bat with the straight one and this raised the skill and reduced the influence of rough ground and brute force.
3. The weight of the ball was limited to between 5½ to 5¾ ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches.
4. In 1774, the first leg-before law was published.
5. Also around this time, a third stump became common.
6. By 1780, three days had become the length of a major match, and this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball.

Question. Give brief explanations for the following : 
(1) The Parsis were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India:
Answer :
a) Because they were in close contact with the British, due to their interest in trade.
b) They were the first Indian community to westernize.
c) The Parsis founded the first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848.

Question. Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament:
Answer :
a) Because Pentangular tournament was founded on racial and communal lines.
b) Mahatma Gandhi, felt that Pentangular was a communally divisive competition.
c) It was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India‟s diverse population.

Question. The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai:
Answer :
a) The break-up of the British Empire and globalization changed the balance of power in Cricket.
b) Since India had the largest viewership for the game among the cricket-playing nations and the largest market in the cricketing world, the game‟s centre of gravity shifted to South Asia.
c) This shift was symbolized by the shifting of the ICC headquarters from London to tax-free Dubai.

CRICKET PLAYED IN THE COMMONS

Question. History has made cricket a game with characteristics of both the past and the present day.” Explain OR “Cricket both changed with changing times and yet fundamentally remained true to its origins in rural England.” Explain
Answer :
1. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket‟s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution.
2. Modern factory work meant that people were paid by the hour or the day or the week: games that were codified after the industrial revolution, like football and hockey, were strictly time-limited to fit the routines of industrial city life.
3. In the same way, cricket‟s vagueness about the size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins. Cricket was originally played on country commons, unfenced land that was public property. The size of the commons varied from one village to another, so there were no designated boundaries.
4. Cricket‟s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork. Even today both bat and ball are handmade, not industrially manufactured.
5. The material of the bat changed slightly over time. Once it was cut out of a single piece of wood. Now it consists of two pieces, the blade which is made out of the wood of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane.

Question. How has cricket‟s equipment changed with the times and yet remained true to its village origins?
Answer :
1. Most important tools of cricket are still made of natural, pre-industrial materials as well as handmade. The bat, the stumps and the bails are all made of wood. The cricket ball is made with leather, twine and cork.
2. The material of the bat has changed slightly over time. Once cut out of a single piece of wood, it consists of two pieces, the blade is made from the wood of the willow tree and the handle is made of cane.
3. Unlike other sports, cricket has refused to remake its tools with industrial or man-made materials.
4. Cricket has been influenced by technological change with regard to its protective equipment. Pads were made of vulcanised rubber from 1848.
5. Metals and synthetic light weight materials are used to make gloves and helmets.

WILLOW WOOD

Question. What were the differences between amateurs and professionals?
Answer :
1. The rich Englishmen who could afford to play cricket for pleasure were called amateurs and the poor who played it for a living were called professionals.
2. Amateurs were called Gentlemen while professionals were described as Players.
3. They even entered the ground from different entrances.
4. Amateurs tended to be batsmen, while the professionals were fast bowlers.
5. The captain of a cricket team was a batsman who was always an amateurs.

Question. “The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton”. Elucidate. 
Answer :
1. This statement meant that Britain‟s military success was based on the values taught to schoolboys in public schools. Eton was one of the most famous of these schools.
2. This English boarding school trained English boys for careers in the military, civil service and the church.
3. Team sports like cricket and rugby were regarded as the best way of teaching English boys discipline, skills, codes of honour and leadership qualities that helped build a British Empire.
4. Cricket helped to confirm this self-image of the English elite by glorifying the ideal that cricket was played not for victory or profit, but for its own sake, in the spirit of fair play.
5. In fact, the Battle of Waterloo was won because of Britain‟s financial strength thought it suited the English ruling class to believe that it was the superior character of its young men, who played gentlemanly games like cricket that tipped the balance.

Question. The history of gymkhana cricket led to first-class cricket being organised on communal and racial lines‟. Explain.
Answer :
1. The establishment of the Parsis Gymkhana led other Indians to establish clubs based on the idea of religion. By the 1890s, Hindus and Muslims tried to establish a Hindu Gymkhana and a Muslim Gymkhana.
2. Thus the teams that played colonial India‟s famous first-class cricket tournament did not represent regions but religious communities.
3. The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. It was later known as the Pentangular when a fifth team was added namely the Rest which consisted of those communities left out, e.g.; the Indian Christians.
4. The racial and communal foundations of the Pentangular tournament were criticized by the journalists, cricketers and political leaders.
5. A rival first-class tournament on regional lines the National Cricket Championship (later known as the Ranji Trophy), was established but did not replace the Pentangular till after independence.

Question. Explain why cricket became popular in India and the West Indies. Give reasons why it did not become popular in South America.
Answer :
1. In India the local elites wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters.
2. In the West Indies, success at cricket became a measure of racial
equality and political progress.
3. Many of the political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self respect and international standing.
4. When the West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950,it was celebrated as a national achievement, as a way of demonstrating that West Indians were the equals of white Englishmen.
5. Cricket was not popular in countries of South America as these had not been conquered by the British and cricket became popular only in countries ruled by the British.

Question. Why did Cricket remain as a colonial game for a long time? OR The British did not take any effort to spread cricket in India and West Indies. Give reason.
Answer :
1. While some English team games like hockey and football became international games, played all over the world, cricket remained a colonial game, limited to countries that had once been part of the British empire.
2. While British imperial officials brought the game to the colonies, they made little effort to spread the game, especially in colonial territories where the subjects of empire were mainly non-white, such as India and the West Indies.
3. Here, playing cricket became a sign of superior social and racial status,and the Afro-Caribbean population was discouraged from participating in organized club cricket, which remained dominated by white plantation owners and their servants.

Question. Give an account of the origin and growth of Cricket in the West Indies.
Answer :
1. The first non-white club in the West Indies was established towards the end of the nineteenth century, and even in this case its members were light-skinned mulattos.
2. So while black people played an enormous amount of informal cricket on beaches, in back alleys and parks, club cricket till as late as the 1930s was dominated by white elites.
3. Despite the exclusiveness of the white cricket elite in the West Indies, the game became hugely popular in the Caribbean.

Question. Success at cricket became a measure of racial equality and political progress” in the West Indies. Explain.
Answer :
1. At the time of their independence many of the political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self-respect and international standing.
2. When the West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950, it was celebrated as a national achievement, as a way of demonstrating that West Indians were the equals of white Englishmen.
3. The pan-West Indian team that represents the Caribbean region in international Test cricket is the only exception to a series of unsuccessful efforts to bring about West Indian unification.

Question. How did India play test cricket in 1932, when it was not an independent nation?
Answer :
1. This was possible because Test cricket from its origins in 1877 was organised as a contest between different parts of the British Empire, not sovereign nations.
2. For example the first Test was played between England and Australia when Australia was still a white settler colony, not even a self-governing dominion.
3. Similarly, the small countries of the Caribbean that together make up the West Indies team were British colonies till well after the Second World War.

Question. How did decolonization decline British influence on Cricket?
Answer :
1. Decolonisation, or the process through which different parts of European empires became independent nations, began with the independence of India in 1947 and continued for the next half a century. This process led to the decline of British influence in trade, commerce, military affairs, international politics and, inevitably, sporting matters.
2. Even after Indian independence kick-started the disappearance of the British Empire, the regulation of international cricket remained the business of the Imperial Cricket Conference ICC.
3. The ICC, renamed as the International Cricket Conference, as late as 1965, was dominated by its foundation members, England and Australia, which retained the right of veto over its proceedings. Until 1989 when equal membership was accorded to all cricket playing countries

Question. Point out the racial practice followed by the British and the Commonwealth nations in playing Cricket with South Africa. OR Why did the English cricket authorities cancel a tour by South Africa in 1970?
Answer :
1. The colonial flavour of world cricket during the 1950s and 1960s can be seen from the fact that England and the other white commonwealth countries, Australia and New Zealand, continued to play Test cricket with South Africa. It was a racist state that practiced a policy of racial segregation which, among other things, barred non-whites, who made up the majority of South Africa‟s population, from representing that country in Test matches.
2. Test-playing nations like India, Pakistan and the West Indies boycotted South Africa, but they did not have the necessary power in the ICC to debar that country from Test cricket.
3. It was only when the political pressure to isolate South Africa was applied by the newly decolonised nations of Asia and Africa, combined with liberal feeling in Britain that forced the English cricket authorities to cancel a tour by South Africa in 1970.

KERRY PACKER CRICKET UNDER LIGHTS CRITICISM

Question. What innovations did Kerry Packer introduce which changed the nature of the game? ( Any three points) 
Answer :
1. Kerry Packer, an Australian television tycoon, signed up fifty-one of the world‟s leading cricketers and staged unofficial Tests and One-Day internationals under the name of World Series Cricket often described as Packer‟s „circus‟.
2. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights, became a standard part of the game due to his innovations.
3. Moreover, he made cricket a marketable game which could generate huge revenues. Cricket boards now became rich by selling television rights to television companies.
4. Continuous television coverage now made cricketers celebrities who earned enormous sums of money by making commercials for a wide range of products, from tyres to colas, on television.

Question. How has television coverage changed cricket? OR Explain what role Television played in revolutionizing the game of cricket. OR How has TV affected the development of cricket? Explain.
Answer :
1. Television coverage expanded the audience for viewing cricket by bringing cricket into small towns and villages.
2. It also broadened cricket‟s social base. Children even from rural areas could now watch top-level cricket being played and learn by imitating their heroes.
3. Satellite television and multi-national television companies created a global market for cricket.
4. Cricket boards now become rich by selling television rights to television companies.
5. Continuous television coverage now made cricketers celebrities who earned enormous sums of money by making commercials for a wide range of products, from tyres to colas, on television.

Question. What changes in bowling have been pioneered by Pakistan and with what results?
Answer :
1. Pakistan pioneered two major advances in bowling: the doosraand the „reverse swing‟. Both skills were developed in response to sub-continental conditions.
2. The doosra was developed to counter aggressive batsmen who threatened to make finger-spin obsolete (out of use). The „reverse swing‟ was introduced to enable the ball to move on dusty unresponsive wickets.
3. Initially, both innovations were regarded with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia who saw it as a means of illegal bending of the laws of cricket. But they have become part of the technique of all bowlers everywhere in the world.

SAQLAIN MUSTAQ SARFRAZ NAWAZ INNOVATIONS &TECHNOLOGIES THAT CHANGED CRICKET

SpiderCam: The SpiderCam enables film and television cameras to move both vertically and horizontally over a predetermined area, typically the playing field of a sporting event such as a cricket pitch.
LED Bails: Using LED technology, the Bail glows once the ball struck the wicket/bail or the wicketkeeper whips off the bails. The bails pack a microprocessor and sensor in each bail along with a low voltage battery to determine if the wicket is broken in one thousand fraction of a second.
Snickometer: Invented by British computer scientist Allan Plaskett, the Snickometer was introduced in the mid-90's and since then it has become a key technology to find out if the ball touched the bat or not.
PitchVision: Developed by miSprot, a UK-based company, the technology helps the batsman to see whether their shots would have pierced the field, identify which specific deliveries get you in trouble, compare performance against different bowlers, bat in real game scenarios against real field placements, see a 'Wagon Wheel' of shots from the session and confirm whether the batsman is constantly getting to the pitch of the ball. Hot Spot :The Snicko was not considered as accurate enough, hence the Hot Spot was introduced to Cricket. It is an infra-red imaging system used to determine where the ball has struck before going to the fielder.

Hawk Eye (UDSC): This technology is widely used among popular sports like Cricket, Tennis, Soccer, Hurling and more for visually tracking the ball and display a record of its statistical path through movie image. Developed by Dr Paul Hawkins from the UK,

Stump Camera: The Stump Camera is a small TV camera stuffed inside a hollow stump. These cameras help generate unique view of play for action replays specifically when a batsman gets bowled.

Bowling Machine: A Bowling Machine enables a batsman to practise and to expertise specific skills through repetition of the ball being bowled at a certain length, line and speed. It can also be used when there is no one available to bowl, or no one of the desired style or standard.

Speed Gun: The Speed Gun is used to measure the speed of the ball from one end of the pitch to the other. The technology allows calculating the speed of bowler's delivery

Ball Spin RPM/ Rev Counter: This technology is used when spinners are bowling, to show viewers the idea how much each ball is spinning. The technology is also able to show the RPM or revolution per minute through a counter, demonstrating how fast the ball is spinning after release.

REFERRED DECISIONS : It was first used by the ICC in cricket as the Decision Review System (DRS) on a trial basis in 2008-09 to refer decisions to a third umpire over LBW decisions, to decide if the ball pitched in line, hit the batsman's leg in line and whether it would have hit the stumps.

Day-night Test with PINK BALL: A pink ball was used in the first ever day-night Test match between Australia and New Zealand

COVERED PITCHES: There have been many changes which have benefited batsmen, to the frustration of the bowling fraternity - one of the biggest was the introduction of covered pitches during the 1960s.Before then, with pitches left open to the elements, overnight rain would leave the classic "sticky" wicket - as the pitch dried, there were opportunities for slow bowlers to put batsmen under pressure as they struggled to work out which way the ball was turning.

SupersubSolanki : VikramSolanki scored his last international fifty as a supersub, batting at number eight against Australia in 2005

World Series Cricket: WSC. a limited 50 overs game, was a break away competition launched by Australian media tycoon Packer to be broadcast on his Channel Nine network, controversial for pinching the game's best players, offering money that most international cricket boards couldn't offer - sounds similar to a certain Indian Premier League.

Twenty20: T20 cricket has since revolutionised the game, with the introduction of 360 degree hitting with shots like the Dilscoop, the ramp, and the switch-hit.