NCERT Class 12 Geography Secondary Activities

Read and download NCERT Class 12 Geography Secondary Activities in NCERT book for Class 12 Geography. You can download latest NCERT eBooks chapter wise in PDF format free from Studiestoday.com. This Geography textbook for Class 12 is designed by NCERT and is very useful for students. Please also refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 12 Geography to understand the answers of the exercise questions given at the end of this chapter

NCERT Book for Class 12 Geography Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

Class 12 Geography students should refer to the following NCERT Book Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities in Class 12. This NCERT Book for Class 12 Geography will be very useful for exams and help you to score good marks

Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities NCERT Book Class 12

Secondary Activities

All economic activities namely primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, revolve around obtaining and utilising resources necessary for survival.

Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. Cotton in the boll has limited use but after it is transformed into yarn, becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes. Iron ore, cannot be used; directly from the mines, but after being converted into steel it gets its value and can be used for making many valuable machines, tools, etc. The same is true of most of the materials from the farm, forest, mine and the sea. Secondary activities, therefore, are concerned with manufacturing, processing and construction (infrastructure) industries.

MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing involves a full array of production from handicrafts to moulding iron and steel and stamping out plastic toys to assembling delicate computer components or space vehicles. In each of these processes, the common characteristics are the application of power, mass production of identical products and specialised labour in factory settings for the production of standardised commodities. Manufacturing may be done with modern power and machinery or it may still be very primitive. Most of the Third World countries still ‘manufacture’ in the literal sense of the term. It is difficult to present a full picture of all the manufacturers in these countries. More emphasis is given to the kind of ‘industrial’ activity which involves less complicated systems of production.

Characteristics of Modern Large Scale

Manufacturing

Modern large scale manufacturing has the following characteristics: Specialisation of Skills/Methods of Production Under the ‘craft’ method factories produce only a few pieces which are made-to-order. So the costs are high. On the other hand, mass production involves production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly.

Mechanisation

Mechanisation refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks. Automation (without aid of human thinking during the manufacturing process) is the advanced stage of mechanisation. Automatic factories with feedback and closedloop computer control systems where machines are developed to ‘think’, have sprung up all overthe world.

Technological Innovation

Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution.

Organisational Structure and Stratification

Modern manufacturing is characterised by:

(i) a complex machine technology

(ii) extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs

(iii) vast capital

(iv) large organisations

(v) executive bureaucracy.


Uneven Geographic Distribution

Major concentrations of modern manufacturing have flourished in a few number of places. These cover less than 10 per cent of the world’s land area. These nations have become the centres of economic and political power. However, in terms of the total area covered, manufacturing sites are much less conspicuous and concentrated on much smaller areas than that of agriculture due to greater intensity of processes. For example, 2.5 sq km of the American corn belt usually includes about four large farms employing about 10-20 workers supporting 50-100 persons. But this same area could contain several large integrated factories and employ thousands of workers.

 

EXERCISES

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.

    (i) Which one of the following statements is wrong?

         (a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hugli.

         (b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.

         (c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a locational factor for industry.

         (d) Port towns in India have attracted industries.

    (ii) In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually ?

         (a) Capitalist                                                              (c) Socialist

         (b) Mixed                                                                   (d) None

    (iii) Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?

        (a) Cottage Industries                                                  (c) Basic Industries

        (b) Small-scale Industries                                             (d) Footloose Industries

    (iv) Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?

        (a) Automobile industry … Los Angeles

        (b) Shipbuilding industry … Lusaka

        (c) Aircraft industry … Florence

        (d) Iron and Steel industry … Pittsburgh

2. Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.

   (i) High-Tech industry

   (ii) Manufacturing

   (iii) Footloose industries

3. Answer the following in not more than 150 words.

   (i) Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.

   (ii) Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world.

   (iii) Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.

   (iv) Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the mos backward continent. 

 

Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 12 Geography Secondary Activities

Fundamentals of Human Geography Appendix I
NCERT Class 12 Geography Appendix I
Fundamentals of Human Geography Appendix II
NCERT Class 12 Geography Appendix II
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 01 Human Geography Nature and Scope
NCERT Class 12 Geography Human Geography Nature and Scope
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 02 The World Population Distribution Density and Growth
NCERT Class 12 Geography The World Population Distribution Density and Growth
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 03 Population Composition
NCERT Class 12 Geography Population Composition
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 04 Human Development
NCERT Class 12 Geography Human Development
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 05 Primary Activities
NCERT Class 12 Geography Primary Activities
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 06 Secondary Activities
NCERT Class 12 Geography Secondary Activities
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 07 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
NCERT Class 12 Geography Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 08 Transport and Communication
NCERT Class 12 Geography Transport and Communication
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 09 International Trade
NCERT Class 12 Geography International Trade
Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 10 Human Settlements
NCERT Class 12 Geography Human Settlements
Fundamentals of Human Geography Glossary
NCERT Class 12 Geography Glossary
India People and Economy Appendices
NCERT Class 12 Geography Appendices
India People and Economy Chapter 01 Population Distribution Density Growth and Composition
NCERT Class 12 Geography Population Distribution Density Growth and Composition
India People and Economy Chapter 02 Migration Types Causes and Consequences
NCERT Class 12 Geography Migration Types Causes and Consequences
India People and Economy Chapter 03 Human Development
NCERT Class 12 Geography Human Development
India People and Economy Chapter 04 Human Settlements
NCERT Class 12 Geography Human Settlements
India People and Economy Chapter 05 Land Resources and Agriculture
NCERT Class 12 Geography Land Resorces and Agriculture
India People and Economy Chapter 06 Water Resources
NCERT Class 12 Geography Water Resources
India People and Economy Chapter 07 Mineral and Energy Resources
NCERT Class 12 Geography Mineral and Energy Resources
India People and Economy Chapter 08 Manufacturing Industries
NCERT Class 12 Geography Manufacturing Industries
India People and Economy Chapter 09 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
NCERT Class 12 Geography Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
India People and Economy Chapter 11 International Trade
NCERT Class 12 Geography International Trade
India People and Economy Chapter 12 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
NCERT Class 12 Geography Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
India People and Economy Glossary
NCERT Class 12 Geography Glossary
Practical Work in Geography Part II Annexure
NCERT Class 12 Geography Annexure
Practical Work in Geography Part II Chapter 01 Data Its Sources and Compilation
NCERT Class 12 Geography Data Its Sources and Compilation
Practical Work in Geography Part II Chapter 02 Data Processing
NCERT Class 12 Geography Data Processing
Practical Work in Geography Part II Chapter 03 Graphical Representation of Data
NCERT Class 12 Geography Graphical Representation of Data
Practical Work in Geography Part II Chapter 04 Use of Computer in Data Processing and Mapping
NCERT Class 12 Geography Use of Computer in Data Processing and Mapping
Practical Work in Geography Part II Chapter 05 Field Surveys
NCERT Class 12 Geography Field Surveys
Practical Work in Geography Part II Chapter 06 Spatial Information Technology
NCERT Class 12 Geography Spatial Information Technology
Practical Work in Geography Part II Glossary
NCERT Class 12 Geography Glossary

Geography NCERT Book Class 12 Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

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NCERT Book Class 12 Geography Fundamentals of Human Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

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