NCERT Class 12 Geography Migration Types Causes and Consequences

MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences

Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of twelve he moved to a nearby town Ara to complete his intermediate level studies. He went to Sindri, Jharkhand for his engineering degree and he got a job at Bhilai, where he is living for the last 31 years. His parents were illiterate and the only source of their livelihood was meagre income from agriculture. They spent their whole life in that village.

Ram Babu has three children who got theireducation up to the intermediate level at Bhilai and then moved to different places for higher education. First one studied at Allahabad and Mumbai and is presently working in Delhi as a scientist. The second child got her higher education from different universities in India and is now working in USA. The third one after finishing her education settled at Surat after marriage.

This is not a story of only Ram Babu and his children but such movements are increasingly becoming universal trend. People have been moving from one village to another, from villages to towns, from smaller towns to bigger towns and from one country to another. In your Book Fundamentals of Human Geography you have already learnt about the concept and definition of migration. Migration has been an integral part and a very important factor in redistributing population over time and space. India has witnessed the waves of migrants coming to the country from Central and West Asia and also from Southeast Asia. In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. In the words of a renowned poet Firaque Gorakhpuri. Migration

You are familiar with Census in India. It contains information about migration in the country. Actually migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. This data were recorded on the basis of place of birth. However, the first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere). Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses.

In the Census the following questions are asked on migration :

• Is the person born in this village or town? If no, then further information is taken on rural/urban status of the place of birth, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country of birth.

• Has the person come to this village or town from elsewhere? If yes, then further questions are asked about the status (rural/urban) of previous place of residence, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country.

In addition, reasons for migration from the place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration are also asked. In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases : (i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant); (ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). Can you imagine the proportion of migrants in the population of India? As per 2001 census, out of 1,029 million people in the country, 307 million (30 per cent) were reported as migrants by place of birth. However, this figure was 315 million (31 per cent) in case of place of last residence.

EXERCISES

1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options.

(i) Which one of the following is the main reason for male migration in India?

       (a) Education              (c) Work and employment

       (b) Business               (d) Marriage

(ii) Which one of the following states receives maximum number of immigrants?

       (a) Uttar Pradesh        (c) Maharashtra

       (b) Delhi                    (d) Bihar

(iii) Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India?

      (a) Rural-rural              (c) Rural-urban

      (b) Urban-rural             (d) Urban-Urban

(iv) Which one of the following urban agglomeration has the highest share of in migrant population?

      (a) Mumbai UA            (c) Bangalore UA

      (b) Delhi UA                (d) Chennai UA

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Differentiate between life-time migrant and migrant by last residence.

(ii) Identify the main reason for male/female selective migration.

(iii) What is the impact of rural-urban migration on the age and sex structure of the place of origin and destination?

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) Discuss the consequences of international migration in India.

(ii) What are the socio demographic consequences of migration?

Please refer to attached file for NCERT Class 12 Geography Migration - Types Causes and Consequences